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Russo M, Janeková H, Meier D, Generali M, Štacko P. Light in a Heartbeat: Bond Scission by a Single Photon above 800 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8417-8424. [PMID: 38499198 PMCID: PMC10979397 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Photocages enable scientists to take full control over the activity of molecules using light as a biocompatible stimulus. Their emerging applications in photoactivated therapies call for efficient uncaging in the near-infrared (NIR) window, which represents a fundamental challenge. Here, we report synthetically accessible cyanine photocages that liberate alcohol, phenol, amine, and thiol payloads upon irradiation with NIR light up to 820 nm in aqueous media. The photocages display a unique chameleon-like behavior and operate via two distinct uncaging mechanisms: photooxidation and heterolytic bond cleavage. The latter process constitutes the first example of a direct bond scission by a single photon ever observed in cyanine dyes or at wavelengths exceeding 800 nm. Modulation of the beating rates of human cardiomyocytes that we achieved by light-actuated release of adrenergic agonist etilefrine at submicromolar concentrations and low NIR light doses (∼12 J cm-2) highlights the potential of these photocages in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Russo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Hana Janeková
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Debora Meier
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University
of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Zurich CH-8952, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Generali
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University
of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Zurich CH-8952, Switzerland
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
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2
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Schniererová K, Janeková H, Joniak J, Putala M, Štacko P, Stankovičová H. pH-Responsive Aminobenzocoumarins as Fluorescent Probes for Biological Acidity. Chemistry 2024:e202400111. [PMID: 38470944 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of pH plays an essential role in orchestrating the delicate cellular machinery responsible for life as we know it. Its abnormal values are indicative of aberrant cellular behavior and associated with pathologies including cancer progression or solid tumors. Here, we report a series of bent and linear aminobenzocoumarins decorated with different substituents. We investigate their photophysical properties and demonstrate that the probes display strong pH-responsive fluorescence "turn on" behavior in highly acidic environments, with enhancement up to 300-fold. In combination with their low cytotoxicity, this behavior enabled their application in bioimaging of acidic lysosomes in live human cells. We believe that these molecules serve as attractive lead structures for future rational design of novel biocompatible fluorescent pH probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schniererová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hana Janeková
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Joniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Putala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrieta Stankovičová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Janeková H, Friedman HC, Russo M, Zyberaj M, Ahmed T, Hua AS, Sica AV, Caram JR, Štacko P. Deuteration of heptamethine cyanine dyes enhances their emission efficacy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1000-1003. [PMID: 38167671 PMCID: PMC10805072 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The design of bright short-wave infrared fluorophores remains a grand challenge. Here we investigate the impact of deuteration on the properties in a series of heptamethine dyes, the absorption of which spans near-infrared and SWIR regions. We demonstrate that it is a generally applicable strategy that leads to enhanced quantum yields of fluorescence, longer-lived singlet excited states and suppressed rates of non-radiative deactivation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janeková
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah C Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Mergime Zyberaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Ash Sueh Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Anthony V Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Janeková H, Russo M, Štacko P. Cyanine Renaissance: Tailoring the Properties to Applications. Chimia (Aarau) 2022. [DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2022.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this account, we provide an overview of the applications that arose from the recently developed synthetic methodology that delivers heptamethine cyanines (Cy7) substituted at the central chain. The ability to easily introduce and manipulate various substituents in different substitution patterns along the cyanine chain enabled rational tailoring of the photophysical and photochemical properties. Exercising this control over the structure–property relationship proved to have a substantial impact in the field of cyanine dyes and was swiftly harnessed in a number of emerging applications in distinct areas, including fluorescent probes, biosensors, dye-sensitized upconversion nanoparticles, phototruncation of cyanines and photocages. While this method unlocked a number of new avenues, many synthetic challenges remain to be conquered in order to fully capitalize on the potential of cyanines, and we provide a short perspective that summarizes them at the end of this manuscript.
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Janeková H, Russo M, Ziegler U, Štacko P. Photouncaging of Carboxylic Acids from Cyanine Dyes with Near‐Infrared Light**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204391. [PMID: 35578980 PMCID: PMC9542589 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Near‐infrared light (NIR; 650–900 nm) offers unparalleled advantages as a biocompatible stimulus. The development of photocages that operate in this region represents a fundamental challenge due to the low energy of the excitation light. Herein, we repurpose cyanine dyes into photocages that are available on a multigram scale in three steps and efficiently release carboxylic acids in aqueous media upon irradiation with NIR light up to 820 nm. The photouncaging process is examined using several techniques, providing evidence that it proceeds via photooxidative pathway. We demonstrate the practical utility in live HeLa cells by delivery and release of the carboxylic acid cargo, that was otherwise not uptaken by cells in its free form. In combination with modularity of the cyanine scaffold, the realization of these accessible photocages will fully unleash the potential of the emerging field of NIR‐photoactivation and facilitate its widespread adoption outside the photochemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janeková
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Morsby JJ, Atkinson KM, Shradha Reddy Kommidi S, Freel T, Janeková H, Štacko P, Smith BD. Structure-Activity Studies of Nitroreductase-Responsive Near-Infrared Heptamethine Cyanine Fluorescent Probes. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202200270. [PMID: 38322783 PMCID: PMC10846533 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two new classes of near-infrared molecular probes were prepared and shown to exhibit "turn on" fluorescence when cleaved by the nitroreductase enzyme, a well-known biomarker of cell hypoxia. The fluorescent probes are heptamethine cyanine dyes with a central 4'-carboxylic ester group on the heptamethine chain that is converted by a self-immolative fragmentation mechanism to a 4'-caboxylate group that greatly enhances the fluorescence brightness. Each compound was prepared by ring opening of a Zincke salt. The chemical structures have either terminal benzoindolinenes or propargyloxy auxochromes, which provide favorable red-shifted absorption/emission wavelengths and a hyperchromic effect that enhances the photon output when excited by 808 nm light. A fluorescent probe with terminal propargyloxy-indolenines exhibited less self-aggregation and was rapidly activated by nitroreductase with large "turn on" fluorescence; thus, it is the preferred choice for translation towards in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeala J. Morsby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kirk M. Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Sai Shradha Reddy Kommidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Tristan Freel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hana Janeková
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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7
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Janeková H, Russo M, Ziegler U, Štacko P. Photouncaging of Carboxylic Acids from Cyanine Dyes with Near‐Infrared Light**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janeková
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Wintherthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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8
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Morsby JJ, Atkinson KM, Shradha Reddy Kommidi S, Freel T, Janeková H, Štacko P, Smith BD. Structure‐Activity Studies of Nitroreductase‐Responsive Near‐Infrared Heptamethine Cyanine Fluorescent Probes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janeala J. Morsby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Kirk M. Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Sai Shradha Reddy Kommidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Tristan Freel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Chicago 5841 S Maryland Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Hana Janeková
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurestrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurestrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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9
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Janeková H, Gašpar J, Gáplovský A, Stankovičová H. Selective fluoride chemosensors based on coumarin semicarbazones. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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