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Söderhäll C, Körberg IB, Thai HTT, Cao J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Shulu Z, van der Zanden LFM, van Rooij IALM, Frisén L, Roeleveld N, Markljung E, Kockum I, Nordenskjöld A. Fine mapping analysis confirms and strengthens linkage of four chromosomal regions in familial hypospadias. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:516-22. [PMID: 24986825 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a common male genital malformation and is regarded as a complex disease affected by multiple genetic as well as environmental factors. In a previous genome-wide scan for familial hypospadias, we reported suggestive linkage in nine chromosomal regions. We have extended this analysis by including new families and additional markers using non-parametric linkage. The fine mapping analysis displayed an increased LOD score on chromosome 8q24.1 and 10p15 in altogether 82 families. On chromosome 10p15, with the highest LOD score, we further studied AKR1C2, AKR1C3 and AKR1C4 involved in steroid metabolism, as well as KLF6 expressed in preputial tissue from hypospadias patients. Mutation analysis of the AKR1C3 gene showed a new mutation, c.643G>A (p.(Ala215Thr)), in a boy with penile hypospadias. This mutation is predicted to have an impact on protein function and structure and was not found in controls. Altogether, we homed in on four chromosomal regions likely to harbor genes for hypospadias. Future studies will aim for studying regulatory sequence variants in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilla Söderhäll
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Izabella Baranowska Körberg
- 1] Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanh T T Thai
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yougen Chen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zu Shulu
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loes F M van der Zanden
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris A L M van Rooij
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Markljung
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- 1] Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet CMM 02, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Adamovic T, Chen Y, Thai HTT, Zhang X, Markljung E, Zhao S, Nordenskjöld A. The p.G146A and p.P125P polymorphisms in the steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) gene do not affect the risk for hypospadias in Caucasians. Sex Dev 2012; 6:292-7. [PMID: 23154282 DOI: 10.1159/000343782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a frequent congenital malformation in boys and is characterized by incomplete fusion of the urethral folds. The steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) gene plays a key role in hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic organ development, and has previously been reported to be mutated in individuals with 46,XY disorder of sex development. Here, we investigated the role of SF-1 in hypospadias, a milder form of 46,XY disorder of sex development. We performed direct sequencing analysis of the SF-1 gene in 2 male Caucasian twins exhibiting very severe hypospadias, and in 95 Caucasian boys with mild and severe hypospadias. We further extended the analysis by investigating 332 mild and severe hypospadias cases and 422 male controls using TaqMan assays. Our sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous p.R313H (c.938G>A) missense mutation in each twin, and no mutations in the 95 Caucasian cases. Instead, a missense p.G146A (c.437G>C), and a silent known p.P125P (c.375C>T) polymorphism, respectively, was found in several of the latter cases. Further investigation of the 2 polymorphisms in the larger material of cases and controls showed no significant genotypic or allelic association. In conclusion, the SF-1 gene may not play a significant role in the development of hypospadias in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Adamovic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Thai HTT, Kalbasi M, Lagerstedt K, Frisén L, Kockum I, Nordenskjöld A. The valine allele of the V89L polymorphism in the 5-alpha-reductase gene confers a reduced risk for hypospadias. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:6695-8. [PMID: 16174723 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypospadias is one of the most common malformations in man, with an incidence of 1:300 in newborn boys. No gene has been identified that causes isolated hypospadias, but the androgenic influence is important during male genital development. OBJECTIVE A key enzyme for the androgenic function is steroid 5-alpha-reductase (SRD5A2). The V89L polymorphism in the SRD5A2 gene has been studied and found to be of functional importance. The leucine version of the enzyme is 30% less efficient than the valine variant. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND RESULTS: We have genotyped 158 hypospadias cases and 96 unaffected controls for this polymorphism and found a significant negative association for the V89 allele in hypospadias (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.41 for homozygous individuals). This indicates that a fully functional 5-alpha-reductase enzyme (homozygous for V89) protects the male urethral development. This association is shown regardless of heredity, ethnicity, and severity of phenotype. We have also sequenced a selected material of 37 sporadic cases of more severe hypospadias for mutations in the androgen receptor AR, SRD5A2, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase HSD17B3 genes and found only two previously described mutations, one in the AR and one in the SRD5A2 gene. CONCLUSION This finding is in accordance with the assumption that functional polymorphisms may play an important role in complex disorders such as hypospadias when several genes as well as environmental factors contribute to the etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T T Thai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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