The biomarkers for maintenance Cancer stem cell features can be applicable in precision medicine of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in tumor relapse, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This narrative review aims to synthesize data from articles published between 2019 and 2023 on biomarkers for detecting CSCs in HNSCC and changes in molecular pathways, genetics, epigenetics, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in CSCs relevant to precision medicine approaches in HNSCC management. The search encompassed 41 in vitro studies and 22 clinical studies. CSCs exhibit diverse molecular profiles and unique biomarker expression patterns, offering significant potential for HNSCC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, thereby enhancing patient survival. Their remarkable self-renewal ability and adaptability are closely linked to tumorigenicity development and maintenance. Assessing biomarkers before and after therapy can aid in identifying various cell types associated with cancer progression and relapse. Screening for CSCs, senescent tumor cells, and cells correlated with the senescence process post-treatment has proven highly beneficial. However, the clinical application of precision medicine in HNSCC management is hindered by the lack of specific and definitive CSC biomarkers. Furthermore, our limited understanding of CSC plasticity, governed by genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic alterations during tumorigenesis, as well as the bidirectional interaction of CSCs with the tumor microenvironment, underscores the need for further research. Well-designed studies involving large patient cohorts are, therefore, essential to establish a standardized protocol and address these unresolved queries.

The effects of biological and chemical silver nanoparticles along with aerobic and anaerobic training protocols on tissues: Morphological and histopathological evaluation

Nanotechnology and its byproducts are used increasingly considering its global nanotechnology market size and many applications in the health field. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on cellular uptake of nanoparticles in body tissues. Fusarium oxysporum was used to synthesize biological AgNPs in silver nitrate solution and UV-vis spectrophotometer; XRD and TEM were used to confirm production of nanoparticles. Moreover, 45 male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly divided into 9 equal groups including healthy control groups, aerobic preparation, anaerobic preparation, biological AgNPs, chemical AgNPs, biological AgNPs+aerobic preparation, biological AgNPs+anaerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+ aerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+anaerobic preparation. In order to induce aerobic and anaerobic preparation and to create tissue adaptations, male rats completed two types of aerobic and anaerobic protocols three sessions per week for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, sampling was done for histopathology study. The size and shape of AgNPs was 20-30 nm and spherical to polygonal, respectively. The results showed that anaerobic exercise was significantly effective in weight loss. The chemical nanoparticle group led to more intensive tissue degradation in all variables and there were no significant tissue changes in the aerobic, anaerobic, the biological nanoparticles + aerobic and anaerobic groups. It seems that biological AgNPs are more effective than chemical AgNPs on body tissues and chemical AgNPs lead to more tissue damage in most variables. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: There were severe degradative histological effects in the chemical AgNPs groups compare biological AgNPs groups, in terms of most variables.

Comparison of the possible histopathological changes of the rat neonatal cerebellum induced by toxic and nontoxic doses of biological silver nanoparticles with chemical silver nanoparticles

INTRODUCTION

Today, due to the increasing application of silver nanoparticles in medical products, it is necessary to pay attention to the user's safety. There are three methods, namely, chemical, physical, and biological, used for the production of nanoparticles. Although the first two methods might introduce health hazards, the latter is hypothetically safe. In this study, we examined the histopathological changes in the cerebellum of neonatal Wistar rats induced by injection of toxic and nontoxic doses of silver nanoparticles, which were produced by green synthetic method and were compared with chemical silver nanoparticles.

METHODS

This study was a laboratory interventional study performed on 25 Wistar rats in the Animal Laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Shahrood. These rats were divided into five groups of the control group, the group with nonpoisonous injection of chemical nanoparticles, the group with nonpoisonous injection of biological nanoparticles, the group with injection of poisonous chemical nanoparticles, and the group with injection of poisonous biological nanoparticles. The rats were impregnated by the males of the same race and the cerebellum of their offspring was studied after birth.

RESULTS

We found that the injection of nonpoisonous chemical nanoparticles caused hyperemia, inappropriate size, and dark cytoplasm in some Purkinje cells. Also, injection of poisonous chemical nanoparticles caused hyperemia and cellular dispersion in the molecular layer, caused abnormal shapes, and reduced the number of cells in Purkinje cells. However, injection of poisonous and nonpoisonous biological nanoparticles did not alter cerebellum cells nor did it cause any inflammation or hyperemia.

CONCLUSION

In contrast with chemical nanoparticles, biological nanoparticles have less significant effect on the cerebellum cells.