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Gulcan HO, Orhan IE. A Recent Look into Natural Products that have Potential to Inhibit Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidase B: Update for 2010-2019. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:862-876. [PMID: 31985374 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200127145246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With respect to the unknowns of pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-, and Parkinson's Disease (PD)-like neurodegenerative disorders, natural product research is still one of the valid tools in order to provide alternative and/or better treatment options. At one hand, various extracts of herbals provide a combination of actions targeting multiple receptors, on the other hand, the discovery of active natural products (i.e., secondary metabolites) generally offers alternative chemical structures either ready to be employed in clinical studies or available to be utilized as important scaffolds for the design of novel agents. Regarding the importance of certain enzymes (e.g. cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B), for the treatment of AD and PD, we have surveyed the natural product research within this area in the last decade. Particularly novel natural agents discovered within this period, concomitant to novel biological activities displayed for known natural products, are harmonized within the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin O Gulcan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ilkay E Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06300, Turkey
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2
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Shukur KT, Ercetin T, Luise C, Sippl W, Sirkecioglu O, Ulgen M, Coskun GP, Yarim M, Gazi M, Gulcan HO. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new urolithin amides as multitarget agents against Alzheimer's disease. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000467. [PMID: 33511649 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of urolithin amide (i.e., URO-4-URO-10 and THU-4-THU-10) derivatives was designed and synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed with spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The title compounds and synthesis intermediates (THU-1-THU-10 and URO-1-URO-10) were evaluated for their potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Compounds THU-4 and THU-8 were found to be the most potent inhibitors for the cholinesterases and MAO-B, respectively. The docking studies were also employed to evaluate the binding modes of the most active compounds with AChE, BuChE, and MAO-B. Furthermore, the moderate-to-strong activities of the compounds were also displayed in amyloid-beta inhibition and antioxidant assay systems. The results pointed out that the urolithin scaffold can be employed in drug design studies for the development of multitarget ligands acting on various cascades shown to be important within the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karar T Shukur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Chiara Luise
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Okan Sirkecioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Ulgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goknil P Coskun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Yarim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gazi
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin O Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR North Cyprus, Turkey
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Erdogan M, Kilic B, Sagkan RI, Aksakal F, Ercetin T, Gulcan HO, Dogruer DS. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new benzoxazolone/benzothiazolone derivatives as multi-target agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113124. [PMID: 33395623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four series of compounds with benzoxazolone and benzothiazolone cores were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, in order to shed light on the effect of the carbonyl groups of benzoxazolone/benzothiazolone, benzoxazole/benzothiazole-containing analogues were also synthesized and evaluated. Inhibition potency of all final compounds towards cholinesterase enzymes and their antioxidant activity were tested. Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory activity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and Aβ aggregation inhibition tests were also performed for selected compounds. The results indicated that compounds 11c, a pentanamide derivative with benzothiazolone core, and 14b, a keton derivative with benzothiazolone core, were considered as promising multi-functional agents for further investigation against AD. The reversibility, kinetic and molecular docking studies were also performed for the compounds with the highest AChE 14b (eeAChE IC50 = 0.34 μM, huAChE IC50 = 0.46 μM) and BChE 11c (eqBChE IC50 = 2.98 μM, huBChE IC50 = 2.56 μM) inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Erdogan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Kilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahsan Ilıkcı Sagkan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aksakal
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, Cyprus
| | - Hayrettin O Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, Cyprus
| | - Deniz S Dogruer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ozyazici T, Gurdal EE, Orak D, Sipahi H, Ercetin T, Gulcan HO, Koksal M. Synthesis, anti-inflammatory activity, and molecular docking studies of some novel Mannich bases of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione scaffold. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000061. [PMID: 32319141 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel ibuprofen and salicylic acid-based 3,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives was synthesized, and they were evaluated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Following the structure identification studies employing IR, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13 C NMR, and elemental analysis, the title compounds were tested by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibition assays concomitant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin production prevention experiments. The results indicated that the majority of the compounds displayed either a superior or comparable activity in preventing both LPS-induced NO production and COX-1 activity in comparison to the activities of the reference molecules. Furthermore, docking studies were also performed to reveal possible interactions with the COX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Ozyazici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise E Gurdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Orak
- Drug, Cosmetic and Medical Device Research-Development and Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin O Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Meric Koksal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kilic B, Erdogan M, Gulcan HO, Aksakal F, Oruklu N, Bagriacik EU, Dogruer DS. Design, Synthesis and Investigation of New Diphenyl Substituted Pyridazinone Derivatives as Both Cholinesterase and Aβ-Aggregation Inhibitors. Med Chem 2019; 15:59-76. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180524073241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
With respect to the increase in the average life expectancy, Alzheimer
Disease (AD), the most common form of age-related dementia, has become a major threat to the
population over the age of 65 during the past several decades. The majority of AD treatments are
focused on cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses.
Objective:
In this study, three series of diphenyl-2-(2-(4-substitutedpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)pyridazin-
3(2H)-one derivatives were designed, synthesized and investigated for their ability to inhibit both
cholinesterase enzymes and amyloid-β aggregation.
Method:
The inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds on AChE (from electric eel) and
BChE (from equine serum) were determined by the modified Ellman’s method. The reported
thioflavin T-based fluorometric assay was performed to investigate the effect of the selected compounds
on the aggregation of Aβ1-42. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds (4g, 11g and 18g) was
monitored in 3T3 cell lines to gain insight into therapeutic potential of the compounds by using
MTT assay. The crystal structures of the AChE (1EVE) and BChE (1P0I) enzymes were retrieved
from the RCSB Protein Data Bank and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software was
used for molecular docking of the ligands.
Results:
Among the tested compounds, 5,6-diphenyl derivative 18g was identified as the most potent
and selective AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 1.75 µM, Selectivity Index for AChE > 22.857). 4,6-
Diphenyl derivative 11g showed the highest and the most selectivity for BChE (IC50= 4.97 µM, SI
for AChE < 0.124). Interestingly, 4,5-diphenyl derivative 4g presented dual cholinesterase inhibition
(AChE IC50= 5.11 µM; BChE IC50= 14.16 µM, SI for AChE = 2.771).
Conclusion:
Based on biological activity results and low toxicity of the compounds, it can be said
that diphenyl substituted pyridazinone core is a valuable scaffold. Especially, dual inhibitory potencies
of 4,5-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one core for the cholinesterase enzymes and Aβ-
aggregation makes this core a promising disease-modifying agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Erdogan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin O. Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, North Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Fatma Aksakal
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihan Oruklu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emin U. Bagriacik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz S. Dogruer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Norouzbahari M, Burgaz EV, Ercetin T, Fallah A, Foroumadi A, Firoozpour L, Sahin MF, Gazi M, Gulcan HO. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Urolithin Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitor Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180115144608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Norouzbahari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Emine V. Burgaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Amirhossein Fallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa F. Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin O. Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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Kilic B, Gulcan HO, Aksakal F, Ercetin T, Oruklu N, Umit Bagriacik E, Dogruer DS. Design and synthesis of some new carboxamide and propanamide derivatives bearing phenylpyridazine as a core ring and the investigation of their inhibitory potential on in-vitro acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:235-249. [PMID: 29775949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of new carboxamide and propanamide derivatives bearing phenylpyridazine as a core ring were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit both cholinesterase enzymes. In addition, a series of carboxamide and propanamide derivatives bearing biphenyl instead of phenylpyridazine were also synthesized to examine the inhibitory effect of pyridazine moiety on both cholinesterase enzymes. The inhibitory activity results revealed that compounds 5b, 5f, 5h, 5j, 5l pyridazine-3-carboxamide derivative, exhibited selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 0.11 to 2.69 µM. Among them, compound 5h was the most active one (IC50 = 0.11 µM) without cytotoxic effect at its effective concentration against AChE. Additionally, pyridazine-3-carboxamide derivative 5d (IC50 for AChE = 0.16 µM and IC50 for BChE = 9.80 µM) and biphenyl-4-carboxamide derivative 6d (IC50 for AChE = 0.59 µM and IC50 for BChE = 1.48 µM) displayed dual cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Besides, active compounds were also tested for their ability to inhibit Aβ aggregation. Theoretical physicochemical properties of the compounds were calculated by using Molinspiration Program as well. The Lineweaver-Burk plot and docking study showed that compound 5 h targeted both the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin O Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, Cyprus
| | - Fatma Aksakal
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, Cyprus
| | - Nihan Oruklu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Umit Bagriacik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz S Dogruer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Gulcan HO, Orhan IE, Sener B. Chemical and molecular aspects on interactions of galanthamine and its derivatives with cholinesterases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015; 16:252-8. [PMID: 25483718 DOI: 10.2174/1389201015666141202105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dual action of galanthamine as potent cholinesterase inhibitor and nicotinic modulator has attracted a great attention to be used in the treatment of AD. Consequently, galanthamine, a natural alkaloid isolated from a Galanthus species (snowdrop, Amaryllidaceae), has become an attractive model compound for synthesis of its novel derivatives to discover new drug candidates. Numerous studies have been done to elucidate interactions between galanthamine and its different derivatives and the enzymes; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) using in vitro and in silico experimental models. The in vitro studies revealed that galanthamine inhibits AChE in strong, competitive, long-acting, and reversible manner as well as BChE, although its selectivity towards AChE is much higher than BChE. The in silico studies carried out by employing molecular docking experiments as well as molecular dynamics simulations pointed out to existence of strong interactions of galanthamine with the active gorge of AChE, mostly of Torpedo californica (the Pasific electric ray) origin. In this review, we evaluate the mainstays of cholinesterase inhibitory action of galanthamine and its various derivatives from the point of view of chemical and molecular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
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