Non-communicable diseases in an older, aging population: a developing country perspective (Jamaica)

Changes in the non-communicable disease (NCD) profile of older adults living in a rapidly-aging, developing country are described.

METHODS

Data from a 2012 nationally representative survey of 2,943 older adults were used to determine the burden of NCDs important to elder health. Additionally, the percentage change in NCD prevalence over a 23-year period (1989-2012) was determined.

RESULTS

In 2012, approximately 75.3% of the sample reported at least one NCD; 47.5% reported comorbidities. High blood pressure (61%), arthritis (35%) and diabetes (26%) were the most reported conditions, peaking in the 70-79 age group. Females reported higher rates of disease than males. Significant increases in prevalence occurred for all conditions except arthritis; the most significant were in diabetes (157%) and cancer (118%).

CONCLUSION

Rapid increases in NCDs are of great public health importance. Strengthening of primary health care and improvements in human resources must occur if the well-being of older adults is to be improved.

Cardio-Vascular Disease and Cancer: A Dichotomy in Utilization of Clinical Preventive Services by Older Adults in a Developing Country

Objective: To report the level of utilization of clinical preventive services by older adults in Jamaica and to identify independent factors associated with utilization. Method: A nationally representative, community-based survey of 2,943 older adults was undertaken. Utilization frequency for six preventive, cardiovascular or cancer-related services was calculated. Logistic regression models were used to determine the independent factors associated with each service. Results: A dichotomy in annual utilization rates exists with cardiovascular services having much higher uptake than those for cancer (83.1% for blood pressure, 76.7% blood glucose, 68.1% cholesterol, 35.1% prostate, 11.3% mammograms, and 9.6% papanicolaou smears). Age, source of routine care, and having a chronic disease were most frequently associated with uptake. Discussion: Education of providers and patients on the need for utilizing preventive services in older adults is important. Improved access to services in the public sector may also help increase uptake of services.

Health status and health-seeking behaviour of Jamaican men fifty-five years and over

OBJECTIVE

The Caribbean including Jamaica is undergoing rapid population ageing with implications for health service planning and delivery. Such planning should take into account gender differentials. This study describes and analyses the health status and health-seeking behaviour of men 55 years and over in Jamaica.

METHOD

A quantitative cross-sectional survey employing cluster sampling techniques was utilized to recruit 2000 men, 55 years and older in the parish of St Catherine, Jamaica. A 126-item questionnaire was administered and standard instruments utilized to assess functional status.

RESULTS

Respondents (74%) rated their health status as excellent/good. Few men were highly dependent with regard to Activities of Daily Living with incontinence being a major concern. Medication management and shopping were the major Instrumental Activities of Daily Living domains where assistance was needed. Depression was associated with non-involvement in community/social organizations and not being in physical contact with their children. Major health conditions reported were cancers (16%), kidney/bladder conditions (12.7%), hypertension (9.2%) diabetes (6.5%) and prostate problems (7.3%). Most men (67.6%) had not visited a health provider in the year prior to the survey; 17.1% had been hospitalized after age 55 years. Only 35% of men ever had a prostate check/examination and 8.2% of men eligible for drug benefits under the Jamaica Drugs for the Elderly Programme registered for that programme.

CONCLUSION

There is need to focus on older men's health and ensure that primary prevention and early interventions reach middle-aged and older men while improving health literacy. Taking programmes to 'where men are" is suggested--the bars, race track and sports events. Gender and age-specific research should reduce gender disparities in health among older persons in Jamaica.

Injury, imagery, and self-esteem in dance healthy minds in injured bodies?

The purpose of this study was to investigate a selection of psychological variables (help-seeking behaviors, mental imagery, self-esteem) in relation to injury among UK dancers. We recruited 216 participants from eight dance styles and six levels of involvement. It was found that 83.5% of the participants had experienced at least one injury in the past year. The most common response to injury was to inform someone, and most continued to dance when injured, albeit carefully. Physical therapy was the most common treatment sought when an injury occurred (38.1%), and dancers seemed to follow recommendations offered. Injured and non-injured dancers did not differ in their imagery frequencies (facilitative, debilitative, or injury-related) and scored similarly (and relatively high) in self-esteem. Neither facilitative nor debilitative imagery was correlated with self-esteem, but dancers who engaged in more facilitative imagery in general also reported doing so when injured. Altogether, it appears that injury is not related to dancers' self-esteem or imagery, at least not when injuries are mild or moderate. Even so, such conclusions should be made with caution, given that most dancers do sustain at least one injury each year.