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Xue W, van Hout R, Cucchiarini C, Strik H. Assessing speech intelligibility of pathological speech in sentences and word lists: The contribution of phoneme-level measures. J Commun Disord 2023; 102:106301. [PMID: 36709701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Speech intelligibility is an important indicator of the degree of speech impairment in pathological speech. Articulation, as a key feature of dysarthria, has been found to be a stronger contributor to intelligibility of dysarthric speech compared to voice quality, nasality, and prosody. In fact, therapy addressing articulation is often used by speech-language pathologists. Since phoneme-level measures are more directly related to articulation, they may contribute to better evaluating articulation imprecision in speakers with dysarthria and to monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. METHOD We collected two types of phoneme-level measures: a) Accuracy of Phonemes, the percentage of correctly transcribed phonemes, and b) Phonetic Distance, from orthographic transcriptions obtained from expert raters in two types of speech materials (i.e., meaningful sentences and word lists). We first examined the measures' interrater reliability using Generalizability Theory. Then we studied the validity of the measures by correlating them to three criterion variables. Following this, we explored their ability in distinguishing speakers in two classification tasks according to speakers' types (i.e., healthy vs dysarthric) and their severity levels of dysarthria, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that both types of phoneme-level measures are highly reliable and valid in two different speech materials. They also showed acceptable results for both classification tasks in different speech materials, with word lists performing better than meaningful sentences. The differences between the two speech materials may be largely caused by differences in word structures and contextual cues in the materials. CONCLUSION The results indicate that both types of phoneme-level measures show largely similar reliability and validity in both speech materials. These measures perform better in word lists than in meaningful sentences, suggesting an advantage for using word lists in clinical practice and research. On the other hand, meaningful sentences can be used for classifying healthy and dysarthric speakers. Our results suggest that using different speech materials gives a better overview of the speakers' intelligibility at the segmental level and the implications of their articulation impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Centre for Language and Speech Technology (CLST), Radboud University, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Roeland van Hout
- Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Catia Cucchiarini
- Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Helmer Strik
- Centre for Language and Speech Technology (CLST), Radboud University, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Xue W, van Hout R, Cucchiarini C, Strik H. Assessing speech intelligibility of pathological speech: test types, ratings and transcription measures. Clin Linguist Phon 2023; 37:52-76. [PMID: 34955083 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2021.2009918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Speech intelligibility is an essential though complex construct in speech pathology. In this paper, we investigated the interrater reliability and validity of two types of intelligibility measures: a rating-based measure, through Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), and a transcription-based measure called Accuracy of Words (AcW), through two forms of orthographic transcriptions, one containing only existing words (EWTrans) and one allowing all sorts of words, including both existing words and pseudowords (AWTrans). Both VAS and AcW scores were collected from five expert raters. We selected speakers with various severity levels of dysarthria (SevL) and employed two types of speech materials, i.e. meaningful sentences and word lists. To measure reliability, we applied Generalizability Theory, which is relatively unknown in the field of pathological speech and language research but enables more comprehensive analyses than traditional methods, e.g., the intraclass correlation coefficient. The results convincingly indicate that five expert raters were sufficient to provide reliable rating-based (VAS) and transcription-based (AcW) measures, and that reliability increased as the number of raters or utterances increased. Generalizability Theory has proved effective in systematically dealing with reliability issues in our experimental design. We also investigated construct and concurrent validity. Construct validity was addressed by exploring the correlations between VAS and AcW within and across speech materials. Concurrent validity was addressed by exploring the correlations between our measures, i.e. VAS and AcW, and two external measures, i.e. phoneme intelligibility and SevL. The correlations corroborate the validity of VAS and AcW to assess speech intelligibility, both in sentences and word lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Centre for Language and Speech Technology (CLST), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roeland van Hout
- Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Catia Cucchiarini
- Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helmer Strik
- Centre for Language and Speech Technology (CLST), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Ganzeboom M, Bakker M, Beijer L, Strik H, Rietveld T. A serious game for speech training in dysarthric speakers with Parkinson's disease: Exploring therapeutic efficacy and patient satisfaction. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2022; 57:808-821. [PMID: 35338751 PMCID: PMC9543756 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing need for speech therapy due to our ageing population raises the demand on therapeutical resources. To meet this demand, innovative delivery of speech training is required. eHealth applications may provide a solution, as intensified and prolonged training is only possible and affordable in patients' home environment. AIMS This study explores the effects on speech intelligibility of game-based speech training that provides automatic feedback on loudness, pitch and pronunciation. Additionally, we investigate how satisfied patients are with the game-based speech training and how they experience the automatic feedback. Furthermore, patients' preferences for game-based speech training compared with face-to-face training are explored. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Eight adult dysarthric speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD) completed a 4-week game-based speech training in their home environment. For each speaker, 24 speech utterances were audio recorded 4 weeks before (T1), immediately before (T2) and immediately after (T3) the training. All speech samples were rated on speech intelligibility by 10 untrained listeners, by comparing them with the corresponding utterances realized by a healthy speaker. Changes over time were analysed using a linear mixed-effects analysis. Patient satisfaction with the game and the automatic feedback was assessed using a questionnaire. The preferences of patients were collected using a paired comparisons procedure in which the patients were asked whether they would prefer game-based or face-to-face speech training in four hypothetical scenarios with different hypothesized levels of speech improvement. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS While there was no significant difference in speech intelligibility ratings between T1 and T2, we did find one between T2 and T3. At T3, speech intelligibility was rated higher than at T2, indicating positive effects of the game-based speech training. Patients generally seemed satisfied with the game as average ratings were above 7 on a 10-point rating scale. Generally, patients agreed with the automatic feedback and could use it to positively change the way they spoke. Patients prefer the training that provides the highest hypothetical improvement, and thus do not prefer face-to-face above game-based therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results of this study suggest that dysarthric speakers due to PD see game-based speech therapy as a valid alternative for face-to-face therapy and that it leads to an average improvement in speech intelligibility. For an optimal effect and user satisfaction it should preferably not be used in isolation but in combination with face-to-face training. In this manner, the strengths of both therapeutic deliveries can be harnessed. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on this subject Dysarthric speech in patients with PD is known to benefit from intensified and long-term speech therapy. The increasing need for speech therapy due to our ageing population raises the demand on therapeutical resources making highly frequent and long-term therapy difficult. eHealth provides the opportunity to intensify and prolong speech training in patients' home environment. A drill-and-practice method was employed and investigated in a web-based speech application, indicating positive effects on speech intelligibility. However, participants indicated a lack of variation in exercises making the training less enjoyable. Other research showed that serious games can increase enjoyment during training. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The results of this study show that it is possible to develop a serious game that can be successfully used for speech training by patients with dysarthria due to PD. Comparing speech intelligibility ratings before and after training, we observed significant improvements in speech intelligibility ratings. Patients generally agree with the automatic feedback and can use it to positively change the way they speak. Average ratings were above 7 on a 10-point scale, indicating that patients are satisfied with the game. Patients prefer the type of training (game based or face to face) that provides the highest hypothetical improvement. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The results of this study suggest that game-based speech training can improve speech intelligibility in patients. This indicates that it can be considered a suitable approach in the treatment of patients with dysarthria due to PD. Patients do not prefer game-based training above face-to-face training in all scenarios. For that reason, for every patient one should carefully consider how to optimally combine game-based and face-to-face training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ganzeboom
- Centre for Language StudiesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Centre for Language and Speech TechnologyRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Marjoke Bakker
- Centre for Language and Speech TechnologyRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
- iXperium/Centre of Expertise Learning and Teaching with ICTHAN University of Applied SciencesNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Lilian Beijer
- Research DepartmentSint MaartenskliniekNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Chair Key Factors in Physiotherapy and Allied HealthcareHAN University of Applied SciencesNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Helmer Strik
- Centre for Language StudiesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Centre for Language and Speech TechnologyRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Toni Rietveld
- Centre for Language StudiesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
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Hubers F, Cucchiarini C, Strik H, Dijkstra T. Individual word activation and word frequency effects during the processing of opaque idiomatic expressions. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1004-1020. [PMID: 34507505 PMCID: PMC9016674 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211047995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Idiom processing studies have paid considerable attention to the relationship
between idiomatic expressions as a whole and their constituent words. Although
most research focused on the semantic properties of the constituent words, their
orthographic form could also play a role in processing. To test this, we
assessed both form and meaning activation of individual words during the
processing of opaque idioms. In two primed word naming experiments, Dutch native
speakers silently read sentences word by word and then named the last word of
the sentence. This target word was embedded in either an idiomatic or a literal
context and was expected and correct in this context (COR), semantically related
(REL) to the expected word, or unrelated (UNREL) to the expected word. The
correct target word in the idiomatic context was always part of an opaque idiom.
Faster naming latencies for the idiom-final noun than for the unrelated target
in the idiomatic context indicated that the idiom was activated as a whole
during processing. In addition, semantic facilitation was observed in the
literal context (COR < REL < UNREL), but not in the idiomatic context
(COR < REL = UNREL). This is evidence that the idiom-final noun was not
activated at the meaning level of representation. However, an inhibitory effect
of orthographic word frequency of the idiom-final noun indicated that the
idiom-final noun was activated at the form level. These results provide evidence
in favour of a hybrid model of idiom processing in which the individual words
and the idiom as a whole interact on form and meaning levels of
representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdy Hubers
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catia Cucchiarini
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helmer Strik
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Dijkstra
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nallanthighal VS, Mostaani Z, Härmä A, Strik H, Magimai-Doss M. Deep learning architectures for estimating breathing signal and respiratory parameters from speech recordings. Neural Netw 2021; 141:211-224. [PMID: 33915446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is an essential and primary mechanism for speech production. We first inhale and then produce speech while exhaling. When we run out of breath, we stop speaking and inhale. Though this process is involuntary, speech production involves a systematic outflow of air during exhalation characterized by linguistic content and prosodic factors of the utterance. Thus speech and respiration are closely related, and modeling this relationship makes sensing respiratory dynamics directly from the speech plausible, however is not well explored. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive study to explore techniques for sensing breathing signal and breathing parameters from speech using deep learning architectures and address the challenges involved in establishing the practical purpose of this technology. Estimating the breathing pattern from the speech would give us information about the respiratory parameters, thus enabling us to understand the respiratory health using one's speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Srikanth Nallanthighal
- Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Zohreh Mostaani
- Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland; Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aki Härmä
- Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Helmer Strik
- Centre for Language Studies (CLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hubers F, Cucchiarini C, Strik H, Dijkstra T. Normative Data of Dutch Idiomatic Expressions: Subjective Judgments You Can Bank on. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1075. [PMID: 31139119 PMCID: PMC6527779 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of idiomatic expressions is a topical issue in empirical research. Various factors have been found to influence idiom processing, such as idiom familiarity and idiom transparency. Information on these variables is usually obtained through norming studies. Studies investigating the effect of various properties on idiom processing have led to ambiguous results. This may be due to the variability of operationalizations of the idiom properties across norming studies, which in turn may affect the reliability of the subjective judgements. However, not all studies that collected normative data on idiomatic expressions investigated their reliability, and studies that did address the reliability of subjective ratings used various measures and produced mixed results. In this study, we investigated the reliability of subjective judgements, the relation between subjective and objective idiom frequency, and the impact of these dimensions on the participants' idiom knowledge by collecting normative data of five subjective idiom properties (Frequency of Exposure, Meaning Familiarity, Frequency of Usage, Transparency, and Imageability) from 390 native speakers and objective corpus frequency for 374 Dutch idiomatic expressions. For reliability, we compared measures calculated in previous studies, with the D-coefficient, a metric taken from Generalizability Theory. High reliability was found for all subjective dimensions. One reliability metric, Krippendorff's alpha, generally produced lower values, while similar values were obtained for three other measures (Cronbach's alpha, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, and the D-coefficient). Advantages of the D-coefficient are that it can be applied to unbalanced research designs, and to estimate the minimum number of raters required to obtain reliable ratings. Slightly higher coefficients were observed for so-called experience-based dimensions (Frequency of Exposure, Meaning Familiarity, and Frequency of Usage) than for content-based dimensions (Transparency and Imageability). In addition, fewer raters were required to obtain reliable ratings for the experience-based dimensions. Subjective and objective frequency appeared to be poorly correlated, while all subjective idiom properties and objective frequency turned out to affect idiom knowledge. Meaning Familiarity, Subjective and Objective Frequency of Exposure, Frequency of Usage, and Transparency positively contributed to idiom knowledge, while a negative effect was found for Imageability. We discuss these relationships in more detail, and give methodological recommendations with respect to the procedures and the measure to calculate reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdy Hubers
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Catia Cucchiarini
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helmer Strik
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ton Dijkstra
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Cytology is an integral part of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. It is relevant for the diagnostics and differential diagnosis of inflammatory, hemorrhagic and neoplastic central nervous system (CNS) processes. This article summarizes the recommended procedures and typical clinical patterns. In addition, modern immunocytochemical and flow cytometry methods for CSF cytology are presented. In particular, the diagnostic contribution and clinical relevance in several CNS conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wick
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der LMU München, München, Deutschland
| | - C C Gross
- Liquor- und Labordiagnostik Neurologie, Department für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - S Isenmann
- Klinik für Neurologie und klinische Neurophysiologie, HELIOS Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, Zentrum für Forschung in der klinischen Medizin (ZFKM) und Lehrstuhl Neurologie, Fakultät für Gesundheit, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Deutschland
| | - H Strik
- Neurologische Klinik, Philipps Universität, 35043, Marburg, Deutschland.
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Kolodziej M, Goetz C, Di Fazio P, Montalbano R, Ocker M, Strik H, Quint K. Roscovitine has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on glioblastoma cell lines: A pilot study. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1549-56. [PMID: 26151768 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine analogue roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, has shown strong anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in solid and hematologic cancers such as non small-cell lung cancer and lymphomas. It targets CDK2, 7 and 9 preferentially, which are also overexpressed in glioblastoma. Τherefore, the biological effects of roscovitine in glioblastoma cell lines were investigated. Glioblastoma A172 and G28 cell lines were incubated with serial concentrations of roscovitine for 24-120 h. Proliferation was measured using the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer, an impedance‑based cell viability system. Cell cycle distribution was assessed by flow cytometry and gene expression was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Roscovitine exhibited a clear dose-dependent anti‑proliferative and pro‑apoptotic effect in the A172 cell line, while G28 cells showed a anti-proliferative effect only at 100 µM. The results of the flow cytometric (FACS) analysis revealed a dose-dependent increase of the G2/M and sub-G1 fractions in A172 cells, while G28 cells responded with an elevated sub-G1 fraction only at the highest concentration. Roscovitine led to a dose‑dependent decrease of transcripts of p53, CDK 7 and cyclins A and E and an increase of >4-fold of p21 in A172 cells. In G28 cells, a dose‑dependent induction of CDK2, p21 and cyclin D was observed between 10 and 50 µM roscovitine after 72 h, however, at the highest concentration of 100 µM, all investigated genes were downregulated. Roscovitine exerted clear dose-dependent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in A172 cells and less distinct effects on G28 cells. In A172 cells, roscovitine led to G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis, an effect accompanied by induced p21 and a reduced expression of CDK2, 7 and 9 and cyclins A and E. These effects requre further studies on a larger scale to confirm whether roscovitine can be used as a therapeutic agent against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolodziej
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Goetz
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - P Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Montalbano
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Ocker
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Strik
- Department of Neurology, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - K Quint
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Dong F, Eibach M, Schlomann U, Conrad C, Nimsky C, Strik H, Pagenstecher A, Bartsch JW. Cell surface metalloproteases as targets in glioblastoma: implications for tumor growth and therapy resistance. Klin Padiatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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van Doremalen J, Cucchiarini C, Strik H. Automatic pronunciation error detection in non-native speech: the case of vowel errors in Dutch. J Acoust Soc Am 2013; 134:1336-1347. [PMID: 23927130 DOI: 10.1121/1.4813304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research is aimed at analyzing and improving automatic pronunciation error detection in a second language. Dutch vowels spoken by adult non-native learners of Dutch are used as a test case. A first study on Dutch pronunciation by L2 learners with different L1s revealed that vowel pronunciation errors are relatively frequent and often concern subtle acoustic differences between the realization and the target sound. In a second study automatic pronunciation error detection experiments were conducted to compare existing measures to a metric that takes account of the error patterns observed to capture relevant acoustic differences. The results of the two studies do indeed show that error patterns bear information that can be usefully employed in weighted automatic measures of pronunciation quality. In addition, it appears that combining such a weighted metric with existing measures improves the equal error rate by 6.1 percentage points from 0.297, for the Goodness of Pronunciation (GOP) algorithm, to 0.236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost van Doremalen
- Centre for Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kallenberg K, Goldmann T, Menke J, Strik H, Bock HC, Stockhammer F, Buhk JH, Frahm J, Dechent P, Knauth M. Glioma infiltration of the corpus callosum: early signs detected by DTI. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:217-22. [PMID: 23344787 PMCID: PMC3607728 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent primary brain tumors, anaplastic astrocytomas (AA) and glioblastomas (GBM): tend to invasion of the surrounding brain. Histopathological studies found malignant cells in macroscopically unsuspicious brain parenchyma remote from the primary tumor, even affecting the contralateral hemisphere. In early stages, diffuse interneural infiltration with changes of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) is suspected. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of DTI as a possible instrument of depicting evidence of tumor invasion into the corpus callosum (CC). Preoperatively, 31 patients with high-grade brain tumors (8 AA and 23 GBM) were examined by MRI at 3 T, applying a high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence. ADC- and FA-values were analyzed in the tumor-associated area of the CC as identified by fiber tracking, and were compared to matched healthy controls. In (MR-)morphologically normal appearing CC the ADC values were elevated in the tumor patients (n = 22; 0.978 × 10−3 mm²/s) compared to matched controls (0.917 × 10−3 mm²/s, p < 0.05), and the corresponding relative FA was reduced (rFA: 88 %, p < 0.01). The effect was pronounced in case of affection of the CC visible on MRI (n = 9; 0.978 × 10−3 mm²/s, p < 0.05; rFA: 72 %, p < 0.01). Changes in diffusivity and anisotropy in the CC can be interpreted as an indicator of tumor spread into the contralateral hemisphere not visible on conventional MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kallenberg
- Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
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Quint K, Kolodziej M, Strik H, Stiel N, Ocker M. 396 The Role of Sphingosine Kinase Isoforms and Their Receptors in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nowak M, Strzelczyk A, Reif P, Schorlemmer K, Bauer S, Norwood B, Oertel W, Rosenow F, Strik H, Hamer H. Minocycline as potent anticonvulsant in a patient with astrocytoma and drug resistant epilepsy. Seizure 2012; 21:227-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bösl K, Lüdemann-Podubecká J, Wiederer R, Ponfick M, Gdynia H, Strik H, Nowak DA. Inhibition of the contralesional premotor cortex enhances motor function of the affected hand following stroke. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1301606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dohm CP, Hülper P, Kermer P, Strik H, Weishaupt JH. Cdk-inhibition as putative new glioblastoma therapy. Klin Padiatr 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1292587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Reif PS, Strzelczyk A, Rüegg S, Jacobs AH, Haag A, Hermsen A, Sure U, Knake S, Hamer HM, Strik H, Krämer G, Engenhart-Cabilic R, Rosenow F. [Primary brain tumors and brain metastases. Symptomatic epilepsy and driving ability - systematic review and expert opinion]. Nervenarzt 2011; 81:1467-75. [PMID: 20495775 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-010-3011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary brain tumors and metastases are common causes of symptomatic epilepsy. Seizures, neurological and neuropsychological deficits can interfere with driving ability. The present paper aims to systematically review the incidence of epileptic seizures in brain tumor patients and to discuss driving ability in the context of the current German guidelines and expert opinions. METHODS To evaluate the incidence of epileptic seizures which occur at the beginning and in the course of the disease, we performed a systematic literature research in PubMed from 1960 to 2007. Additionally on the basis of this data we performed a survey collecting expert opinions regarding the driving ability of brain tumor patients from members of the German working groups "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für prächirurgische Epilepsiediagnostik und operative Epilepsietherapie" (Working Group for Presurgical Epilepsy Diagnostics and Operative Epileptic Therapy) and "Neuroonkologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft" (Neuro-oncological Working Group). RESULTS The incidence of epileptic seizures depends on the entity, dignity and localization of the tumor. The driving ability of brain tumor patients is not explicitly regulated in Germany. Of the interviewed experts 72% judged the guidelines to be precise enough and 44% did not want to deprive the patients of their driving ability without a first seizure, independent of the individual risk. DISCUSSION The available studies are methodologically insufficient and show that a further evaluation is necessary to assess the driving ability. Possible restrictions of the driving ability in patients with a high risk of seizures in the course of the disease have to take into account the balance between individual rights and the interests of the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Reif
- Epilepsiezentrum Marburg, Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, 35039, Marburg
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Kallenberg K, Goldmann T, Bock HC, Buhk JH, Wrede A, Giese A, Strik H, Frahm J, Dechent P, Knauth M. Reduzierte fraktionelle Anisotropie und Absenkung des Diffusionskoeffizienten in der zum Tumor korrespondierenden Balkenregion bei Patienten mit hochgradigem Hirntumor. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brunotte J, Bock HC, Brück W, Hemmerlein B, Strik H. High expression levels of erythropoietin and its receptor are not correlated with shorter survival in human glioblastoma. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:295-299. [PMID: 22977501 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is used to treat anemia in neoplastic disease. EPO also exerts neuroprotective effects on neuronal cells, making a prophylactic use against the neurocognitive effects of radiochemotherapy probable. However, EPO/EPO-receptor (EPOR) signalling has been also detected in glioblastoma cells. Data collected in vitro and in vivo show conflicting results on the effect of EPO on malignant gliomas. The association between EPO and EPOR expression and the prognosis of human glioblastomas was analyzed. Probes of human glioblastomas with complete documentation of clinical course and treatment were assessed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of EPO and EPOR (n=80). Using univariate and multivariate survival analysis, the association with age, gender, radiation, chemotherapy and extent of resection was determined. High levels of EPOR were correlated with a median survival advantage of 7 months (p<0.01). By univariate, but not multivariate, analysis, high levels of EPO and EPOR were associated with a significant prolongation of 7 months median survival when compared to low levels of both molecules. In patients treated with radiochemotherapy adjuvant to surgery, the median survival was 6.5 months longer in patients with high levels of EPOR (p<0.04). According to previous studies, longer patient survival is associated with EPOR expression. Therefore, EPO appears to be safe for the treatment of anemia in glioblastoma patients. However, a prophylactic use, i.e., for neuroprotection, is not recommended in light of the functional studies described in the literature.
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Moldrich G, Lange P, Strik H. Carcinoembryonic antigen in the CSF of cancer patients--the value of intrathecal synthesis and correlation with IgA-diffusion dynamics. Acta Neurol Belg 2010; 110:314-320. [PMID: 21305861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnostic impact of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was evaluated in serum and CSF of cancer and control patients. METHODS 97 analyses of CEA in CSF and serum from 83 cancer patients were compared with 41 cases without malignancy. CEA diffusion dynamics were evaluated with IgA CSF/serum quotients (Q IgA). Intrathecal synthesis of CEA was analysed both by calculating an index Q CEA/Q IgA and within the IgA-diagram. RESULTS In 73 samples without synthesis of IgA or CEA, both quotients correlated well with a mean Q CEA/Q IgA of 1.1 (95% CI 0.97-1.2). The Q CEA/Q IgA was significantly higher in metastasizing adenocarcinomas than in controls or other malignancies. In leptomeningeal disease from adenocarcinoma, Q CEA/Q IgA was significantly higher than in controls, while patients with CNS and/or bone metastases had intermediate values. The sensitivity to detect leptomeningeal disease was 91% and 69% for brain metastases. Q CEA/Q IgA and CEA synthesis assessed with the IgA diagram were equally sensitive. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of CEA in the IgA diagram is feasible and of clinical value. The consideration of intrathecal CEA synthesis correlates better with the clinical status than absolute CSF-CEA or the correlation with albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moldrich
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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Rosenow F, Reif PS, Haag A, Schmidt K, Strik H. Correlation of enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant use with outcome of patients with glioblastoma. Neurology 2010; 74:1330-1; author reply 1331. [PMID: 20404316 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d8a5c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kallenberg K, Goldmann T, Bock HC, Buhk J, Wrede A, Giese A, Strik H, Frahm J, Dechent P, Knauth M. Erleichterte Diffusion und reduzierte Anisotropie in der Großhirnhemisphäre kontralateral zur Tumorlokalisation bei Patienten mit Glioblastom oder anaplastischem Astrozytom. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1252582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hoffmann AL, Buhk JH, Strik H. Neoplastic meningitis from breast cancer: feasibility and activity of long-term intrathecal liposomal Ara-C combined with dose-dense temozolomide. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:5191-5195. [PMID: 20044635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with neoplastic meningitis (NM) from breast cancer have a median survival of 4-8 months with specific treatment. Here, good tolerance and long-term stabilization with combined intrathecal liposomal cytarabine (Ara-C), which is probably the most promising drug for intrathecal chemotherapy to date, near-continuous temozolomide and radiotherapy is reported in two patients with leptomeningeal and solid central nervous system (CNS) metastases from breast cancer. CASE REPORTS A 42- and a 43-year-old female presented with NM and disseminated CNS metastases from human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (Her2)-positive breast cancer. After irradiation of the symptomatic sites, intrathecal liposomal Ara-C every 2-4 weeks was combined with temozolomide 100 mg/m(2) day 1-5/7. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology and neurological symptoms improved in both patients and stabilized for several months. The patients survived 10 and 17 months after diagnosis of NM, without signs of neurological toxicity. CONCLUSION Intensive treatment is complicated by extensive pre-treatment and the lack of active CNS-penetrating systemic drugs. The long-term results with up to 17 intrathecal injections of liposomal Ara-C show that this treatment regimen is feasible and well-tolerated. The stabilization of both patients indicates activity of this combined intrathecal and systemic regimen that is based on long-term exposure of the tumour cells to both Ara-C and temozolomide. The results need to be confirmed prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Küster O, Simon P, Mittelbronn M, Tabatabai G, Hermann C, Strik H, Dietz K, Roser F, Meyermann R, Schittenhelm J. Erythropoietin receptor is expressed in meningiomas and lower levels are associated with tumour recurrence. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:555-65. [PMID: 19298633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Epo-EpoR pathway plays a role in tumour growth, metastasis and treatment resistance and is a potential target in oncological treatment. As the EpoR status in human meningiomas is unknown, our aim was to characterize EpoR expression in these tumours. METHODS We examined 131 meningioma samples of all WHO grades from 116 patients by immunohistochemistry for EpoR. Among these, 25 meningiomas showed brain invasion and 29 patients had a further tumour recurrence. A group of 20 patients without tumour recurrence served as controls. In 12 cases we were able to compare both the primary and the following recurrent tumours. The presence of EpoR in meningiomas was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS EpoR was expressed in all meningiomas. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean expression levels of EpoR were significantly lower in primary tumours with known recurrence compared with a recurrence-free control group. Additional matched pair analysis in individual cases showed no significant differences between primary and recurrent tumours. No significant correlation between EpoR expression and WHO grade, age, sex or brain invasion was detected. Using specific primer pairs for RT-PCR, we were able to detect all three known isoforms of EpoR: the full-length isoform EpoR-F, the truncated isoform EpoR-T and the soluble isoform EpoR-S. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the expression of EpoR in meningiomas. Lower EpoR mean levels might be a useful marker for a higher recurrence risk, but further studies are needed to clarify the influence of EpoR on recurrences and the role of the different isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Küster
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Strik H, Buhk J, Bock C, Nitsche M, Hoffmann A, Wrede A, Marosi C, Kaiser U, Christmann M, Kaina B. Tegwondo – development of a novel near-continuous dose-dense temozolomide regimen for the treatment of recurrent gliomas. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hoffmann A, Eckermann K, Bähr M, Weishaupt J, Strik H. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by roscovitine induces suppression of proliferation and migration in human glioma cells. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Baron N, Strik H, Dodel R, Bacher M, Meyer B. Einfluss von MIF auf Proliferation und Regulation primärer humaner Glioblastomzellen. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kallenberg K, Behrens A, Strik H, Knauth M. MR imaging-based evidence of vasogenic brain edema in a case of acute acetone intoxication. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29:e16. [PMID: 18202235 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Kallenberg K, Bock HC, Buhk JH, Helms G, Frahm J, Strik H, Dechent P, Knauth M. MR-spektroskopischer Nachweis erhöhter myo-Inositol- und Glutamin-Konzentrationen in der kontralateralen Hemisphäre von Glioblastom-Patienten – neuroradiologischer Hinweis für Tumorzellinfiltration? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1073820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Strik H, Buhk JH, Nitsche MA, Giese A, Bock C, Bähr M. Rechallenge of malignant gliomas with Temozolomide – can it be effective? Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-988032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Roth W, Grimmel C, Rieger L, Strik H, Takayama S, Krajewski S, Meyermann R, Dichgans J, Reed JC, Weller M. Bag-1 and Bcl-2 gene transfer in malignant glioma: modulation of cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Brain Pathol 2006; 10:223-34. [PMID: 10764042 PMCID: PMC8098428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bag-1 is a heat shock 70 kDa (Hsp70)-binding protein that can collaborate with Bcl-2 in suppressing apoptosis under some conditions. Here, we report that 11 of 12 human glioma cell lines express Bag-1 protein in vitro. Moreover, 15 of 19 human glioblastomas expressed Bag-1 as assessed by immunohistochemistry in primary tumor specimens. To examine the biological effects of Bag-1 in glioma cells, we expressed Bag-1 or Bcl-2 transgenes in 2 human malignant glioma cell lines, LN-18 and LN-229. Bag-1 significantly slowed glioma cell growth and reduced clonogenicity of both cell lines in vitro. Coexpressed Bcl-2 abrogated these effects of Bag-1. Intracranial LN-229 glioma xenografts implanted into nude mice revealed a substantial growth advantage afforded by Bcl-2. Bag-1 had no such effect, either in the absence or presence of Bcl-2. Upon serum starvation in vitro, Bcl-2 prevented cell death whereas Bag-1 did not. Both Bcl-2 and Bag-1 slowed proliferation of serum-starved cells when expressed alone. Importantly, coexpression of Bcl-2 and Bag-1 provided a distinct growth advantage under conditions of serum starvation that is probably the result of (i) the death-preventing activity of Bcl-2 and (ii) the property of Bag-1 to overcome a Bcl-2-mediated enhancement of exit from the cell cycle. In contrast to these Bcl-2/Bag-1 interactions observed under serum starvation conditions, Bag-1 did not further enhance the strong protection from staurosporine-, CD95 (Fas/Apo1) ligand-, Apo2 ligand (TRAIL)- or chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis afforded by Bcl-2. Taken together, these results indicate a role for Bag-1/Bcl-2 interactions in providing a survival advantage to cancer cells in a deprived microenvironment that may be characteristic of ischemic/hypoxic tumors such as human glioblastoma multiforme, and suggest that Bcl-2/Bag-1 interactions also modulate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Roth
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, School of Medicine, Germany
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33
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Kallenberg K, Koschnicke N, Mohr A, Strik H, Knauth M. Welchen prognostischen Wert hat die CT-Diagnostik beim akuten SHT? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-940607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kallenberg K, Grötsch P, Behrens A, Strik H, Knauth M. Zerebrale MRT-Veränderungen in einem Fall von akuter Aceton-Vergiftung? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-941133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Binnenpoorte D, Cucchiarini C, Boves L, Strik H. Multiword expressions in spoken language: An exploratory study on pronunciation variation. COMPUT SPEECH LANG 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csl.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cucchiarini C, Strik H, Boves L. Quantitative assessment of second language learners' fluency: comparisons between read and spontaneous speech. J Acoust Soc Am 2002; 111:2862-2873. [PMID: 12083220 DOI: 10.1121/1.1471894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes two experiments aimed at exploring the relationship between objective properties of speech and perceived fluency in read and spontaneous speech. The aim is to determine whether such quantitative measures can be used to develop objective fluency tests. Fragments of read speech (Experiment 1) of 60 non-native speakers of Dutch and of spontaneous speech (Experiment 2) of another group of 57 non-native speakers of Dutch were scored for fluency by human raters and were analyzed by means of a continuous speech recognizer to calculate a number of objective measures of speech quality known to be related to perceived fluency. The results show that the objective measures investigated in this study can be employed to predict fluency ratings, but the predictive power of such measures is stronger for read speech than for spontaneous speech. Moreover, the adequacy of the variables to be employed appears to be dependent on the specific type of speech material investigated and the specific task performed by the speaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cucchiarini
- Department of Language and Speech, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Deininger MH, Pater S, Strik H, Meyermann R. Macrophage/microglial cell subpopulations in glioblastoma multiforme relapses are differentially altered by radiochemotherapy. J Neurooncol 2001; 55:141-7. [PMID: 11859968 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013805915224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following surgical removal of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), radiochemotherapy impedes neoplastic outgrowth and relapse formation. Macrophages/microglial cells are believed to be potent mediators of the host defense system in GBM. However, little is known about their alteration by postsurgical therapies. We have now analyzed expression of LCA (leucocyte common antigen), CD68 (phagocytic cells), HLA-DR, -DP, -DQ (MHC class II), MRP-8 (myeloid-related protein, S100A8), MRP-14 (S100A9), LCF (lymphocyte chemoattractant factor, IL-16) and NOS II (inducible nitric oxide synthase) in macrophages/microglial cells in 39 GBM relapses and their matched primary tumors. Following surgery of the primary tumors, 15 patients received irradiation and chemotherapy, 17 irradiation and 7 no treatment. In irradiated relapses, we observed significantly more macrophages/microglial cells expressing MRP-14 compared to untreated GBM relapses. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase of CD68 expressing macrophages/microglial cells in patients without postsurgical treatment, but not in those with radiochemotherapy. In conclusion, our findings suggest that radiochemotherapy alters the number of MRP-14 expressing cells. The lacking increase of CD68 expressing cells in patients with radiochemotherapy suggests depletion of this cell type by postsurgical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Deininger
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Medical School, Germany.
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Wester M, Kessens JM, Cucchiarini C, Strik H. Obtaining phonetic transcriptions: a comparison between expert listeners and a continuous speech recognizer. Lang Speech 2001; 44:377-403. [PMID: 11814219 DOI: 10.1177/00238309010440030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we address the issue of using a continuous speech recognition tool to obtain phonetic or phonological representations of speech. Two experiments were carried out in which the performance of a continuous speech recognizer (CSR) was compared to the performance of expert listeners in a task of judging whether a number of prespecified phones had been realized in an utterance. In the first experiment, nine expert listeners and the CSR carried out exactly the same task: deciding whether a segment was present or not in 467 cases. In the second experiment, we expanded on the first experiment by focusing on two phonological processes: schwa-deletion and schwa-insertion. The results of these experiments show that significant differences in performance were found between the CSR and the listeners, but also between individual listeners. Although some of these differences appeared to be statistically significant, their magnitude is such that they may very well be acceptable depending on what the transcriptions are needed for. In other words, although the CSR is not infallible, it makes it possible to explore large datasets, which might outweigh the errors introduced by the mistakes the CSR makes. For these reasons, we can conclude that the CSR can be used instead of a listener to carry out this type of task: deciding whether a phone is present or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wester
- Department of Language and Speech, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas are largely resistant to current approaches of adjuvant chemotherapy. Gluthatione S-transferases (GST) have been attributed a role in the resistance of cancer cells, e.g., to nitrosoureas. Here, we assessed the expression levels of GST-pi and GST-mu RNA and protein as well as total GST activity in a panel of 12 human glioma cell lines and correlated these data with p53 status, BCL-2 family protein expression and drug sensitivity in these cells. Neither GST protein levels nor GST activity correlated with genetic or functional p53 status or with the expression of various BCL-2 family proteins. No evidence for GST-mediated protection from chemotherapeutic drugs became apparent. In contrast, high levels of GST-pi protein, probably the major source of GST activity in glioma cells, and of total GST activity correlated with enhanced sensitivity to vincristine-induced clonogenic cell death. Expression of GST-pi in human glioblastomas in vivo was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Neither total, nor cytoplasmic or nuclear, GST-pi immunoreactivity correlated with the response to adjuvant radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. A comparative analysis of primary and recurrent tumors showed that GST expression was not enhanced by radiochemotherapy in vivo. We conclude that GST does not account for the differential chemosensitivity of glioma cell lines in vitro and does not accumulate in glioma subpopulations that form recurrent tumors after radiochemotherapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Winter
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, School of Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Rohrbach JM, Schlote T, Strik H, Bornemann A. [Walker-Warburg syndrome in adulthood?]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2000; 216:235-9. [PMID: 10820711 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walker-Warburg-Syndrome (WWS) comprises malformations of the brain and the eyes with muscle dystrophy. Its course is usually lethal within the first 60 weeks of life. As far as we know there are no reports in the literature dealing with WWS in adults. CASE REPORT A 70-year old female died because of cardio-pulmonary failure while she had an infection of the respiratory tract. The patient had been mentally deficient and had suffered from recurrent single convulsions. 17 years before death funduscopy had revealed an optic atrophy. Diabetes mellitus was known for ca. 15 years. The neuropathologists found a lissencephaly with a typical histology and a cerebellar malformation. Histologically, the eyes showed diabetic changes like vacuolization of the iris pigment epithelium and a thickening of basement membranes. There were marked deposits in the Pars plicata of the ciliary body and drusen formation in Bruch's membrane. The nerve fiber layer of the retina seemed to be thinned, and there was a considerable rarefication of optic ganglion cells. CONCLUSIONS Taking the clinical and especially the morphological data into account, a Walker-Warburg-Syndrome was assumed. Within the eyes developmental and diabetic changes were combined. Because the cerebral and ocular malformations were comparably mild, the patient became unusually old, and visual function allowed at least good orientation. References were searched by medline and by the indices of known papers.
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Hermisson M, Strik H, Rieger J, Dichgans J, Meyermann R, Weller M. Expression and functional activity of heat shock proteins in human glioblastoma multiforme. Neurology 2000; 54:1357-65. [PMID: 10746610 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.6.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo and to examine their role in resistance to apoptosis. BACKGROUND HSP are expressed in response to various forms of stress. Constitutive HSP expression may confer resistance to cytotoxic stimuli in human cancers. METHODS HSP expression was assessed by immunoblot analysis in glioma cells in vitro and by immunocytochemistry in human glioblastomas in vivo. Modulation of apoptosis by hyperthermia-mediated HSP induction was examined in glioma cell lines in vitro. RESULTS Immunoblot analysis revealed constitutive expression of HSP27, HSP72, HSP73, and HSP90 in all 12 human glioma cell lines. B-crystallin (alphaBC) was expressed in 3 of 12 cell lines. High levels of alphaBC and HSP72 correlated with drug resistance and high p53 levels in vitro. Transient hyperthermia (43 degrees C/2 hours) induced HSP27 and HSP72 expression but had no effect on the levels of alphaBC, HSP73, or HSP90. HSP induction provided no survival advantage against subsequent cytotoxic challenges, including cytotoxic cytokines and radiochemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry showed strong expression of all HSP in vivo. The comparative analysis of HSP27, alphaBC, HSP72, HSP73, and HSP90 expression in 24 paired samples of first resections and recurrences of human glioblastoma multiforme revealed no impact of HSP expression on response to adjuvant radiochemotherapy and no modulation of HSP expression by radiochemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS High constitutive, as opposed to inducible, expression of HSP may play a role in the primary resistance of human malignant gliomas to cytotoxic radiochemotherapy. Superinduction of HSP levels by hyperthermia in vitro provided no further survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hermisson
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen School of Medicine, Germany
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Cucchiarini C, Strik H, Boves L. Quantitative assessment of second language learners' fluency by means of automatic speech recognition technology. J Acoust Soc Am 2000; 107:989-999. [PMID: 10687708 DOI: 10.1121/1.428279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether expert fluency ratings of read speech can be predicted on the basis of automatically calculated temporal measures of speech quality, an experiment was conducted with read speech of 20 native and 60 non-native speakers of Dutch. The speech material was scored for fluency by nine experts and was then analyzed by means of an automatic speech recognizer in terms of quantitative measures such as speech rate, articulation rate, number and length of pauses, number of dysfluencies, mean length of runs, and phonation/time ratio. The results show that expert ratings of fluency in read speech are reliable (Cronbach's alpha varies between 0.90 and 0.96) and that these ratings can be predicted on the basis of quantitative measures: for six automatic measures the magnitude of the correlations with the fluency scores varies between 0.81 and 0.93. Rate of speech appears to be the best predictor: correlations vary between 0.90 and 0.93. Two other important determinants of reading fluency are the rate at which speakers articulate the sounds and the number of pauses they make. Apparently, rate of speech is such a good predictor of perceived fluency because it incorporates these two aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cucchiarini
- Department of Language and Speech, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Strik H, Deininger M, Streffer J, Grote E, Wickboldt J, Dichgans J, Weller M, Meyermann R. BCL-2 family protein expression in initial and recurrent glioblastomas: modulation by radiochemotherapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67:763-8. [PMID: 10567494 PMCID: PMC1736652 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.67.6.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro studies indicate a role of apoptosis regulatory proteins of the BCL-2 family in the resistance of glioblastoma multiforme to irradiation and chemotherapy. To date, no study has compared the expression of these proteins in initial and recurrent tumours. The differences of expression of BCL-2, BCL-X, BAX, and MCL-1 proteins of paired first resection and recurrence glioblastoma specimens were examined. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed in 37 cases of glioblastoma multiforme with paraffin embedded tissue from first resections and their recurrences in three treatment groups (15 radiochemotherapy, 15 irradiation, seven untreated). Ten high power fields were evaluated with an arbitrary score (< 5%=1, 5-50%=2, >50%=3), and cumulative scores for each antigen calculated. RESULTS In the whole group, we found a significant up regulation of antiapoptotic BCL-2 (median cumulative score of 15 in the primary, 19 at recurrence; p<0.0001 in the Wilcoxon test), BCLX (median scores 20 and 25, respectively, p<0.0001), and MCL-1 (median scores 11 and 14, p=0.0395), and a significant down regulation of proapoptotic BAX (median scores 14 and 11, p<0.0001). In the subgroups, these trends were also found. No association between protein expression and treatment regimen was found, although significant changes were restricted to the subgroups that received adjuvant chemotherapy. No significant correlation with clinical prognosis was detected with the Kaplan-Meier method. CONCLUSIONS In the development from initial to recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, the BCL-2 family rheostat shifts towards antiapoptotic adjustment in vivo. Importantly, the changes in BCL-2 family protein expression characterised here were also seen in the subgroup of patients who did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, suggesting that the changes of BCL-2 family protein expression result not only from radiochemotherapy but also reflect the natural course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Strik
- Institute of Brain Research, Medical School, Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Three cerebral lesions were neuroradiologically detected in a 63-year-old man without evidence of an extracranial neoplasm. The biopsy specimen from one lesion showed a large cell anaplastic lymphoma (LCAL). Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for CD3, CD30, CD45RO, and HLA-DR. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the rearranged T-cell receptor beta chain genome (TcR beta) derived from paraffin sections showed monoclonality. This case shows that primary cerebral T-cell lymphomas genotypically correspond to nodal T-cell lymphomas, a correspondence that has previously been demonstrated for the more common brain lymphomas of B-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Paulus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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