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Tiemann TT, Padma AM, Sehic E, Bäckdahl H, Oltean M, Song MJ, Brännström M, Hellström M. Towards uterus tissue engineering: a comparative study of sheep uterus decellularisation. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:167-178. [PMID: 31980817 PMCID: PMC7103571 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterus tissue engineering may dismantle limitations in current uterus transplantation protocols. A uterine biomaterial populated with patient-derived cells could potentially serve as a graft to circumvent complicated surgery of live donors, immunosuppressive medication and rejection episodes. Repeated uterine bioengineering studies on rodents have shown promising results using decellularised scaffolds to restore fertility in a partially impaired uterus and now mandate experiments on larger and more human-like animal models. The aim of the presented studies was therefore to establish adequate protocols for scaffold generation and prepare for future in vivo sheep uterus bioengineering experiments. Three decellularisation protocols were developed using vascular perfusion through the uterine artery of whole sheep uteri obtained from slaughterhouse material. Decellularisation solutions used were based on 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (Protocol 1) or 2% sodium deoxycholate (Protocol 2) or with a sequential perfusion of 2% sodium deoxycholate and 1% Triton X-100 (Protocol 3). The scaffolds were examined by histology, extracellular matrix quantification, evaluation of mechanical properties and the ability to support foetal sheep stem cells after recellularisation. We showed that a sheep uterus can successfully be decellularised while maintaining a high integrity of the extracellular components. Uteri perfused with sodium deoxycholate (Protocol 2) were the most favourable treatment in our study based on quantifications. However, all scaffolds supported stem cells for 2 weeks in vitro and showed no cytotoxicity signs. Cells continued to express markers for proliferation and maintained their undifferentiated phenotype. Hence, this study reports three valuable decellularisation protocols for future in vivo sheep uterus bioengineering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Tiemann
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A M Padma
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - E Sehic
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - H Bäckdahl
- Bioscience and Materials-Medical Device Technology, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, PO Box 857, 50115 Borås, Sweden
| | - M Oltean
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Transplantation Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30 Sweden
| | - M J Song
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M Brännström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Stockholm IVF-EUGIN, Hammarby allé 93, 120 63 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hellström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
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Patil PB, Chougule PB, Kumar VK, Almström S, Bäckdahl H, Banerjee D, Herlenius G, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Notice of Retraction: Inappropriate Image Duplication in "Recellularization of Acellular Human Small Intestine Using Bone Marrow Stem Cells". Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:315. [PMID: 30811876 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2013;2:307-315; http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2012-0108 The above-referenced article published on March 13, 2013 in Stem Cells Translational Medicine has been retracted by agreement between the Journal Editors and co-publishers, AlphaMed Press and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed to with acknowledgment of problems with Figure 3, which we believe make some of the data unreliable.
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Kuna VK, Rosales A, Hisdal J, Osnes EK, Sundhagen JO, Bäckdahl H, Sumitran-Holgersson S, Jørgensen JJ. Successful tissue engineering of competent allogeneic venous valves. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2015; 3:421-430.e1. [PMID: 26992620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether tissue-engineered human allogeneic vein valves have a normal closure time (competency) and tolerate reflux pressure in vitro. METHODS Fifteen human allogeneic femoral vein segments containing valves were harvested from cadavers. Valve closure time and resistance to reflux pressure (100 mm Hg) were assessed in an in vitro model to verify competency of the vein valves. The segments were tissue engineered using the technology of decellularization (DC) and recellularization (RC). The decellularized and recellularized vein segments were characterized biochemically, immunohistochemically, and biomechanically. RESULTS Four of 15 veins with valves were found to be incompetent immediately after harvest. In total, 2 of 4 segments with incompetent valves and 10 of 11 segments with competent valves were further decellularized using detergents and DNAse. DC resulted in significant decrease in host DNA compared with controls. DC scaffolds, however, retained major extracellular matrix proteins and mechanical integrity. RC resulted in successful repopulation of the lumen and valves of the scaffold with endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Valve mechanical parameters were similar to the native tissue even after DC. Eight of 10 veins with competent valves remained competent even after DC and RC, whereas the two incompetent valves remained incompetent even after DC and RC. The valve closure time to reflux pressure of the tissue-engineered veins was <0.5 second. CONCLUSIONS Tissue-engineered veins with valves provide a valid template for future preclinical studies and eventual clinical applications. This technique may enable replacement of diseased incompetent or damaged deep veins to treat axial reflux and thus reduce ambulatory venous hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Kuna
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Rosales
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo Vascular Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo Vascular Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | - Eivind K Osnes
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo Vascular Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | - Jon O Sundhagen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo Vascular Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | - Henrik Bäckdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jørgen J Jørgensen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo Vascular Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; Vascular Department, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hellström M, El-Akouri R, Sihlbom C, Olsson B, Lengqvist J, Bäckdahl H, Johansson B, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S, Brännström M. Towards the development of a bioengineered uterus: comparison of different protocols for rat uterus decellularization. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:5034-5042. [PMID: 25169258 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Uterus transplantation (UTx) may be the only possible curative treatment for absolute uterine factor infertility, which affects 1 in every 500 females of fertile age. We recently presented the 6-month results from the first clinical UTx trial, describing nine live-donor procedures. This routine involves complicated surgery and requires potentially harmful immune suppression to prevent rejection. However, tissue engineering applications using biomaterials and stem cells may replace the need for a live donor, and could prevent the required immunosuppressive treatment. To investigate the basic aspects of this, we developed a novel whole-uterus scaffold design for uterus tissue engineering experiments in the rat. Decellularization was achieved by perfusion of detergents and ionic solutions. The remaining matrix and its biochemical and mechanical properties were quantitatively compared from using three different protocols. The constructs were further compared with native uterus tissue composition. Perfusion with Triton X-100/dimethyl sulfoxide/H2O led to a compact, weaker scaffold that showed evidence of a compromised matrix organization. Sodium deoxycholate/dH2O perfusion gave rise to a porous scaffold that structurally and mechanically resembled native uterus better. An innovative combination of two proteomic analyses revealed higher fibronectin and versican content in these porous scaffolds, which may explain the improved scaffold organization. Together with other important protocol-dependent differences, our results can contribute to the development of improved decellularization protocols for assorted organs. Furthermore, our study shows the first available data on decellularized whole uterus, and creates new opportunities for numerous in vitro and in vivo whole-uterus tissue engineering applications.
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Abstract
Scaffold characteristics are decisive for repopulating the acellular tissue with cells. A method to produce such a scaffold from intact organ requires a customized decellularization protocol. Here, we have decellularized whole, intact porcine hearts by serial perfusion and agitation of hypotonic solution, an ionic detergent (4% sodium deoxycholate), and a nonionic detergent (1% Triton X-100). The resultant matrix was characterized for its degree of decellularization, morphological and functional integrity. The protocol used resulted in extensive decellularization of the cardiac tissue, but the cytoskeletal elements (contractile apparatus) of cardiomyocytes remained largely unaffected by the procedure although their membranous organelles were completely absent. Further, several residual angiogenic growth factors were found to be present in the decellularized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Methe
- Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bäckdahl
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | - Bengt R. Johansson
- The Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikhil Nayakawde
- Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Goran Dellgren
- Transplant Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Olausson M, Kuna VK, Travnikova G, Bäckdahl H, Patil PB, Saalman R, Borg H, Jeppsson A, Sumitran-Holgersson S. In Vivo Application of Tissue-Engineered Veins Using Autologous Peripheral Whole Blood: A Proof of Concept Study. EBioMedicine 2014; 1:72-9. [PMID: 26137509 PMCID: PMC4457407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are increasing health problems affecting > 25 million individuals in westernized societies. Such patients could benefit from transplantation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts using autologous cells. One challenge that has limited this development is the need for cell isolation, and risks associated with ex vivo expanded stem cells. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to generate transplantable vascular grafts using decellularized allogeneic vascular scaffolds, repopulated with peripheral whole blood (PWB) in vitro in a bioreactor. Circulating, VEGFR-2 +/CD45 + and a smaller fraction of VEGFR-2 +/CD14 + cells contributed to repopulation of the graft. SEM micrographs showed flat cells on the luminal surface of the grafts consistent with endothelial cells. For clinical validation, two autologous PWB tissue-engineered vein conduits were prepared and successfully used for by-pass procedures in two pediatric patients. These results provide a proof of principle for the generation of transplantable vascular grafts using a simple autologous blood sample, making it clinically feasible globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Olausson
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vijay Kumar Kuna
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Galyna Travnikova
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bäckdahl
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Dept. of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SE-50462 Borås, Sweden
| | - Pradeep B Patil
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Saalman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Borg
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Methe K, Nayakwade N, Bäckdahl H, Johansson B, Premaratne G, Kuna Kumar V, Patil P, Dellgren G, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Characterization of Decellularized Porcine Hearts as Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.01.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Patil PB, Chougule PB, Kumar VK, Almström S, Bäckdahl H, Banerjee D, Herlenius G, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Recellularization of acellular human small intestine using bone marrow stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:307-15. [PMID: 23486834 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to produce an acellular human tissue scaffold with a view to test the possibility of recellularization with bone marrow stem cells to produce a tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI). Human small-bowel specimens (n = 5) were obtained from cadaveric organ donors and treated sequentially with 6% dimethyl sulfoxide in hypotonic buffer, 1% Triton X-100, and DNase. Each small intestine (SI) piece (6 cm) was recellularized with EPCAM+ and CD133+ allogeneic bone marrow stem cells. Histological and molecular analysis demonstrated that after decellularization, all cellular components and nuclear material were removed. Our analysis also showed that the decellularized human SI tissue retained its histoarchitecture with intact villi and major structural proteins. Protein films of common extracellular matrix constituents (collagen I, laminin, and fibronectin) were found in abundance. Furthermore, several residual angiogenic factors were found in the decellularized SI. Following recellularization, we found viable mucin-positive goblet cells, CK18+ epithelial cells in villi adjacent to a muscularis mucosa with α-actin+ smooth muscle cells, and a high repopulation of blood vessels with CD31+ endothelial cells. Our results show that in the future, such a TESI would be ideal for clinical purposes, because it can be derived from the recipient's own immunocompatible bone marrow cells, thus avoiding the use of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep B Patil
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Malm CJ, Risberg B, Bodin A, Bäckdahl H, Johansson BR, Gatenholm P, Jeppsson A. Small calibre biosynthetic bacterial cellulose blood vessels: 13-months patency in a sheep model. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2011; 46:57-62. [DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2011.623788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bäckdahl H, Risberg B, Gatenholm P. Observations on bacterial cellulose tube formation for application as vascular graft. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zaborowska M, Bodin A, Bäckdahl H, Popp J, Goldstein A, Gatenholm P. Microporous bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2540-7. [PMID: 20060935 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous cellulose biosynthesized by bacteria is an attractive biomaterial scaffold for tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. However, for bone applications a microscopic pore structure is needed to facilitate osteoblast ingrowth and formation of a mineralized tissue. Therefore, in this study microporous bacterial cellulose (BC) scaffolds were prepared by incorporating 300-500 microm paraffin wax microspheres into the fermentation process. The paraffin wax microspheres were subsequently removed, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed a microporous surface of the scaffolds while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified the elimination of paraffin and tensile measurements showed a Young's modulus of approximately 1.6 MPa. Microporous BC and nanoporous (control) BC scaffolds were seeded with MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells, and examined by confocal microscopy and histology for cell distribution and mineral deposition. Cells clustered within the pores of microporous BC, and formed denser mineral deposits than cells grown on control BC surfaces. This work shows that microporous BC is a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Andersson J, Stenhamre H, Bäckdahl H, Gatenholm P. Behavior of human chondrocytes in engineered porous bacterial cellulose scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:1124-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bäckdahl H, Esguerra M, Delbro D, Risberg B, Gatenholm P. Engineering microporosity in bacterial cellulose scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2008; 2:320-30. [DOI: 10.1002/term.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bodin A, Bäckdahl H, Fink H, Gustafsson L, Risberg B, Gatenholm P. Influence of cultivation conditions on mechanical and morphological properties of bacterial cellulose tubes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:425-34. [PMID: 17195972 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) was deposited in tubular form by fermenting Acetobacter xylinum on top of silicone tubes as an oxygenated support and by blowing different concentrations of oxygen, that is, 21% (air), 35%, 50%, and 100%. Mechanical properties such as burst pressure and tensile properties were evaluated for all tubes. The burst pressure of the tubes increased with an increase in oxygen ratio and reached a top value of 880 mmHg at 100% oxygen. The Young's modulus was approximately 5 MPa for all tubes, irrespective of the oxygen ratio. The elongation to break decreased from 30% to 10-20% when the oxygen ratio was increased. The morphology of the tubes was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All tubes had an even inner side and a more porous outer side. The cross section indicated that the tubes are composed of layers and that the amount of layers and the yield of cellulose increased with an increase in oxygen ratio. We propose that an internal vessel wall with high density is required for the tube to sustain a certain pressure. An increase in wall thickness by an increase in oxygen ratio might explain the increasing burst pressure with increasing oxygen ratio. The fermentation method used renders it possible to produce branched tubes, tubes with unlimited length and inner diameters. Endothelial cells (ECs) were grown onto the lumen of the tubes. The cells formed a confluent layer after 7 days. The tubes potential as a vascular graft is currently under investigation in a large animal model at the Centre of Vascular Engineering, Sahlgrenska University
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase Bodin
- Biopolymer Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bäckdahl H, Helenius G, Bodin A, Nannmark U, Johansson BR, Risberg B, Gatenholm P. Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and interactions with smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2141-9. [PMID: 16310848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered blood vessels (TEBV) represent an attractive approach for overcoming reconstructive problems associated with vascular diseases by providing small calibre vascular grafts. The aim of this study has been to evaluate a novel biomaterial, bacterial cellulose (BC), as a potential scaffold for TEBV. The morphology of the BC pellicle grown in static culture was investigated with SEM. Mechanical properties of BC were measured in Krebs solution and compared with the properties of porcine carotid arteries and ePTFE grafts. Attachment, proliferation and ingrowth of human smooth muscle cells (SMC) on the BC were analysed in vitro. The BC pellicle had an asymmetric structure composed of a fine network of nanofibrils similar to a collagen network. The shape of the stress-strain response of BC is reminiscent of the stress-strain response of the carotid artery, most probably due to the similarity in architecture of the nanofibrill networks. SMC adhered to and proliferated on the BC pellicle; an ingrowth of up to 40 microm was seen after 2 weeks of culture. BC exhibit attractive properties for use in future TEBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Bäckdahl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biopolymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
The biocompatibility of a scaffold for tissue engineered constructs is essential for the outcome. Bacterial cellulose (BC) consists of completely pure cellulose nanofibrils synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum. BC has high mechanical strength and can be shaped into three-dimensional structures. Cellulose-based materials induce negligible foreign body and inflammatory responses and are considered as biocompatible. The in vivo biocompatibility of BC has never been evaluated systematically. Thus, in the development of tissue engineered constructs with a BC scaffold, it is necessary to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility. BC was implanted subcutaneously in rats for 1, 4, and 12 weeks. The implants were evaluated in aspects of chronic inflammation, foreign body responses, cell ingrowth, and angiogenesis, using histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. There were no macroscopic signs of inflammation around the implants. There were no microscopic signs of inflammation either (i.e., a high number of small cells around the implants or the blood vessels). No fibrotic capsule or giant cells were present. Fibroblasts infiltrated BC, which was well integrated into the host tissue, and did not elicit any chronic inflammatory reactions. The biocompatibility of BC is good and the material has potential to be used as a scaffold in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Helenius
- Vascular Engineering Centre, Institution of Surgical Disciplines, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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