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Sheikh F, Alajlan H, Albanyan M, Alruwaili H, Alawami F, Sumayli S, Al Gazlan S, Abu Awwad S, Al-Dhekri H, Al-Saud B, Arnaout R, Alrayes H, Sayes N, Al-Hamed MH, Al-Mousa H, AlShareef S, Alazami AM. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Hereditary Angioedema in Saudi Arabia. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:479-484. [PMID: 36348183 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a potentially life-threatening autosomal dominant disorder affecting roughly 1:50,000 individuals. It is commonly characterized by swelling of the larynx, gastrointestinal tract, extremities, and skin. There is growing genetic heterogeneity associated with this disease but more than 95% of mutations are found in SERPING1, the gene which encodes complement 1 inhibitor (C1-INH). HAE cohorts from several populations have been published but no large scale study has been reported from the Arab world to date. Here we document the clinical and genetic findings of HAE patients from a single Saudi institution, which is a major referral center at the national level. A total of 51 patients across 17 unrelated families were recruited including two large multi-generational families, of which one contained an in-frame exonic deletion that was resolved through MLPA. Two cases were negative for all the genes we tested (including F12, PLG, ANGPT1, MYOF, KNG1, and HS3ST6). The predominant HAE subtype in our cohort was type I, at 76%. We were able to uncover a mutation in 49 patients (96%). No type III (normal C1-INH) patients were encountered in the clinic, suggesting that this subtype does not play a major role in HAE pathogenesis in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the existence of four patients with consistently normal complement 4 (C4) levels alongside abnormal C1-INH profiles highlights the utility of dual screening for both proteins in suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Alajlan
- Translational Genomics Department, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, MBC 3, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Albanyan
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hibah Alruwaili
- Translational Genomics Department, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, MBC 3, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alawami
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safia Sumayli
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Al Gazlan
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan Abu Awwad
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, King, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Al-Dhekri
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, King, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Al-Saud
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, King, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand Arnaout
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alrayes
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Sayes
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Al-Hamed
- Clinical Genomics Department, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamoud Al-Mousa
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, King, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad AlShareef
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Alazami
- Translational Genomics Department, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, MBC 3, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Monies D, Abouelhoda M, Assoum M, Moghrabi N, Rafiullah R, Almontashiri N, Alowain M, Alzaidan H, Alsayed M, Subhani S, Cupler E, Faden M, Alhashem A, Qari A, Chedrawi A, Aldhalaan H, Kurdi W, Khan S, Rahbeeni Z, Alotaibi M, Goljan E, Elbardisy H, ElKalioby M, Shah Z, Alruwaili H, Jaafar A, Albar R, Akilan A, Tayeb H, Tahir A, Fawzy M, Nasr M, Makki S, Alfaifi A, Akleh H, Yamani S, Bubshait D, Mahnashi M, Basha T, Alsagheir A, Khaled MA, Alsaleem K, Almugbel M, Badawi M, Bashiri F, Bohlega S, Sulaiman R, Tous E, Ahmed S, Algoufi T, Al-Mousa H, Alaki E, Alhumaidi S, Alghamdi H, Alghamdi M, Sahly A, Nahrir S, Al-Ahmari A, Alkuraya H, Almehaidib A, Abanemai M, Alsohaibaini F, Alsaud B, Arnaout R, Abdel-Salam GMH, Aldhekri H, AlKhater S, Alqadi K, Alsabban E, Alshareef T, Awartani K, Banjar H, Alsahan N, Abosoudah I, Alashwal A, Aldekhail W, Alhajjar S, Al-Mayouf S, Alsemari A, Alshuaibi W, Altala S, Altalhi A, Baz S, Hamad M, Abalkhail T, Alenazi B, Alkaff A, Almohareb F, Al Mutairi F, Alsaleh M, Alsonbul A, Alzelaye S, Bahzad S, Manee AB, Jarrad O, Meriki N, Albeirouti B, Alqasmi A, AlBalwi M, Makhseed N, Hassan S, Salih I, Salih MA, Shaheen M, Sermin S, Shahrukh S, Hashmi S, Shawli A, Tajuddin A, Tamim A, Alnahari A, Ghemlas I, Hussein M, Wali S, Murad H, Meyer BF, Alkuraya FS. Lessons Learned from Large-Scale, First-Tier Clinical Exome Sequencing in a Highly Consanguineous Population. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:879. [PMID: 31585110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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6
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Monies D, Abouelhoda M, Assoum M, Moghrabi N, Rafiullah R, Almontashiri N, Alowain M, Alzaidan H, Alsayed M, Subhani S, Cupler E, Faden M, Alhashem A, Qari A, Chedrawi A, Aldhalaan H, Kurdi W, Khan S, Rahbeeni Z, Alotaibi M, Goljan E, Elbardisy H, ElKalioby M, Shah Z, Alruwaili H, Jaafar A, Albar R, Akilan A, Tayeb H, Tahir A, Fawzy M, Nasr M, Makki S, Alfaifi A, Akleh H, Yamani S, Bubshait D, Mahnashi M, Basha T, Alsagheir A, Abu Khaled M, Alsaleem K, Almugbel M, Badawi M, Bashiri F, Bohlega S, Sulaiman R, Tous E, Ahmed S, Algoufi T, Al-Mousa H, Alaki E, Alhumaidi S, Alghamdi H, Alghamdi M, Sahly A, Nahrir S, Al-Ahmari A, Alkuraya H, Almehaidib A, Abanemai M, Alsohaibaini F, Alsaud B, Arnaout R, Abdel-Salam GMH, Aldhekri H, AlKhater S, Alqadi K, Alsabban E, Alshareef T, Awartani K, Banjar H, Alsahan N, Abosoudah I, Alashwal A, Aldekhail W, Alhajjar S, Al-Mayouf S, Alsemari A, Alshuaibi W, Altala S, Altalhi A, Baz S, Hamad M, Abalkhail T, Alenazi B, Alkaff A, Almohareb F, Al Mutairi F, Alsaleh M, Alsonbul A, Alzelaye S, Bahzad S, Manee AB, Jarrad O, Meriki N, Albeirouti B, Alqasmi A, AlBalwi M, Makhseed N, Hassan S, Salih I, Salih MA, Shaheen M, Sermin S, Shahrukh S, Hashmi S, Shawli A, Tajuddin A, Tamim A, Alnahari A, Ghemlas I, Hussein M, Wali S, Murad H, Meyer BF, Alkuraya FS. Lessons Learned from Large-Scale, First-Tier Clinical Exome Sequencing in a Highly Consanguineous Population. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1182-1201. [PMID: 31130284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of clinical exome sequencing (CES) on >2,200 previously unpublished Saudi families as a first-tier test. The predominance of autosomal-recessive causes allowed us to make several key observations. We highlight 155 genes that we propose to be recessive, disease-related candidates. We report additional mutational events in 64 previously reported candidates (40 recessive), and these events support their candidacy. We report recessive forms of genes that were previously associated only with dominant disorders and that have phenotypes ranging from consistent with to conspicuously distinct from the known dominant phenotypes. We also report homozygous loss-of-function events that can inform the genetics of complex diseases. We were also able to deduce the likely causal variant in most couples who presented after the loss of one or more children, but we lack samples from those children. Although a similar pattern of mostly recessive causes was observed in the prenatal setting, the higher proportion of loss-of-function events in these cases was notable. The allelic series presented by the wealth of recessive variants greatly expanded the phenotypic expression of the respective genes. We also make important observations about dominant disorders; these observations include the pattern of de novo variants, the identification of 74 candidate dominant, disease-related genes, and the potential confirmation of 21 previously reported candidates. Finally, we describe the influence of a predominantly autosomal-recessive landscape on the clinical utility of rapid sequencing (Flash Exome). Our cohort's genotypic and phenotypic data represent a unique resource that can contribute to improved variant interpretation through data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abouelhoda
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirna Assoum
- Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Moghrabi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafiullah Rafiullah
- Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Almontashiri
- Clinical Molecular and Biochemical Genetics, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alowain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeen Alsayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Subhani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward Cupler
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Faden
- Genetics and Metabolism, King Saud Medical Complex, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Pediatrics Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical Complex, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alya Qari
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Chedrawi
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Aldhalaan
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam Kurdi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameena Khan
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Rahbeeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alotaibi
- Genetics and Metabolism, King Saud Medical Complex, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ewa Goljan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Elbardisy
- Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed ElKalioby
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Shah
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hibah Alruwaili
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Jaafar
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranad Albar
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Akilan
- Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamsa Tayeb
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Tahir
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Fawzy
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nasr
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaza Makki
- Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alfaifi
- Pediatrics Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna Akleh
- Academic and Training Affairs, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suad Yamani
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Bubshait
- Pediatrics Department, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mahnashi
- Genetics and Medicine, King Fahd Central Hospital, Gizan 82666, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Basha
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Alsagheir
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musad Abu Khaled
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alsaleem
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maisoon Almugbel
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Badawi
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Bashiri
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Bohlega
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raashida Sulaiman
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Tous
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Algoufi
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamoud Al-Mousa
- Allergy - Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emadia Alaki
- Allergy - Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susan Alhumaidi
- Pediatrics Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alghamdi
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Alghamdi
- Pediatrics Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Sahly
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shapar Nahrir
- Pediatrics Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Ahmari
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Alkuraya
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Specialized Medical Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almehaidib
- Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abanemai
- Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsohaibaini
- Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alsaud
- Allergy - Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand Arnaout
- Allergy - Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hasan Aldhekri
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzan AlKhater
- Pediatrics Department, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alqadi
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Alsabban
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alshareef
- Pediatric Nephrology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Awartani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Banjar
- Pediatric Pulmonology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alsahan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibraheem Abosoudah
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alashwal
- Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajeeh Aldekhail
- Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alhajjar
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Al-Mayouf
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alsemari
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Alshuaibi
- Pediatrics Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Altala
- Pediatrics Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushait 62451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi Altalhi
- Pediatric Nephrology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Baz
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muddathir Hamad
- Pediatrics Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abalkhail
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badi Alenazi
- Pediatrics Department, Alyamama Hospital, Riyadh 14222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alya Alkaff
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Almohareb
- Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia; Medical Genetic Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alsaleh
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsonbul
- Pediatric Rheumatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somaya Alzelaye
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes, Al Qunfudah General Hospital, Al Qunfudhah 28821, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Bahzad
- Kuwait Medical Genetics Center, Kuwait City 65000, Kuwait
| | - Abdulaziz Bin Manee
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola Jarrad
- Pediatrics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neama Meriki
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Albeirouti
- Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alqasmi
- Pediatrics Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlBalwi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Makhseed
- Pediatrics Department, Alsoor Clinic, Kuwait City 65000, Kuwait
| | - Saeed Hassan
- Pediatrics Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isam Salih
- Hepatic-Pancreatic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Shaheen
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saadeh Sermin
- Pediatric Nephrology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsad Shahrukh
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahrukh Hashmi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Shawli
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 9515, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen Tajuddin
- Neurology, King Fahad Hospital, Medina 59046, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Tamim
- Pediatrics Neurology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 23433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alnahari
- Pediatric Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Gizan, 82666, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ghemlas
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Hussein
- Nephrology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Wali
- Pediatrics Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical Complex, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem Murad
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Diagnostic Laboratories, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
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