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Majumder S, Hirokawa K, Yang Z, Paletzki R, Gerfen CR, Fontolan L, Romani S, Jain A, Yasuda R, Inagaki HK. Cell-type-specific plasticity shapes neocortical dynamics for motor learning. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.09.552699. [PMID: 37609277 PMCID: PMC10441538 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.552699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Neocortical spiking dynamics control aspects of behavior, yet how these dynamics emerge during motor learning remains elusive. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is likely a key mechanism, as it reconfigures network architectures that govern neural dynamics. Here, we examined how the mouse premotor cortex acquires its well-characterized neural dynamics that control movement timing, specifically lick timing. To probe the role of synaptic plasticity, we have genetically manipulated proteins essential for major forms of synaptic plasticity, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Cofilin, in a region and cell-type-specific manner. Transient inactivation of CaMKII in the premotor cortex blocked learning of new lick timing without affecting the execution of learned action or ongoing spiking activity. Furthermore, among the major glutamatergic neurons in the premotor cortex, CaMKII and Cofilin activity in pyramidal tract (PT) neurons, but not intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, is necessary for learning. High-density electrophysiology in the premotor cortex uncovered that neural dynamics anticipating licks are progressively shaped during learning, which explains the change in lick timing. Such reconfiguration in behaviorally relevant dynamics is impeded by CaMKII manipulation in PT neurons. Altogether, the activity of plasticity-related proteins in PT neurons plays a central role in sculpting neocortical dynamics to learn new behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouvik Majumder
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Koichi Hirokawa
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Zidan Yang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ronald Paletzki
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Fontolan
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix- Marseille University, INSERM, INMED U1249, Marseille, France
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA 20147, USA
| | - Sandro Romani
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA 20147, USA
| | - Anant Jain
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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2
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Abstract
The brain plans and executes volitional movements. The underlying patterns of neural population activity have been explored in the context of movements of the eyes, limbs, tongue, and head in nonhuman primates and rodents. How do networks of neurons produce the slow neural dynamics that prepare specific movements and the fast dynamics that ultimately initiate these movements? Recent work exploits rapid and calibrated perturbations of neural activity to test specific dynamical systems models that are capable of producing the observed neural activity. These joint experimental and computational studies show that cortical dynamics during motor planning reflect fixed points of neural activity (attractors). Subcortical control signals reshape and move attractors over multiple timescales, causing commitment to specific actions and rapid transitions to movement execution. Experiments in rodents are beginning to reveal how these algorithms are implemented at the level of brain-wide neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Kayvon Daie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Arseny Finkelstein
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Fontolan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Sandro Romani
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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3
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Inagaki HK, Chen S, Ridder MC, Sah P, Li N, Yang Z, Hasanbegovic H, Gao Z, Gerfen CR, Svoboda K. A midbrain-thalamus-cortex circuit reorganizes cortical dynamics to initiate movement. Cell 2022; 185:1065-1081.e23. [PMID: 35245431 PMCID: PMC8990337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Motor behaviors are often planned long before execution but only released after specific sensory events. Planning and execution are each associated with distinct patterns of motor cortex activity. Key questions are how these dynamic activity patterns are generated and how they relate to behavior. Here, we investigate the multi-regional neural circuits that link an auditory "Go cue" and the transition from planning to execution of directional licking. Ascending glutamatergic neurons in the midbrain reticular and pedunculopontine nuclei show short latency and phasic changes in spike rate that are selective for the Go cue. This signal is transmitted via the thalamus to the motor cortex, where it triggers a rapid reorganization of motor cortex state from planning-related activity to a motor command, which in turn drives appropriate movement. Our studies show how midbrain can control cortical dynamics via the thalamus for rapid and precise motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko K Inagaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint Center for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zidan Yang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hana Hasanbegovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Li N, Chen S, Guo ZV, Chen H, Huo Y, Inagaki HK, Chen G, Davis C, Hansel D, Guo C, Svoboda K. Spatiotemporal constraints on optogenetic inactivation in cortical circuits. eLife 2019; 8:e48622. [PMID: 31736463 PMCID: PMC6892606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics allows manipulations of genetically and spatially defined neuronal populations with excellent temporal control. However, neurons are coupled with other neurons over multiple length scales, and the effects of localized manipulations thus spread beyond the targeted neurons. We benchmarked several optogenetic methods to inactivate small regions of neocortex. Optogenetic excitation of GABAergic neurons produced more effective inactivation than light-gated ion pumps. Transgenic mice expressing the light-dependent chloride channel GtACR1 produced the most potent inactivation. Generally, inactivation spread substantially beyond the photostimulation light, caused by strong coupling between cortical neurons. Over some range of light intensity, optogenetic excitation of inhibitory neurons reduced activity in these neurons, together with pyramidal neurons, a signature of inhibition-stabilized neural networks ('paradoxical effect'). The offset of optogenetic inactivation was followed by rebound excitation in a light dose-dependent manner, limiting temporal resolution. Our data offer guidance for the design of in vivo optogenetics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Zengcai V Guo
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Han Chen
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Huo
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Guang Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Courtney Davis
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - David Hansel
- Center of Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies, CNRS-UMR8119ParisFrance
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Inagaki HK, Fontolan L, Romani S, Svoboda K. Discrete attractor dynamics underlies persistent activity in the frontal cortex. Nature 2019; 566:212-217. [PMID: 30728503 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Short-term memories link events separated in time, such as past sensation and future actions. Short-term memories are correlated with slow neural dynamics, including selective persistent activity, which can be maintained over seconds. In a delayed response task that requires short-term memory, neurons in the mouse anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) show persistent activity that instructs future actions. To determine the principles that underlie this persistent activity, here we combined intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology with optogenetic perturbations and network modelling. We show that during the delay epoch, the activity of ALM neurons moved towards discrete end points that correspond to specific movement directions. These end points were robust to transient shifts in ALM activity caused by optogenetic perturbations. Perturbations occasionally switched the population dynamics to the other end point, followed by incorrect actions. Our results show that discrete attractor dynamics underlie short-term memory related to motor planning.
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Inagaki HK, Inagaki M, Romani S, Svoboda K. Low-Dimensional and Monotonic Preparatory Activity in Mouse Anterior Lateral Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4163-4185. [PMID: 29593054 PMCID: PMC6596025 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3152-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in multiple brain regions fire trains of action potentials anticipating specific movements, but this "preparatory activity" has not been systematically compared across behavioral tasks. We compared preparatory activity in auditory and tactile delayed-response tasks in male mice. Skilled, directional licking was the motor output. The anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) is necessary for motor planning in both tasks. Multiple features of ALM preparatory activity during the delay epoch were similar across tasks. First, most neurons showed direction-selective activity and spatially intermingled neurons were selective for either movement direction. Second, many cells showed mixed coding of sensory stimulus and licking direction, with a bias toward licking direction. Third, delay activity was monotonic and low-dimensional. Fourth, pairs of neurons with similar direction selectivity showed high spike-count correlations. Our study forms the foundation to analyze the neural circuit mechanisms underlying preparatory activity in a genetically tractable model organism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Short-term memories link events separated in time. Neurons in the frontal cortex fire trains of action potentials anticipating specific movements, often seconds before the movement. This "preparatory activity" has been observed in multiple brain regions, but has rarely been compared systematically across behavioral tasks in the same brain region. To identify common features of preparatory activity, we developed and compared preparatory activity in auditory and tactile delayed-response tasks in mice. The same cortical area is necessary for both tasks. Multiple features of preparatory activity, measured with high-density silicon probes, were similar across tasks. We find that preparatory activity is low-dimensional and monotonic. Our study forms a foundation for analyzing the circuit mechanisms underlying preparatory activity in a genetically tractable model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko K Inagaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Miho Inagaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Sandro Romani
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
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Hoopfer ED, Jung Y, Inagaki HK, Rubin GM, Anderson DJ. P1 interneurons promote a persistent internal state that enhances inter-male aggression in Drosophila. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26714106 PMCID: PMC4749567 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How brains are hardwired to produce aggressive behavior, and how aggression circuits are related to those that mediate courtship, is not well understood. A large-scale screen for aggression-promoting neurons in Drosophila identified several independent hits that enhanced both inter-male aggression and courtship. Genetic intersections revealed that 8-10 P1 interneurons, previously thought to exclusively control male courtship, were sufficient to promote fighting. Optogenetic experiments indicated that P1 activation could promote aggression at a threshold below that required for wing extension. P1 activation in the absence of wing extension triggered persistent aggression via an internal state that could endure for minutes. High-frequency P1 activation promoted wing extension and suppressed aggression during photostimulation, whereas aggression resumed and wing extension was inhibited following photostimulation offset. Thus, P1 neuron activation promotes a latent, internal state that facilitates aggression and courtship, and controls the overt expression of these social behaviors in a threshold-dependent, inverse manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hoopfer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Yonil Jung
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Hidehiko K Inagaki
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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Inagaki HK, Jung Y, Hoopfer ED, Wong AM, Mishra N, Lin JY, Tsien RY, Anderson DJ. Optogenetic control of Drosophila using a red-shifted channelrhodopsin reveals experience-dependent influences on courtship. Nat Methods 2013; 11:325-32. [PMID: 24363022 PMCID: PMC4151318 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics allows the manipulation of neural activity in freely moving animals with millisecond precision, but its application in Drosophila has been limited. Here we show that a recently described Red activatable Channelrhodopsin (ReaChR) permits control of complex behavior in freely moving adult flies, at wavelengths that are not thought to interfere with normal visual function. This tool affords the opportunity to control neural activity over a broad dynamic range of stimulation intensities. Using time-resolved activation, we show that the neural control of male courtship song can be separated into probabilistic, persistent and deterministic, command-like components. The former, but not the latter, neurons are subject to functional modulation by social experience, supporting the idea that they constitute a locus of state-dependent influence. This separation is not evident using thermogenetic tools, underscoring the importance of temporally precise control of neuronal activation in the functional dissection of neural circuits in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko K Inagaki
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. [3]
| | - Yonil Jung
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. [3]
| | - Eric D Hoopfer
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Allan M Wong
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Neeli Mishra
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - John Y Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Kamikouchi A, Inagaki HK, Yorozu S, Ito K. [Application of Drosophila as an integrative neural model to understand how sound, gravity, and wind information are processed in the brain]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:1817-1826. [PMID: 19894582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Kamikouchi A, Inagaki HK, Effertz T, Hendrich O, Fiala A, Göpfert MC, Ito K. The neural basis of Drosophila gravity-sensing and hearing. Nature 2009; 458:165-71. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kamikouchi A, Inagaki HK, Effertz T, Fiala A, Ito K, Gopfert MC. The neural circuits of Drosophila gravity sensing and hearing. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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