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Thuma TBT, Procopio RA, Jimenez HJ, Gunton KB, Pulido JS. Hypomorphic variants in inherited retinal and ocular diseases: A review of the literature with clinical cases. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:337-348. [PMID: 38036193 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypomorphic variants decrease, but do not eliminate, gene function via a reduction in the amount of mRNA or protein product produced by a gene or by production of a gene product with reduced function. Many hypomorphic variants have been implicated in inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) and other genetic ocular conditions; however, there is heterogeneity in the use of the term "hypomorphic" in the scientific literature. We searched for all hypomorphic variants reported to cause IRDs and ocular disorders. We also discuss the presence of hypomorphic variants in the patient population of our ocular genetics department over the past decade. We propose that standardized criteria should be adopted for use of the term "hypomorphic" to describe gene variants to improve genetic counseling and patient care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin B T Thuma
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hiram J Jimenez
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kammi B Gunton
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose S Pulido
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Daher ND, Saad AS, Jimenez HJ, Milman T, Gonzalez-Martinez OG, Deshmukh T, Pulido JS, Silver FH, Benedetto DA, Rapuano CJ, Syed ZA. Identification of the Vibrational Optical Coherence Tomography Corneal Cellular Peak. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 37043335 PMCID: PMC10103735 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our team previously identified the presence of five corneal resonant frequency (RF) peaks in healthy volunteers using vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT). Prior studies have suggested that the ≤100 Hz RF peak represents the cellular element of tissue. The aim of this study was to confirm that this peak reflects the human corneal cellular component using VOCT and histological analysis. Methods Two human research globes were obtained from the same donor, and VOCT measurements were collected from the full-thickness corneas. A microkeratome was then used to create serial-free corneal caps from each cornea, with VOCT performed on the residual stromal bed after each excision. All lamellar sections from both globes were sent for histological analysis to determine cellularity. Cell counts on the specimens were performed by two independent observers. Results The average of the normalized ≤100 Hz peak values before lamellar sectioning was significantly higher than the average of this peak values after the first, second, and third cuts (P = 0.023), which was 33.9% less than before any cuts. The cell count values in the first slice were significantly higher than the average cell count values of the three deeper slices (P < 0.001), and the cell count dropped 84.4% after the first slice was removed. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that the ≤100 Hz corneal peak identified by VOCT corresponds to the cellular component of the cornea. Translational Relevance This work furthers our understanding of the origin of the corneal ≤100 Hz peak identified using VOCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie D Daher
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Saeed Saad
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiram J Jimenez
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatyana Milman
- Pathology Department, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Orlando G Gonzalez-Martinez
- Pathology Department, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jose S Pulido
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick H Silver
- OptoVibronex, LLC., Bethlehem, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Rapuano
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zeba A Syed
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Crespo MA, Jimenez HJ, Deshmukh T, Pulido JS, Saad AS, Silver FH, Benedetto DA, Rapuano CJ, Syed ZA. In Vivo Determination of the Human Corneal Elastic Modulus Using Vibrational Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35822948 PMCID: PMC9288150 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the in vivo elastic modulus of the human cornea using vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT). Methods Vibrational analysis coupled with optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to obtain the resonant frequency (RF) and elastic modulus of corneal structural components. VOCT corneal thickness values were measured using OCT images and correlated with corneal thickness determined with Pentacam (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Moduli were obtained at two locations: central cornea (CC) and inferior cornea (IC). Measurements were obtained with and without anesthetic eye drops to assess their effect on the modulus measurements. Results VOCT thickness values correlated positively (R2 = 0.97) and linearly (y = 1.039x–16.89) with those of Pentacam. Five RF peaks (1–5) were present, although their presence was variable across eyes. The RF for peaks 1 to 5 in the CC and IC ranged from 73.5 ± 4.9 to 239 ± 3 Hz and 72.1 ± 6.3 to 238 ± 4 Hz, respectively. CC and IC moduli for peaks 1 to 5 ranged from 1.023 ± 0.104 to 6.87 ± 0.33 MPa and 0.98 ± 0.15 to 6.52 ± 0.79 MPa, respectively. Topical anesthesia did not significantly alter the modulus (P > 0.05 for all), except for peak 2 in the CC (P < 0.05). Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the utility of VOCT as an in vivo, noninvasive technology to measure the elastic modulus in human corneas. The structural origin of these moduli is hypothesized based on previous reports, and further analyses are necessary for confirmation. Translational Relevance This work presents VOCT as a novel approach to assess the in vivo elastic modulus of the cornea, an indicator of corneal structural integrity and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Crespo
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiram J Jimenez
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jose S Pulido
- Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Saeed Saad
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick H Silver
- OptoVibronex, LLC, Bethlehem, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Rapuano
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zeba A Syed
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Jimenez HJ, Martins LSS, Montarroyos AVV, Silva Junior JF, Alzate-Marin AL, Moraes Filho RM. Genetic diversity of the Neotropical tree Hancornia speciosa Gomes in natural populations in Northeastern Brazil. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:17749-57. [PMID: 26782420 DOI: 10.4238/2015.december.21.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit tree of the Apocynaceae family, which is native to Brazil and is a very important food resource for human populations in its areas of occurrence. Mangabeira fruit is collected as an extractive activity, and no domesticated varieties or breeding programs exist. Due to a reduction in the area of ecosystems where it occurs, mangabeira is threatened by genetic erosion in Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the genetic diversity of 38 mangabeira individuals collected from natural populations in Pernambuco State using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. The ISSR methodology generated a total of 93 loci; 10 were monomorphic and 83 were polymorphic. The average number of loci per primer was 15.5, ranging from 9 (#UBC 866) to 21 (#UBC 834). The results showed a high level of genetic diversity (0.30), and found that only around 30% of genetic variability is distributed among populations (GST = 0.29, ФST = 0.30), with the remainder (ФCT = 70%) found within each population, as expected for forest outcrossing species. Estimates for historic gene flow (1.18) indicate that there is some isolation of these populations, and some degree of genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Jimenez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Melhoramento Genético de Plantas Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - L S S Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Melhoramento Genético de Plantas Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - A V V Montarroyos
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - J F Silva Junior
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - A L Alzate-Marin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R M Moraes Filho
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
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