Evaluation of the type and frequency of extemporaneous formulations dispensed in hospital and community pharmacies

Background

Extemporaneous compounding is practiced globally by pharmacists to allow for dispensing of personalised doses of medicinal products not commercially available. Extemporaneous compounding must result in a product which is safe and effective. However, data on formulation and expiry of extemporaneous products may not be readily available. Pharmacists access various resources including compounding databases to obtain information on composition, preparation, and expiry of extemporaneous preparations.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of extemporaneous compounding in hospital and community pharmacies in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and to obtain contemporary information on compounding practices and resources used.

Methods

All community and hospital pharmacists registered with the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, were invited to participate in an on-line survey. The study was approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) research ethics committee.

Results

A total of 202 pharmacists responded to the survey, of which 145 were community-based, 52 hospital-based, and 5 practicing in both. On average, hospital and community pharmacists (n = 138) dispensed <2-10 prescriptions for extemporaneous products per month. Pharmacists reported compounding 13 different types of extemporaneous preparations. Of these, dermatological preparations and oral liquid formulations (OLFs) were most commonly compounded. Extemp.ie, an Irish compounding database, was the most frequently used resource for compounding guidance and product expiry.

Conclusions

The results of this study show that extemporaneous compounding is still practiced in hospital and community pharmacies in the ROI. The limited response of 4.6% obtained may reflect that extemporaneous compounding is concentrated in a relatively small number of pharmacies. There remains a clinical need for extemporaneous products in the ROI and extemporaneous compounding continues to be an invaluable skillset for pharmacists.

Hospitalization due to adverse drug events in older adults with cancer: A retrospective analysis

INTRODUCTION

Geriatric oncology is a rapidly evolving field of practice, where comprehensive geriatric assessments (CGA) and multidisciplinary team (MDT) input have the potential to improve patient outcomes. Polypharmacy and potential drug interactions (PDI) have been associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in older adults with cancer, receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT). Our aim was to assess the incidence of unplanned hospitalization in older adults with cancer attending medical oncology outpatient clinics and to determine whether an unplanned hospitalization was potentially due to an adverse drug event (ADE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We identified patients who attended a medical oncology outpatient appointment from January 1 to March 31, 2018. Medical records were examined to identify any unplanned hospital admissions between the clinic visit date and three and six months after initial clinic visit. Incidences of unplanned hospitalization were assessed to determine if an ADE potentially occurred.

RESULTS

Data collected from 174 patients were analyzed. Over half (57%) were female, median age was 75 years and 53% had a favorable performance status. The most common malignancies were gastrointestinal (GI) at 31% (n = 54), breast 29% (n = 51), and genitourinary 22% (n = 37). Seventy-two percent had advanced disease (stage III/IV) and 61% had systemic therapy (SACT and hormonal therapy). Polypharmacy (≥5 medications) was observed in 77% of patients. The total number of admissions at six months was 99, with 55% of these potentially due to an ADE. On multivariate analysis breast cancer (p ≤0.001), lung cancer (p = 0.034), performance status (p ≤0.001), monochemotherapy (p = 0.012), polychemotherapy (p ≤0.001), and radiotherapy (p = 0.048) were independent predictors of unplanned hospitalization. Breast cancer (p = 0.008), GI cancer (p = 0.019), monochemotherapy (p = 0.039), and polychemotherapy (p ≤0.001) were independent predictors of unplanned hospitalization due to ADE on multivariate analysis.

DISCUSSION

We observed that older adults with cancer have a high risk of unplanned hospitalization due to ADE. Medication review as part of a CGA in newly diagnosed older adults with cancer by a clinical pharmacist is recommended. This may identify opportunities to avoid medications that could potentially lead to unplanned hospitalization.

Investigating the bacterial barrier properties of four contemporary wound dressings

The ability of four wound dressings (CombiDERM, Allevyn Hydrocellular, Tegaderm and Tielle) to resist penetration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated in vitro using a dedicated test apparatus. With the exception of Tielle, each dressing prevented bacterial transmission over an 11-day challenge period. When both the wound contact surface and the external surface of Tielle were directly challenged with a bacterial suspension, penetration of the dressing was observed within three to five days. The breakdown of its outer membrane could explain the inability of Tielle to maintain a barrier to the passage of the test bacteria used in this wound model. On the basis of these data, CombiDERM, Allevyn Hydrocellular and Tegaderm dressings may facilitate infection control by acting as a physical barrier to the transmission of potentially pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant wound bacteria. However, further research is urgently required to determine whether or not the same results are observed in clinical practice.

Swabs and other sampling techniques

This study explores the absorptive capacity of standard cotton wool-tipped swabs in vitro and in vivo. An alternative wound exudate sampling technique using small filter paper discs is also briefly examined. Results showed a poor uniformity of fluid absorption by swabs and a limited correlation of wound exudate quantities in relation to visual estimates and size of wound. It was found, however, that swabs reliably removed material from a wound surface. The filter paper technique appeared to offer no advantages.