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Cayuela H, Lackey ACR, Ronget V, Monod-Broca B, Whiteman HH. Polyphenism predicts actuarial senescence and lifespan in tiger salamanders. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:333-347. [PMID: 38279640 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Actuarial senescence (called 'senescence' hereafter) often shows broad variation at the intraspecific level. Phenotypic plasticity likely plays a central role in among-individual heterogeneity in senescence rate (i.e. the rate of increase in mortality with age), although our knowledge on this subject is still very fragmentary. Polyphenism-the unique sub-type of phenotypic plasticity where several discrete phenotypes are produced by the same genotype-may provide excellent study systems to investigate if and how plasticity affects the rate of senescence in nature. In this study, we investigated whether facultative paedomorphosis influences the rate of senescence in a salamander, Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum. Facultative paedomorphosis, a unique form of polyphenism found in dozens of urodele species worldwide, leads to the production of two discrete, environmentally induced phenotypes: metamorphic and paedomorphic individuals. We leveraged an extensive set of capture-recapture data (8948 individuals, 24 years of monitoring) that were analysed using multistate capture-recapture models and Bayesian age-dependent survival models. Multistate models revealed that paedomorphosis was the most common developmental pathway used by salamanders in our study system. Bayesian age-dependent survival models then showed that paedomorphs have accelerated senescence in both sexes and shorter adult lifespan (in females only) compared to metamorphs. In paedomorphs, senescence rate and adult lifespan also varied among ponds and individuals. Females with good body condition and high lifetime reproductive success had slower senescence and longer lifespan. Late-breeding females also lived longer but showed a senescence rate similar to that of early-breeding females. Moreover, males with good condition had longer lifespan than males with poor body condition, although they had similar senescence rates. In addition, late-breeding males lived longer but, unexpectedly, had higher senescence than early-breeding males. Overall, our work provides one of the few empirical cases suggesting that environmentally cued polyphenism could affect the senescence of a vertebrate in nature, thus providing insights on the ecological and evolutionary consequences of developmental plasticity on ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cayuela
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alycia C R Lackey
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - Victor Ronget
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Monod-Broca
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, USA
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2
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Kirk MA, Reider KE, Lackey ACR, Thomas SA, Whiteman HH. The role of environmental variation in mediating fitness trade-offs for an amphibian polyphenism. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1815-1827. [PMID: 37353993 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Fitness trade-offs are a foundation of ecological and evolutionary theory because trade-offs can explain life history variation, phenotypic plasticity, and the existence of polyphenisms. Using a 32-year mark-recapture dataset on lifetime fitness for 1093 adult Arizona tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum) from a high elevation, polyphenic population, we evaluated the extent to which two life history morphs (aquatic paedomorphs vs. terrestrial metamorphs) exhibited fitness trade-offs in breeding and body condition with respect to environmental variation (e.g. climate) and internal state-based variables (e.g. age). Both morphs displayed a similar response to higher probabilities of breeding during years of high spring precipitation (i.e. not indicative of a morph-specific fitness trade-off). There were likely no climate-induced fitness trade-offs on breeding state for the two life history morphs because precipitation and water availability are vital to amphibian reproduction. Body condition displayed a contrasting response for the two morphs that was indicative of a climate-induced fitness trade-off. While metamorphs exhibited a positive relationship with summer snowpack conditions, paedomorphs were unaffected. Fitness trade-offs from summer snowpack are likely due to extended hydroperiods in temporary ponds, where metamorphs gain a fitness advantage during the summer growing season by exploiting resources that are unavailable to paeodomorphs. However, paedomorphs appear to have the overwintering fitness advantage because they consistently had higher body condition than metamorphs at the start of the summer growing season. Our results reveal that climate and habitat type (metamorphs as predominately terrestrial, paedomorphs as fully aquatic) interact to confer different advantages for each morph. These results advance our current understanding of fitness trade-offs in this well-studied polyphenic amphibian by integrating climate-based mechanisms. Our conclusions prompt future studies to explore how climatic variation can maintain polyphenisms and promote life history diversity, as well as the implications of climate change for polyphenisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Kirk
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Environmental Science and Sustainability Department, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelsey E Reider
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alycia C R Lackey
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Scott A Thomas
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, USA
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3
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Prather RM, Dalton RM, barr B, Blumstein DT, Boggs CL, Brody AK, Inouye DW, Irwin RE, Martin JGA, Smith RJ, Van Vuren DH, Wells CP, Whiteman HH, Inouye BD, Underwood N. Current and lagged climate affects phenology across diverse taxonomic groups. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222181. [PMID: 36629105 PMCID: PMC9832555 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of life events (phenology) can be influenced by climate. Studies from around the world tell us that climate cues and species' responses can vary greatly. If variation in climate effects on phenology is strong within a single ecosystem, climate change could lead to ecological disruption, but detailed data from diverse taxa within a single ecosystem are rare. We collated first sighting and median activity within a high-elevation environment for plants, insects, birds, mammals and an amphibian across 45 years (1975-2020). We related 10 812 phenological events to climate data to determine the relative importance of climate effects on species' phenologies. We demonstrate significant variation in climate-phenology linkage across taxa in a single ecosystem. Both current and prior climate predicted changes in phenology. Taxa responded to some cues similarly, such as snowmelt date and spring temperatures; other cues affected phenology differently. For example, prior summer precipitation had no effect on most plants, delayed first activity of some insects, but advanced activity of the amphibian, some mammals, and birds. Comparing phenological responses of taxa at a single location, we find that important cues often differ among taxa, suggesting that changes to climate may disrupt synchrony of timing among taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Prather
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Dalton
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - billy barr
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carol L. Boggs
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Alison K. Brody
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - David W. Inouye
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Irwin
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Julien G. A. Martin
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 9A7
| | - Rosemary J. Smith
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Dirk H. Van Vuren
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin P. Wells
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA
| | - Brian D. Inouye
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Nora Underwood
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
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Stryszowska‐Hill KM, Baumann KA, Whiteman HH, Flinn MB. Wetlands Reserve Program restorations improve floristic quality of understory plant community over time, but community differs from reference wetlands. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga M. Stryszowska‐Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, 102 Curris Center Murray Kentucky 42071 U.S.A
| | - Karen A. Baumann
- Department of Biological Sciences Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, 102 Curris Center Murray Kentucky 42071 U.S.A
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, 102 Curris Center Murray Kentucky 42071 U.S.A
| | - Michael B. Flinn
- Department of Biological Sciences Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, 102 Curris Center Murray Kentucky 42071 U.S.A
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5
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Lackey ACR, Whiteman HH. Experimental warming reduces body mass but not reproductive investment. Ecology 2022; 103:e3791. [PMID: 35718752 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has already had wide-ranging effects on populations, including shifts in species' ranges, phenology, and body size. While some common patterns have emerged, the direction and magnitude of responses vary extensively among populations as well as across life stages within populations. Understanding consequences of climate change and predicting future responses at the population level require experimental tests of how warmer temperatures affect life history traits, including growth rate, development time, and reproductive output. Here, we tested how experimental warming affected life history from larval development and survival to adult reproductive maturity and investment in mole salamanders, Ambystoma talpoideum. We found that a small temperature increase (~1°C) experienced during larval development had complex consequences: density-dependent effects on growth and body mass, density-independent effects on fat storage, and no effects on survival and reproductive investment. While warming reduced growth rates, size at maturity, and fat storage, salamanders in both warmed and control conditions had similar survival and reproductive investment in their first year. However, costs of smaller body size and lower fat reserves may limit overwintering survival and/or future reproduction. Our study highlights differential effects of warming across life history traits and multifaceted population responses to climate change. This work motivates future studies to examine variation in response to climate change across life stages and life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia C R Lackey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky.,Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky
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6
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Reider KE, Zerger M, Whiteman HH. Extending the biologging revolution to amphibians: Implantation, extraction, and validation of miniature temperature loggers. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2022; 337:403-411. [PMID: 34982510 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying ectotherm body temperature is important to understand physiological performance under environmental change. The increasing availability of small, commercially-available animal-borne biologgers increases accessibility to high-quality body temperature data. However, amphibians present several challenges to successful datalogger implantation including small body sizes and physiologically active skin. We developed a method for the implantation, extraction, and validation of temperature biologgers in captive salamanders. We assessed the effect of biologger implantation and extraction surgery on body condition. Implantation had no effects on short or long-term body condition. Body condition also did not differ between implant and control groups after datalogger extraction. Biologgers did not alter preferred temperature in a laboratory thermal gradient, indicating that temperature data would not be biased by implantation. We provide detailed recommendations for datalogger placement and refinement of surgical techniques to further improve outcomes, enhance our understanding of fitness, species range limitations, and responses to environmental and climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Reider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - Megan Zerger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
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7
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Benkendorf DJ, Whiteman HH. Omnivore density affects community structure through multiple trophic cascades. Oecologia 2021; 195:397-407. [PMID: 33392792 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Omnivores can dampen trophic cascades by feeding at multiple trophic levels, yet few studies have evaluated how intraspecific variation of omnivores influences community structure. The speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) is a common and omnivorous minnow that consumes algae and invertebrates. We studied effects of size and size structure on top-down control by dace and how effects scaled with density. Dace were manipulated in a mesocosm experiment and changes in invertebrate and algal communities and ecosystem function were monitored. Omnivores affected experimental communities via two distinct trophic pathways (benthic and pelagic). In the benthic pathway, dace reduced macroinvertebrate biomass, thereby causing density-mediated indirect effects that led to increased benthic algal biomass. Dace also reduced pelagic predatory macroinvertebrate biomass (hemipterans), thereby increasing the abundance of emerging insects. The effect of dace and hemipterans on emerging insects was mediated by a non-linear response to dace with peak emergence at intermediate dace density. In contrast with recent studies, omnivore size and size structure had no clear effect, indicating that small and large dace in our experiment shared similar functional roles. Our results support that the degree to which omnivores dampen trophic cascades depends on their relative effect on multiple trophic levels, such that the more omnivorous a predator is, the more likely cascades will be dampened. Availability of abundant macroinvertebrates, and the absence of top predators, may have shifted dace diets from primary to secondary consumption, strengthening density-dependent trophic cascades. Both omnivore density and dietary shifts are important factors influencing omnivore-mediated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Benkendorf
- Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA. .,High Lonesome Institute, De Beque, CO, 81630, USA. .,Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5210, USA.
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.,High Lonesome Institute, De Beque, CO, 81630, USA
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Lackey ACR, Moore MP, Doyle J, Gerlanc N, Hagan A, Geile M, Eden C, Whiteman HH. Lifetime Fitness, Sex-Specific Life History, and the Maintenance of a Polyphenism. Am Nat 2019; 194:230-245. [DOI: 10.1086/704156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Moore MP, Whiteman HH, Martin RA. A mother’s legacy: the strength of maternal effects in animal populations. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1620-1628. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Moore
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH44106
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences Murray State University Murray KY42071
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences Murray State University Murray KY42071
| | - Ryan A. Martin
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH44106
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Mott CL, Dzaferbegovic H, Timm SR, Whiteman HH. Influences of facultative paedomorphosis on kin selection in a larval salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum. BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Kin selection in larval amphibians is hypothesized to increase survival to metamorphosis. While kin selection may benefit amphibians with obligate metamorphosis, increased survival within sibships may exert fitness costs on facultatively paedomorphic species, such as increased competition among kin. Consequently, it is unclear whether such species should engage in kin selection. We investigated kin selection in a facultatively paedomorphic salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, using laboratory behavioural trials and microcosm experiments. Individuals were most aggressive towards familiar siblings, and full-sibship groups incurred more injuries than mixed-sibship groups; however, familiar siblings ultimately exhibited higher survival. Thus, while short-term responses appeared to reflect the hypothesized costs of kin recognition, long-term patterns of survival did not support this hypothesis. The inconsistencies between results suggest that short-term studies may not capture ontogenetic variation in kin selection, and that long-term studies are needed to better test the hypothesized effects of kin selection on survival and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy L. Mott
- aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, 521 Lancaster Avenue, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
- bDepartment of Biology, Kentucky Wesleyan College, 3000 Frederica Street, Owensboro, KY 42301, USA
- cWatershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA
| | - Haris Dzaferbegovic
- bDepartment of Biology, Kentucky Wesleyan College, 3000 Frederica Street, Owensboro, KY 42301, USA
| | - Shelby R. Timm
- bDepartment of Biology, Kentucky Wesleyan College, 3000 Frederica Street, Owensboro, KY 42301, USA
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- cWatershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA
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11
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Boeckman KR, Whiteman HH. Predators Lack Complementarity in a Degraded Stream. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-16-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Howard RD, Whiteman HH, Schueller TI. SEXUAL SELECTION IN AMERICAN TOADS: A TEST OF A GOOD‐GENES HYPOTHESIS. Evolution 2017; 48:1286-1300. [PMID: 28564471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb05313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/1993] [Accepted: 10/13/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Teresa I. Schueller
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H. Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory P.O. Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224
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McCarthy ML, Whiteman HH. A model of inter-cohort cannibalism and paedomorphosis in Arizona Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. INT J BIOMATH 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524516500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannibalism is widespread in size-structured populations. If cannibals and victims are in different life stages, dominant cohorts of cannibals can regulate recruitment. Arizona Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, exhibit facultative paedomorphosis in which salamander larvae either metamorphose into terrestrial adults or become sexually mature while still in their larval form. Although many salamanders exhibit cannibalism of larvae, the Arizona Tiger Salamander also exhibits cannibalism of young by the aquatic adults. We formulate a differential equations model of this system under the assumption that the terrestrial adults do not impact the system beyond their contribution to the birth of young larvae. We establish non-negativity, boundedness and persistence of the salamander population under certain assumptions. We consider the equilibrium states of the system in the presence or absence of a birth contribution from the terrestrial or metamorph adults. Constant per capita paedomorphosis leads to asymptotically stable equilibria. The per capita paedomorphosis rate of the larvae must be density dependent in order for periodic solutions to exist. Furthermore, the stage transition rate must be sufficiently decreasing in order to guarantee the existence of an unstable equilibrium. Periodic solutions are only possible in the presence of a unique nontrivial unstable equilibrium. Our results conform to previous theory on paedomorphosis which suggests general applicability of our results to similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve L. McCarthy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
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Moore MP, Landberg T, Whiteman HH. Maternal investment mediates offspring life history variation with context-dependent fitness consequences. Ecology 2015; 96:2499-509. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1602.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Anderson TL, Whiteman HH. Non-additive effects of intra- and interspecific competition between two larval salamanders. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:765-772. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Anderson
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Missouri; 105 Tucker Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA
- Watershed Studies Institute; Murray State University; Murray KY 42071 USA
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute; Murray State University; Murray KY 42071 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Murray State University; Murray KY 42071 USA
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Anderson TL, Mott CL, Levine TD, Whiteman HH. Life Cycle Complexity Influences Intraguild Predation and Cannibalism in Pond Communities. COPEIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-12-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wissinger SA, Whiteman HH, Denoël M, Mumford ML, Aubee CB. Consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of cannibalism in fluctuating age-structured populations. Ecology 2010; 91:549-59. [PMID: 20392019 DOI: 10.1890/08-1366.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Theory and empirical studies suggest that cannibalism in age-structured populations can regulate recruitment depending on the intensity of intraspecific competition between cannibals and victims and the nature of the cannibalism window, i.e., which size classes interact as cannibals and victims. Here we report on a series of experiments that quantify that window for age-structured populations of salamander larvae and paedomorphic adults. We determined body size limits on cannibalism in microcosms and then the consumptive and nonconsumptive (injuries, foraging and activity, diet, growth) effects on victims in mesocosms with seminatural levels of habitat complexity and alternative prey. We found that cannibalism by the largest size classes (paedomorphs and > or = age 3+ yr larvae) occurs mainly on young-of-the-year (YOY) victims. Surviving YOY and other small larvae had increased injuries, reduced activity levels, and reduced growth rates in the presence of cannibals. Data on YOY survival in an experiment in which we manipulated the density of paedomorphs combined with historical data on the number of cannibals in natural populations indicate that dominant cohorts of paedomorphs can cause observed recruitment failures. Dietary data indicate that ontogenetic shifts in diet should preclude strong intraspecific competition between YOY and cannibals in this species. Thus our results are consistent with previous empirical and theoretical work that suggests that recruitment regulation by cannibalism is most likely when YOY are vulnerable to cannibalism but have low dietary overlap with cannibals. Understanding the role of cannibalism in regulating recruitment in salamander populations is timely, given the widespread occurrences of amphibian decline. Previous studies have focused on extrinsic (including anthropogenic) factors that affect amphibian population dynamics, whereas the data presented here combined with long-term field observations suggest the potential for intrinsically driven population cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Wissinger
- Biology Department, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA.
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Earl JE, Whiteman HH. Effects of pulsed nitrate exposure on amphibian development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009; 28:1331-1337. [PMID: 19199370 DOI: 10.1897/08-325.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most toxicity tests investigate constant concentrations of a chemical. Concentrations of many compounds in the environment are dynamic, however, and individuals may be more sensitive to pulses of a chemical initiated at specific points during development. Realistic toxicity tests are important to accurately assess the toxicity of a compound. Bufo americanus and Hyla chrysoscelis tadpoles were exposed to concentrations of nitrate, a pervasive stressor in the environment, up to 5 mg/L of NO3-N in constant concentrations and in pulses at three different points during development. At the termination of the experiments, individuals were measured for developmental stability (DS) and traditional fitness correlates (size, body condition, and time to metamorphosis). No significant differences were found in these measures between treatments and controls in B. americanus tadpoles. In H. chrysoscelis, however, more extreme directional asymmetry was found in the middle and late pulses, indicating that the sudden change in concentration of nitrate decreased the level of DS in tadpoles. These results indicate that nitrate has subtle but important effects at low doses, and they suggest that species may be better able to deal with pulses that occur early rather than late in development. A greater understanding about the effects of pulses will help conservation biologists to manage populations and prevent population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Earl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, USA.
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Meredith CS, Whiteman HH. Effects of nitrate on embryos of three amphibian species. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008; 80:529-533. [PMID: 18496633 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embryos of three aquatic breeding amphibian species, Ambystoma mexicanum, Hyla chrysoscelis, and Rana clamitans, were exposed to increasing levels (0, 5, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, and 500 mg/L) of nitrate-N (NO(3)-) in laboratory, static-renewal experiments. Lethal effects were recorded from Gosner stage 2 (H. chrysoscelis and R. clamitans) or Harrison stage 2 (A. mexicanum) to time of hatching. Date of hatching and length at hatching were also compared between treatments for A. mexicanum. No significant differences in mortality between treatments were found between the three species. A. mexicanum in the 300 and 500 mg/L treatments hatched significantly earlier than individuals in the other treatment groups and, consequently, were significantly shorter in length at hatching. However, no effect on length was detected when days until hatching was considered as a covariate in the analysis. This study supports other recent research showing little to no effect of NO(3)- on amphibian embryos. The lack of effect at such high nitrate concentrations raises questions about the specific mechanisms responsible for protecting amphibians from NO(3)- during embryonic development, especially when compared to other chemicals that have shown more deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy S Meredith
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5210, USA.
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Eden CJ, Whiteman HH, Duobinis-Gray L, Wissinger SA. Accuracy Assessment of Skeletochronology in the Arizona Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma Tigrinum Nebulosum). COPEIA 2007. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[471:aaosit]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Whiteman HH, Krenz JD, Semlitsch RD. Intermorph breeding and the potential for reproductive isolation in polymorphic mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Denoël M, Joly P, Whiteman HH. Evolutionary ecology of facultative paedomorphosis in newts and salamanders. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 80:663-71. [PMID: 16221333 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793105006858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Facultative paedomorphosis is an environmentally induced polymorphism that results in the coexistence of mature, gilled, and fully aquatic paedomorphic adults and transformed, terrestrial, metamorphic adults in the same population. This polymorphism has been of interest to scientists for decades because it occurs in a large number of caudate amphibian taxa as well as in a large diversity of habitats. Numerous experimental and observational studies have been conducted to explain the proximate and ultimate factors affecting these heterochronic variants in natural populations. The production of each alternative phenotype is based on a genotypexenvironment interaction and research suggests that differences in the environment can produce paedomorphs through several ontogenetic pathways. No single advantage accounts for the maintenance of this polymorphism. Rather, the interplay of different costs and benefits explains the success of the polyphenism across variable environments. Facultative paedomorphosis allows individuals to cope with habitat variation, to take advantage of environmental heterogeneity in the presence of open niches, and to increase their fitness. This process is expected to constitute a first step towards speciation events, and is also an example of biodiversity at the intraspecific level. The facultative paedomorphosis system is thus ripe for future studies encompassing ecology, evolution, behaviour, endocrinology, physiology, and conservation biology. Few other systems have been broad enough to provide varied research opportunities on topics as diverse as phenotypic plasticity, speciation, mating behaviour, and hormonal regulation of morphology. Further research on facultative paedomorphosis will provide needed insight into these and other important questions facing biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Behavioural Biology Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Liège, 22 Quai Van Beneden, 4020 Liège, Belgium.
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Johnson EB, Bierzychudek P, Whiteman HH. Potential of prey size and type to affect foraging asymmetries in tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) larvae. CAN J ZOOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/z03-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although competitive interactions within predator populations are known to depend on their size structure, we understand less about how these interactions are influenced by prey characteristics. Most studies of such interactions for tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) larvae have used small zooplankton prey. We investigate the potential of exploitation and interference competition to influence the success of tiger salamander larvae feeding on relatively large prey, mayfly and damselfly larvae. We measured salamander foraging efficiency for a range of salamander and prey sizes and observed aggression levels of salamanders of varying size housed together. Exploitative foraging efficiency (captures per attempts) increased with salamander size but was better predicted by relative prey size (prey size as a percentage of salamander snout–vent length) than by salamander size alone; it also depended significantly on prey type. Aggression (interference) levels were higher when prey were present, and larger salamanders were more aggressive than smaller ones but did not consume more mayfly prey. Our results suggest that investigating the environmental conditions, particularly the prey characteristics, that influence size-based competitive advantages will lead to a better understanding of predator population dynamics.
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Currens CR, Niewiarowski PH, Whiteman HH. Effects of Temperature and Time of Day on the Resting Metabolic Rates of Paedomorphic and Metamorphic Mole Salamanders,Ambystoma talpoideum. COPEIA 2002. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0489:eotato]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Whiteman HH, Gutrich JJ, Moorman RS. Courtship Behavior in a Polymorphic Population of the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. J HERPETOL 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/1565741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Whiteman HH, Griffiths RA. Newts and Salamanders of Europe. COPEIA 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/1447319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Male tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinumare slightly larger in body size and have considerably higher and longer tails than females. To determine how these dimorphic traits affected reproductive performance and success, we conducted breeding trials using 12 males and six females per trial and monitored male-female and male-male interactions. Larger males had an advantage in most aspects of mate competition investigated. Males with higher tails had no advantage in either mate competition or mate choice. Males with longer tails also had no advantage in mate competition but were preferred as mates by females. Larger males interrupted courting males more often than smaller males did. The form of male-male interference was conditional on body size and not on either tail dimension. If the intruder was larger than the courting male, it would shove the female away from the courting male and initiate courtship; if the intruder was smaller, it adopted a female mimicry tactic in which it positioned itself between the courting male and female and performed female behaviours to the courting male while simultaneously courting the female. Our trials indicated that the two components of sexual selection may influence the evolution of different male morphological traits in tiger salamanders. Mate competition may favour increased male body length; mate choice may select for greater male tail length.
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Affiliation(s)
- RD Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University
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Gibbons JW, Burke VJ, Lovich JE, Semlitsch RD, Tuberville TD, Bodie JR, Greene JL, Niewiarowski PH, Whiteman HH, Scott DE, Pechmann JHK, Harrison CR, Bennett SH, Krenz JD, Mills MS, Buhlmann KA, Lee JR, Seigel RA, Tucker AD, Mills TM, Lamb T, Dorcas ME, Congdon JD, Smith MH, Nelson DH, Dietsch MB, Hanlin HG, Ott JA, Karapatakis DJ. Perceptions of Species Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity:Lessons from Four Decades of Sampling on a Government-Managed Reserve. Environ Manage 1997; 21:259-268. [PMID: 9008077 DOI: 10.1007/s002679900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
/ We examined data relative to species abundance, distribution, anddiversity patterns of reptiles and amphibians to determine how perceptionschange over time and with level of sampling effort. Location data werecompiled on more than one million individual captures or observations of 98species during a 44-year study period on the US Department of Energy's(DOE) Savannah River Site National Environmental Research Park (SRS-NERP) inSouth Carolina. We suggest that perceptions of herpetofaunal speciesdiversity are strongly dependent on level of effort and that land managementdecisions based on short-term data bases for some faunal groups could resultin serious errors in environmental management. We provide evidence thatacquiring information on biodiversity distribution patterns is compatiblewith multiyear spatially extensive research programs and also provide aperspective of what might be achieved if long-term, coordinated researchefforts were instituted nationwide.To conduct biotic surveys on government-managed lands, we recommend revisionsin the methods used by government agencies to acquire and report biodiversitydata. We suggest that government and industry employees engaged inbiodiversity survey efforts develop proficiency in field identification forone or more major taxonomic groups and be encouraged to measure the status ofpopulations quantitatively with consistent and reliable methodologies. Wealso suggest that widespread academic cooperation in the dissemination ofinformation on regional patterns of biodiversity could result byestablishment of a peer-reviewed, scientifically rigorous journal concernedwith status and trends of the biota of the United States. KEY WORDS: Abundance; Amphibian; Biodiversity; Distribution; Landmanagement; Reptile
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Affiliation(s)
- JW Gibbons
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University ofGeorgia, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA
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Whiteman HH, Howard RD, Whitten KA. Effects of pH on embryo tolerance and adult behavior in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum. CAN J ZOOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/z95-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined adult discrimination ability and embryo performance under different pH conditions in the eastern tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum. We collected individuals from three populations in habitats that differed naturally in pH, thus allowing interpretation of population-specific responses in embryos and adults. We conducted pool-choice experiments in the field using two pH treatments to determine adult pH discrimination ability and controlled laboratory toxicity tests using eight pH treatments to evaluate embryo performance. Adult discrimination ability differed among source populations. Male salamanders from the locality with the highest pH were more likely to stay in neutral-pH pools and more likely to leave acidic ones. Males from the locality with the lowest pH were also more likely to remain within neutral pools, but their rates of staying and leaving acidic ones did not differ. These results suggest that the pH of the source-population habitat may influence breeding-habitat discrimination by adults. Decreasing pH produced similar patterns of lethal (survival) and sublethal (date and size at hatching) effects on embryos from the three populations, with reduced performance at low pH. Survival of embryos was more than 70% at pH 4.5 and above, but decreased dramatically at lower pH levels. The pH at which 50% mortality occurs (LC50) was estimated as 4.2, suggesting that tiger salamanders from our populations were relatively acid tolerant compared with congeners. However, significant sublethal effects could reduce the subsequent success of surviving hatchlings. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that adult discrimination ability depends on pH levels in the breeding habitat. This suggests that adult behavior patterns could influence the success of population reintroductions to previously acidified areas. Thus, data on pH responses at all stages in the amphibian life cycle should contribute to management decisions.
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Whiteman HH, Wissinger SA, Bohonak AJ. Seasonal movement patterns in a subalpine population of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. CAN J ZOOL 1994. [DOI: 10.1139/z94-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal movements of a subalpine population of metamorphic tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, were explored from 1990 to 1992. Metamorphic adults bred in permanent and semipermanent habitats during June of each year. After breeding, soma individuals returned to the terrestrial environment, but many remained and congregated in nonpermanent ponds. Metamorphic adults in nonpermanent ponds included those that moved from permanent ponds, those that bred and remained in semipermanent ponds, and those that did not breed but migrated from the terrestrial environment after the breeding season. Dietary analyses indicated that metamorphic adults in nonpermanent ponds have significantly greater numbers, biomass, and calories of prey in their gut than the few metamorphic adults remaining in permanent ponds. This difference was due to the presence of fairy shrimp (Branchinecta coloradensis), which composed 91 % of metamorphic adult diets in nonpermanent ponds and accounted for three times the average caloric value of all prey in gut samples from metamorphic adults in permanent ponds. Intraspecific competition also may have contributed to movement into nonpermanent ponds: post-breeding densities of metamorphic adults in permanent ponds were inversely related to the densities of other morphs (paedo-morphic adults and large larvae). We conclude that metamorphic A. t. nebulosum in this population utilize nonpermanent ponds after the breeding season because of the abundance of high-quality aquatic prey and reduced competition from con-specific morphs.
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Parker PG, Whiteman HH. Genetic Diversity in Fragmented Populations of Clemmys guttata and Chrysemys picta marginata as Shown by DNA Fingerprinting. COPEIA 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/1447248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wissinger SA, Whiteman HH. Fluctuation in a Rocky Mountain Population of Salamanders: Anthropogenic Acidification or Natural Variation? J HERPETOL 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/1565114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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