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Sano M, Heeger CH, Sciacca V, Große N, Keelani A, Fahimi BHH, Phan HL, Reincke S, Brüggemann B, Fink T, Liosis S, Vogler J, Eitel C, Tilz RR. Evaluation of predictive scores for late and very late recurrence after cryoballoon-based ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2020; 61:321-332. [PMID: 32638187 PMCID: PMC8324624 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-020-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Studies on predictive scores for very late recurrence (VLR) (recurrence later than 12 months) after second-generation cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation (CB2-PVI) are sparse. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of late recurrence (LR) (later than 3 months) and VLR, and to validate predictive scores for LR and VLR after initial CB2-PVI. Methods A total of 288 patients undergoing initial CB2-PVI (66 ± 11 years, 46% paroxysmal) were retrospectively enrolled in the LR cohort. In the VLR cohort, 83 patients with recurrence within 3–12 months or with < 12-month follow-up were excluded. The predictive scores of arrhythmia recurrence were assessed, including the APPLE, DR-FLASH, PLAAF, BASE-AF2, ATLAS, SCALE-CryoAF, and MB-LATER scores. Results During a mean follow-up of 15.3 ± 7.1 months, 188 of 288 (65.2%) patients remained in sinus rhythm without any recurrences. Thirty-two of 205 (15.6%) patients experienced VLR after a mean of 16.6 ± 5.6 months. Comparing the predictive values of these specific scores, the MB-LATER score showed a reliable trend toward greater risk of both LR and VLR (area under the curve in LR; 0.632, 0.637, 0.632, 0.637, 0.604, 0.725, and 0.691 (p = ns), VLR; 0.612, 0.636, 0.644, 0.586, 0.541, 0.633, and 0.680 (p = 0.038, vs. BASE-AF2, respectively)). Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated patients with higher MB-LATER scores which had favorable outcomes (24-month freedom from LR; 26.0% vs. 56.7%, p < 0.0001, VLR; 53.4% vs. 82.1%, p = 0.013). Conclusion The MB-LATER score provided more reliable predictive value for both LR and VLR. Patients with higher MB-LATER scores may benefit from more intensive long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sano
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian-Hendrik Heeger
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vanessa Sciacca
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niels Große
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ahmad Keelani
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Behzad Hassan Hosseiny Fahimi
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Huong Lan Phan
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Samuel Reincke
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ben Brüggemann
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Fink
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Spyridon Liosis
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Vogler
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Charlotte Eitel
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roland Richard Tilz
- Medical Clinic II (Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Abstract
Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are major structural components of clathrin-coated vesicles, functioning in clathrin coat assembly and cargo selection. We have carried out a systematic biochemical and genetic characterization of AP complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using coimmunoprecipitation, the subunit composition of two complexes, AP-1 and AP-2R, has been defined. These results allow assignment of the 13 potential AP subunits encoded in the yeast genome to three AP complexes. As assessed by in vitro binding assays and coimmunoprecipitation, only AP-1 interacts with clathrin. Individual or combined disruption of AP-1 subunit genes in cells expressing a temperature-sensitive clathrin heavy chain results in accentuated growth and alpha-factor pheromone maturation defects, providing further evidence that AP-1 is a clathrin adaptor complex. However, in cells expressing wild-type clathrin, the same AP subunit deletions have no effect on growth or alpha-factor maturation. Furthermore, gel filtration chromatography revealed normal elution patterns of clathrin-coated vesicles in cells lacking AP-1. Similarly, combined deletion of genes encoding the beta subunits of the three AP complexes did not produce defects in clathrin-dependent sorting in the endocytic and vacuolar pathways or alterations in gel filtration profiles of clathrin-coated vesicles. We conclude that AP complexes are dispensable for clathrin function in S. cerevisiae under normal conditions. Our results suggest that alternative factors assume key roles in stimulating clathrin coat assembly and cargo selection during clathrin-mediated vesicle formation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Yeung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Rad MR, Phan HL, Kirchrath L, Tan PK, Kirchhausen T, Hollenberg CP, Payne GS. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Apl2p, a homologue of the mammalian clathrin AP beta subunit, plays a role in clathrin-dependent Golgi functions. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 4):1605-15. [PMID: 7615679 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.4.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate selective intracellular protein traffic from the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network. At these sites, clathrin-associated protein (AP) complexes have been implicated in both clathrin coat assembly and collection of cargo into nascent vesicles. We have found a gene on yeast chromosome XI that encodes a homologue of the mammalian AP beta subunits. Disruptions of this gene, APl2, and a previously identified beta homologue, APl1, have been engineered in cells expressing wild-type (CHC1) or temperature sensitive (chc1-ts) alleles of the clathrin heavy chain gene. APl1 or APl2 disruptions (apl1 delta or apl2 delta) yield no discernable phenotypes in CHC1 strains, indicating that the Apl proteins are not essential for clathrin function. However, the apl2 delta, but not the apl1 delta, allele enhances the growth and alpha-factor pheromone maturation defects of chc1-ts cells. Disruption of APl2 also partially suppresses the vacuolar sorting defect that occurs in chc1-ts cells immediately after imposition of the non-permissive temperature. These Golgi-specific effects of apl2 delta in chc1-ts cells provide evidence that Apl2p is a component of an AP complex that interacts with clathrin at the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rad
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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Phan HL, Finlay JA, Chu DS, Tan PK, Kirchhausen T, Payne GS. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae APS1 gene encodes a homolog of the small subunit of the mammalian clathrin AP-1 complex: evidence for functional interaction with clathrin at the Golgi complex. EMBO J 1994; 13:1706-17. [PMID: 8157009 PMCID: PMC395003 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-associated protein (AP) complexes have been implicated in the assembly of clathrin coats and the selectivity of clathrin-mediated protein transport processes. We have identified a yeast gene, APS1, encoding a homolog of the small (referred to herein as sigma) subunits of the mammalian AP-1 complex. Sequence comparisons have shown that Aps1p is more similar to the sigma subunit of the Golgi-localized mammalian AP-1 complex than Aps2p, which is more related to the plasma membrane AP-2 sigma subunit. Like their mammalian counterparts, Aps1p and Aps2p are components of distinct, large (> 200 kDa) complexes and a significant portion of the Aps proteins co-fractionate with clathrin-coated vesicles during gel filtration chromatography. Unexpectedly, even though the evolutionary conservation of AP small subunits is substantial (50% identity between mammalian and yeast proteins), disruptions of APS1 (aps1 delta) and APS2 (aps2 delta), individually or in combination, elicit no detectable mutant phenotypes. These data indicate that the Aps proteins are not absolutely required for clathrin-mediated selective protein transport in cells expressing wild type clathrin. However, aps1 delta accentuated the slow growth and alpha-factor pheromone maturation defect of cells carrying a temperature-sensitive allele of clathrin heavy chain (Chc) (chc1-ts). In contrast, aps1 delta did not influence the effects of chc1-ts on vacuolar protein sorting or receptor-mediated endocytosis. The aps2 delta mutation resulted in a slight effect on chc1-ts cell growth but had no additional effects. The growth defect of cells completely lacking Chc was compounded by aps1 delta but not aps2 delta. These results comprise evidence that Aps1p is involved in a subset of clathrin functions at the Golgi apparatus. The effect of aps1 delta on cells devoid of clathrin function suggests that Aps1p also participates in clathrin-independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Phan
- Molecular Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Abstract
We have analyzed the macronuclear DNA of Paramecium tetraurelia using orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. The mean size of the linear macronuclear DNA molecules is approximately 450 kb. Less than 6% of the macronuclear DNA is larger than 800 kb. Using pulse times of 20, 40, 60 and 90 s we show that the macronuclear fragment containing the A type variable surface antigen gene migrates reproducibly as a 320-kb linear DNA. Over the same pulse times we describe the unusual migration of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of P. tetraurelia. At pulse times of 20 and 40 s the rDNA migrates at limit mobility (300 and 500 kb, respectively) whereas with 60- and 90-s pulse times, 2 components of rDNA are observed; 1 fraction independent of pulse time migrating at limit mobility, and a 2nd component migrating between 100-kb and 400-kb linear markers. Based upon previous electron micrographic studies of Paramecium rDNA as well as data presented here we conclude that the majority of Paramecium rDNA molecules are a circular DNA form.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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