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Gargiuli JF, Quino G, Board R, Griffith JC, Shaffer MSP, Trask RS, Hamerton I. Examining the Quasi-Static Uniaxial Compressive Behaviour of Commercial High-Performance Epoxy Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4022. [PMID: 37836071 PMCID: PMC10574947 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Four commercial high-performance aerospace aromatic epoxy matrices, CYCOM®890, CYCOM®977-2, PR520, and PRISM EP2400, were cured to a standardised 2 h, 180 °C cure cycle and evaluated in quasi-static uniaxial compression, as well as by dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermoplastic toughened CYCOM®977-2 formulation displayed an overall increase in true axial stress values across the entire stress-strain curve relative to the baseline CYCOM®890 sample. The particle-toughened PR520 sample exhibited an overall decrease in true axial stress values past the yield point of the material. The PRISM EP2400 resin, with combined toughening agents, led to true axial stress values across the entire plastic region of the stress-strain curve, which were in line with the stress values observed with the CYCOM®890 material. Interestingly, for all formulations, the dilation angles (associated with the volume change during plastic deformation), recorded at 0.3 plastic strain, were close to 0°, with the variations reflecting the polymer structure. Compression data collected for this series of commercial epoxy resins are in broad agreement with a selection of model epoxy resins based on di- and tetra-functional monomers, cured with polyamines or dicarboxylic anhydrides. However, the fully formulated resins demonstrate a significantly higher compressive modulus than the model resins, albeit at the expense of yield stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Gargiuli
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (J.F.G.); (G.Q.); (R.B.); (J.C.G.); (R.S.T.)
| | - G. Quino
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (J.F.G.); (G.Q.); (R.B.); (J.C.G.); (R.S.T.)
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R. Board
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (J.F.G.); (G.Q.); (R.B.); (J.C.G.); (R.S.T.)
| | - J. C. Griffith
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (J.F.G.); (G.Q.); (R.B.); (J.C.G.); (R.S.T.)
| | - M. S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - R. S. Trask
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (J.F.G.); (G.Q.); (R.B.); (J.C.G.); (R.S.T.)
| | - I. Hamerton
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (J.F.G.); (G.Q.); (R.B.); (J.C.G.); (R.S.T.)
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Venkatesh M, Gouthaman S, Kanemoto SO, Lakshmi MS, Hamerton I. Development of epoxy‐cyanate ester‐clay nanocomposites offering enhanced thermally stability. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Venkatesh
- Polymer Science & Technology DivisionCentral Leather Research Institute (CSIR – CLRI) Chennai 600 020 India
| | - S. Gouthaman
- Polymer Science & Technology DivisionCentral Leather Research Institute (CSIR – CLRI) Chennai 600 020 India
| | - S. O. Kanemoto
- Polymer Science & Technology DivisionCentral Leather Research Institute (CSIR – CLRI) Chennai 600 020 India
- Macromolecular Research Team, Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Yaounde‐I, 812‐Yaounde Cameroon
| | - M. S. Lakshmi
- Polymer Science & Technology DivisionCentral Leather Research Institute (CSIR – CLRI) Chennai 600 020 India
| | - I. Hamerton
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering, Queen's BuildingUniversity of Bristol, University Walk Bristol BS8 1TR UK
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Hamerton I, Howlin B, Tilbrook D. Examining structure property relationships in coatings based on substituted linear aromatic polycyanurates. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Selvi M, Kumar AA, Hamerton I, Go JS, Alagar M. Low surface free energy cyanate ester–silica hybrid (CE–SiO2) nanomaterials for low k dielectric applications. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hamerton I, Howlin B, Jewell S, Patel P. Studying the co-reaction of propenyl-substituted cyanate ester-bismaleimide blends using model compounds. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhang W, Shiozawa H, Wu CW, Hamerton I, Cox DC, Silva SRP. The effect of pH on the functionalization of nylon fabric with carbon nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:84-90. [PMID: 22523949 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.5130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were dispersed in water and attached to nylon fabrics by a dip-drying procedure; scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy suggest the attachment of the SWCNTs. The electrical resistance of the functionalized fabrics is found to be pH-dependent, which is correlated with the quantity of SWCNTs dispersed in water at different values of pH. This can be further ascribed to the influence of the pK(a) of the acid (e.g., acetic acid in this study) used to tune pH. The acid may affect the dispersion of SWCNTs through two different mechanisms: (1) the free protons may protonate the amine and/or sulfonate group in the dye molecules, resulting in a variety of interactions among the dye molecules, SWCNTs and water molecules and (2) the resulting ions may increase the ionic strength of the solution, compressing the electric double layers of SWCNT colloids and thus impairing their stability. The former possibility is ruled out by data obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy; thus the latter is proposed to account for the experimental results. The colour strength of the functionalized fabrics increases with increasing pH, which is in agreement with their measured electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Nanoelectronics Centre, Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Selvaraj V, Grace AN, Alagar M, Hamerton I. Antimicrobial and anticancer efficacy of antineoplastic agent capped gold nanoparticles. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2010; 6:129-37. [PMID: 20738066 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2010.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of thioguanine (TG)-capped Au nanoparticles (Au@TG) and their enhanced in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer efficacy against Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Hep2 cancer cell (Human epidermiod cell) have been reported. The nature of binding between 6-TG and the gold nanoparticles via complexation is investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectrum, cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The present experimental studies suggests that Au@TG are more potential than TG towards antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Hence, gold nanoparticles have the potential to be used as effective carriers for anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Engineering-Villupuram, Anna University Chennai, Chennai 600025, India
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Hall S, Hamerton I, Howlin B, Mitchell A. Validating software and force fields for predicting the mechanical and physical properties of poly(bisbenzoxazine)s. Molecular Simulation 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802534835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Hall
- a Chemistry Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - I. Hamerton
- a Chemistry Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - B.J. Howlin
- a Chemistry Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - A.L. Mitchell
- a Chemistry Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Hamerton I, Howlin B, Mitchell A. Developing poly(bis-benzoxazines) with improved fracture toughness. 1: Using molecular simulation to determine and predict structure–property relationships. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hamerton I. Atlas of plastics additives: analysis by spectrometric methods. DO Hummel. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002. pp 537, ISBN 3-540-42414-8. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Allington R, Attwood D, Hamerton I, Hay J, Howlin B. New force-field parameters for molecular simulations of s-triazine and cyanurate-containing systems. 2—Application and comparison with different simulation methods. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hamerton I. Studies on a dicyanate containing four phenylene rings and polycyanurate blends. 1. Synthesis and polymerization of the monomers and characterization of the polymer blends using thermal and mechanical methods. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hamerton I, Herman H, Mudhar A, Chaplin A, Shaw S. Multivariate analysis of spectra of cyanate ester/bismaleimide blends and correlations with properties. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hamerton I, Herman H, Rees K, Chaplin A, Shaw S. Water uptake effects in resins based on alkenyl-modified cyanate ester-bismaleimide blends. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hamerton I. Book Review: Step-growth polymers for high-performance materials: New synthetic methods ACS symposium series no. 624 Edited by James L. Hedrick and Jeff W. Labadie. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1996. pp. ix+469, price, US$125.95. ISBN 0-8412-3394-2. POLYM INT 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199711)44:3<403::aid-pi835>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Barton JM, Deazle A, Hamerton I, Howlin B, Jones J. The application of molecular simulation to the rational design of new materials: 2. Prediction of the physico-mechanical properties of linear epoxy systems. POLYMER 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(96)01018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The technique of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) is well accepted by the drug design community. The analogous technique of quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) has applications in the field of polymer chemistry. A variety of molecular modeling and molecular orbital techniques was used to find molecular descriptors that could be used to derive an empirical equation to describe the glass transition temperature of two related classes of poly(arylene ether)s. The derived equation was then used to predict the thermal characteristics of another polymer of the same type.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hamerton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
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Barton J, Buist G, Deazle A, Hamerton I, Howlin B, Jones J. The application of molecular simulation to the rational design of new materials: 1. Structure and modelling studies of linear epoxy systems. POLYMER 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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