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Crowther TW, Machmuller MB, Carey JC, Allison SD, Blair JM, Bridgham SD, Burton AJ, Dijkstra FA, Elberling B, Estiarte M, Larsen KS, Laudon H, Lupascu M, Marhan S, Mohan J, Niu S, J Peñuelas J, Schmidt IK, Templer PH, Kröel-Dulay G, Frey S, Bradford MA. Crowther et al. reply. Nature 2018; 554:E7-E8. [PMID: 29469091 DOI: 10.1038/nature25746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M B Machmuller
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, 1 499 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1499, USA
| | - J C Carey
- Division of Math and Science, Babson College, Massachusetts 02457, USA
| | - S D Allison
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - J M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - S D Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - A J Burton
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - F A Dijkstra
- Centre for Carbon, Water & Food, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K., Denmark
| | - M Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
| | - K S Larsen
- Department of Geosciences & Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - H Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Lupascu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore
| | - S Marhan
- Institute of Soil Science & Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Mohan
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA
| | - S Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation & Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - J J Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
| | - I K Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences & Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P H Templer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - G Kröel-Dulay
- Institute of Ecology & Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, 2-4. Alkotmany U., Vacratot, 2163-Hungary
| | - S Frey
- Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - M A Bradford
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Arndal MF, Schmidt IK, Kongstad J, Beier C, Michelsen A. Root growth and N dynamics in response to multi-year experimental warming, summer drought and elevated CO 2 in a mixed heathland-grass ecosystem. Funct Plant Biol 2013; 41:1-10. [PMID: 32480961 DOI: 10.1071/fp13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 are often found to sequester more atmospheric carbon due to increased plant growth. We exposed a Danish heath ecosystem to elevated CO2, elevated temperature and extended summer drought alone and in all combinations in order to study whether the expected increased growth would be matched by an increase in root nutrient uptake of NH4+-N and NO3- -N. Root growth was significantly increased by elevated CO2. The roots, however, did not fully compensate for the higher growth with a similar increase in nitrogen uptake per unit of root mass. Hence the nitrogen concentration in roots was decreased in elevated CO2, whereas the biomass N pool was unchanged or even increased. The higher net root production in elevated CO2 might be a strategy for the plants to cope with increased nutrient demand leading to a long-term increase in N uptake on a whole-plant basis. Drought reduced grass root biomass and N uptake, especially when combined with warming, but CO2 was the most pronounced main factor effect. Several significant interactions of the treatments were found, which indicates that the responses were nonadditive and that changes to multiple environmental changes cannot be predicted from single-factor responses alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Arndal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - I K Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Kongstad
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Beier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Michelsen
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Templer PH, Mack MC, Chapin FS, Christenson LM, Compton JE, Crook HD, Currie WS, Curtis CJ, Dail DB, D'Antonio CM, Emmett BA, Epstein HE, Goodale CL, Gundersen P, Hobbie SE, Holland K, Hooper DU, Hungate BA, Lamontagne S, Nadelhoffer KJ, Osenberg CW, Perakis SS, Schleppi P, Schimel J, Schmidt IK, Sommerkorn M, Spoelstra J, Tietema A, Wessel WW, Zak DR. Sinks for nitrogen inputs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis of 15N tracer field studies. Ecology 2012; 93:1816-29. [PMID: 22928411 DOI: 10.1890/11-1146.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to store carbon (C) depend in part on the amount of N retained in the system and its partitioning among plant and soil pools. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies at 48 sites across four continents that used enriched 15N isotope tracers in order to synthesize information about total ecosystem N retention (i.e., total ecosystem 15N recovery in plant and soil pools) across natural systems and N partitioning among ecosystem pools. The greatest recoveries of ecosystem 15N tracer occurred in shrublands (mean, 89.5%) and wetlands (84.8%) followed by forests (74.9%) and grasslands (51.8%). In the short term (< 1 week after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N recovery was negatively correlated with fine-root and soil 15N natural abundance, and organic soil C and N concentration but was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and mineral soil C:N. In the longer term (3-18 months after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N retention was negatively correlated with foliar natural-abundance 15N but was positively correlated with mineral soil C and N concentration and C:N, showing that plant and soil natural-abundance 15N and soil C:N are good indicators of total ecosystem N retention. Foliar N concentration was not significantly related to ecosystem 15N tracer recovery, suggesting that plant N status is not a good predictor of total ecosystem N retention. Because the largest ecosystem sinks for 15N tracer were below ground in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, we conclude that growth enhancement and potential for increased C storage in aboveground biomass from atmospheric N deposition is likely to be modest in these ecosystems. Total ecosystem 15N recovery decreased with N fertilization, with an apparent threshold fertilization rate of 46 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1) above which most ecosystems showed net losses of applied 15N tracer in response to N fertilizer addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Templer
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Beier C, Emmett BA, Peñuelas J, Schmidt IK, Tietema A, Estiarte M, Gundersen P, Llorens L, Riis-Nielsen T, Sowerby A, Gorissen A. Carbon and nitrogen cycles in European ecosystems respond differently to global warming. Sci Total Environ 2008; 407:692-697. [PMID: 18930514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The global climate is predicted to become significantly warmer over the next century. This will affect ecosystem processes and the functioning of semi natural and natural ecosystems in many parts of the world. However, as various ecosystem processes may be affected to a different extent, balances between different ecosystem processes as well as between different ecosystems may shift and lead to major unpredicted changes. In this study four European shrubland ecosystems along a north-south temperature gradient were experimentally warmed by a novel nighttime warming technique. Biogeochemical cycling of both carbon and nitrogen was affected at the colder sites with increased carbon uptake for plant growth as well as increased carbon loss through soil respiration. Carbon uptake by plant growth was more sensitive to warming than expected from the temperature response across the sites while carbon loss through soil respiration reacted to warming in agreement with the overall Q10 and response functions to temperature across the sites. Opposite to carbon, the nitrogen mineralization was relatively insensitive to the temperature increase and was mainly affected by changes in soil moisture. The results suggest that C and N cycles respond asymmetrically to warming, which may lead to progressive nitrogen limitation and thereby acclimation in plant production. This further suggests that in many temperate zones nitrogen deposition has to be accounted for, not only with respect to the impact on water quality through increased nitrogen leaching where N deposition is high, but also in predictions of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems under future climatic conditions. Finally the results indicate that on the short term the above-ground processes are more sensitive to temperature changes than the below ground processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beier
- RISØ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Risø DTU, P. O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Estiarte M, Peuuelas J, Sardans J, Emmett BA, Sowerby A, Beier C, Schmidt IK, Tietema A, Van Meeteren MJM, Kovacs-Lang E, Mathe P, De Angelis P, De Dato G. Root-surface phosphatase activity in shrublands across a European gradient: effects of warming. J Environ Biol 2008; 29:25-29. [PMID: 18831327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root-surface phosphatase activities were measured in natural and semi-natural shrublands across an European climatic gradient of temperature and rainfall including Wales (WL), Denmark (DK), Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT) and Spain (SP). In each site a warming experiment was conducted since 1999 or 2001 by means of passive night-time warming using reflective curtains that covered the vegetation at night. The treatments increased yearly average soil temperatures around 0. 8 degrees C in most of sites. Root-surface phosphatase activity values ranged between 56 mg PNP g(-1) h(-1) in IT and 3.5 mg PNP g(-1) h(-1) in HU. Warming had no effect on root-surface phosphatase activity across the sites and only in Hungary a slight increase was detected. Plants at Mediterranean sites (IT, SP) showed a higher root-surface phosphatase activity than plants at temperate sites (WL, NL, DK). We suggest it might be an adaptation of plant species evolved under Mediterranean climate that allows them a) to compensate in wet period for the decrease in phosphatase activity, and thus P uptake, during drought periods, and/or b) to benefit from soluble organic P flushes following the frequent drying-rewetting episodes experienced by soils in Mediterranean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estiarte
- Ecophysiology and Global Change Unit CSIC-CEAB-CREAF, CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Edifici C, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Mikkelsen TN, Beier C, Jonasson S, Holmstrup M, Schmidt IK, Ambus P, Pilegaard K, Michelsen A, Albert K, Andresen LC, Arndal MF, Bruun N, Christensen S, Danbæk S, Gundersen P, Jørgensen P, Linden LG, Kongstad J, Maraldo K, Priemé A, Riis-Nielsen T, Ro-Poulsen H, Stevnbak K, Selsted MB, Sørensen P, Larsen KS, Carter MS, Ibrom A, Martinussen T, Miglietta F, Sverdrup H. Experimental design of multifactor climate change experiments with elevated CO2, warming and drought: the CLIMAITE project. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schmidt IK, Claesson CB, Westerholm B, Nilsson LG. Physician and staff assessments of drug interventions and outcomes in Swedish nursing homes. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32:27-32. [PMID: 9475816 DOI: 10.1177/106002809803200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the type and frequency of drug-related problems discussed in regular team meetings conducted in 15 Swedish nursing homes and report physician and staff assessments of these interventions and residents' outcomes. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS The data were collected within the context of a controlled trial with the primary aim of exploring the effects of regular team interventions on drug prescribing practices in Swedish nursing homes. In 15 experimental nursing homes, the residents' drug therapy was discussed regularly by a team consisting of a pharmacist, a physician, nurses, undernurses (similar to licensed practical nurses), and nurse's aides. The pharmacist documented problems, made changes, and observed outcomes. Following the intervention period, a questionnaire was sent to the medical staff that contained items regarding perceived outcomes, the intervention's impact on knowledge of drug therapy in the elderly, and attitudes toward the pharmacist's role. RESULTS Unclear indication and problematic choice of drugs were the most common drug-related problems discussed. In 19% of the situations, therapy changes were reported to have had a beneficial effect on the residents' clinical status; in 47% of the situations, staff reported no observable outcome from changes, suggesting that the changes had been appropriate. Finally, medical staff claimed in the follow-up survey that their knowledge about drug therapy had increased; they expressed an overall positive attitude toward this interactive collaboration. CONCLUSIONS Regular intervention conducted by a multidisciplinary team incorporating a pharmacist can effectively improve prescribing practices, increase staff knowledge about appropriate drug therapy in the elderly, and result in improved quality of care for nursing home residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Schmidt
- National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm
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Christensen TR, Michelsen A, Jonasson S, Schmidt IK. Carbon Dioxide and Methane Exchange of a Subarctic Heath in Response to Climate Change Related Environmental Manipulations. OIKOS 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/3546087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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