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Kirsanova E, Boysen P, Johansen GM, Heringstad B, Lewandowska-Sabat A, Olsaker I. Expression analysis of candidate genes for chronic subclinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9142-9149. [PMID: 32828517 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterized by a long-term inflammation in the udder with high somatic cell count (SCC) in milk. Previously, several novel alternative SCM traits for Norwegian Red (NR) cattle have been defined to improve breeding strategies against chronic SCM. Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes affecting chronic SCM in NR have been identified. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profiles of 14 selected candidate genes (RAD17, ACOT2, ACOT4, FOS, CXCL1, CXCL8, CCNB1, CDK7, TGFB3, SEL1L, STAT4, C6, GLI2, and SLC18A2). Twenty healthy NR cows with official genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for lactation average somatic cell scores (LSCS) were selected. Ten cows had high GEBV for LSCS (cows with low probability to have high SCC in milk during lactation) and 10 cows had low GEBV for LSCS (cows with high probability of having high SCC in milk). We isolated RNA from unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these. Two out of the 14 analyzed genes showed significantly different results between groups. The group with high GEBV for LSCS displayed significantly higher expression of the CXCL1 gene than the low GEBV group. Grouping by lactation stage revealed significant differential expression of the FOS gene, with higher expression in early lactation (2-3 mo after calving) compared with late lactation (7-8 mo after calving). In addition, flow cytometry was performed on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples to analyze if number and type of isolated cells influenced the gene expression in the groups. The results in the current study provide identified genes that can be considered as possible candidate genes for chronic SCM in NR cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kirsanova
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo NO-0102, Norway.
| | - P Boysen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo NO-0102, Norway
| | - G M Johansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo NO-0102, Norway
| | - B Heringstad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - A Lewandowska-Sabat
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo NO-0102, Norway; Research Support Office, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - I Olsaker
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo NO-0102, Norway
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Kirsanova E, Heringstad B, Lewandowska-Sabat A, Olsaker I. Identification of candidate genes affecting chronic subclinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cattle: combining genome-wide association study, topologically associated domains and pathway enrichment analysis. Anim Genet 2019; 51:22-31. [PMID: 31808564 DOI: 10.1111/age.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify genes associated with chronic subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Norwegian Red (NR) cattle. Twelve SCM traits defined based on fixed threshold for test-day somatic cell count (SCC) were, together with lactation-average somatic cell score (LSCS) used for association and pathway enrichment analyses. A GWAS was performed on 3795 genotyped NR bulls with 777K SNP data and phenotypic information from 7 300 847 test-day SCC observations from 3 543 764 cows. At 5% chromosome-wide significance level 36 unique SNP were detected to be associated with one or more of the traits. These SNPs were analysed for linked genes using genomic positions of topologically associated domains (TAD). For the SCM traits with SCC >50 000 and >100 000 cells/ml on two test-days in a row and LSCS, the same top significant genes were identified - checkpoint clamp loader component (RAD17) and cyclin B1 (CCNB1). The SCM traits with SCC >250 000, 300 000, 350 000 or 400 000 cells/ml on two test-days in a row and D400 (number of days before the first case with SCC >400 000 cells/ml) displayed similar top significant genes: acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 and 4 (ACOT2; ACOT4). For the traits SCM200_3 (SCC >200 000 cells/ml on three test-days in a row) and SCM150, SCM200 (SCC >150 000; 200 000 cells/ml on two test-days in a row) a group of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand genes and the Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FOS) gene, were identified. Further functional studies of these identified candidate genes are necessary to clarify their actual role in development of chronic SCM in NR cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kirsanova
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Heringstad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Geno Breeding and A.I. Association, Hamar, Norway
| | - A Lewandowska-Sabat
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Olsaker
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Kirsanova E, Heringstad B, Lewandowska-Sabat A, Olsaker I. Alternative subclinical mastitis traits for genetic evaluation in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5323-5329. [PMID: 30954256 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic subclinical mastitis (SCM), characterized by changes in milk composition and high somatic cell count (SCC) in milk for a prolonged period of time, is often caused by a bacterial infection. Different levels of SCC have been suggested and used as threshold to identify subclinical infection. The aim of this study was to examine different definitions of SCM based on test-day SCC and estimate genetic parameters for these traits and their genetic correlation to milk production. Test-day SCC records from 1,209,128 Norwegian Red cows in lactation 1 to 3 were analyzed. Twelve SCM traits were defined as binary with 2 test-day SCC in a row above SCC thresholds from 50,000 to 400,000 cells/mL (SCM50, SCM100, SCM150, SCM200, SCM250, SCM300, SCM350, and SCM400), with 3 test-day SCC in a row above 200,000 and 400,000 cells/mL (SCM200_3 and SCM400_3), and the number of days before the first case with SCM50 (D50) or SCM400 (D400). The heritability and genetic correlations were estimated for SCM traits and the mean lactation-average somatic cell score (LSCS) using linear animal repeatability models. The total mean frequency of SCM ranged from 1.2% to 51.8%, for different trait definitions, high for low SCC threshold (SCM50) and low for the highest SCC threshold (SCM400_3). For the 2 traits based on number of days, the mean values were 104 (D50) and 117 (D400) days. The mean LSCS was 4.4 (equivalent to around 82,000 SCC). Heritabilities for the 12 alternative SCM traits were low and varied from 0.01 (SCM400_3) to 0.1 (SCM100), whereas for LSCS the estimated heritability was 0.3 and standard error varied from 0.001 to 0.003. Genetic correlations among the SCM traits ranged from 0.7 (D50 and SCM400) to 1 (SCM350 and SCM400), whereas between SCM traits and milk production the correlation ranged from 0.07 (LSCS) to 0.3 (D400). The standard error for genetic correlations varied from 0.001 to 0.06. The heritability was low and the genetic correlations were strong among SCM traits. Genetic correlations lower than 1 suggest that the alternative SCM traits are genetically different from LSCS, the trait currently used in genetic evaluations for Norwegian Red. Hence, the alternative traits will add information and improve breeding for better udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kirsanova
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - B Heringstad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Geno Breeding and AI Association, NO-2317 Hamar, Norway
| | - A Lewandowska-Sabat
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - I Olsaker
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway
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Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Hansen SCF, Boysen P, Storset AK, Solberg TR, Østerås O, Heringstad B, Olsaker I. P6022 Transcriptomic study of bovine macrophages infected in vitro with Streptococcus agalactiae. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2016.94supplement4159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Günther J, Seyfert HM, Olsaker I. Combining quantitative trait loci and heterogeneous microarray data analyses reveals putative candidate pathways affecting mastitis in cattle. Anim Genet 2012; 43:793-9. [PMID: 22497313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a frequent disease and considerable problem for the global dairy industry. Identification of solutions leading to the development of new control strategies is therefore of high importance. In this study, we have integrated genomic data from genome-wide association mapping in cattle with transcriptomic data from microarray studies of several mastitis pathogens and host species in vitro and in vivo. To identify significant candidate pathways directly and indirectly involved in the immune response to mastitis, ingenuity pathway analysis (ipa) and database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery bioinformatic (david) were applied. Several candidate pathways were found. Of great interest are IL-17 and IL-8 signalling pathways, responsible for the recruitment and migration of inflammatory cells into tissue during inflammation and infection. These results may emphasize further functional studies for identification of factors contributing to resistance to mastitis pathogens in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lewandowska-Sabat
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Zerabruk M, Li MH, Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Erhardt G, Vangen O. Genetic diversity and admixture of indigenous cattle from North Ethiopia: implications of historical introgressions in the gateway region to Africa. Anim Genet 2011; 43:257-66. [PMID: 22486496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite variation was surveyed to determine the genetic diversity, population structure and admixture of seven North Ethiopian cattle breeds by combining multiple microsatellite data sets of Indian and West African zebu, and European, African and Near-Eastern taurine in genetic analyses. Based on allelic distribution, we identified four diagnostic alleles (HEL1-123 bp, CSSM66-201 bp, BM2113-150 bp and ILSTS6-285 bp) specific to the Near-Eastern taurine. Results of genetic relationship and population structure analyses confirmed the previously established marked genetic distinction between taurine and zebu, and indicated further divergence among the bio-geographical groupings of breeds such as North Ethiopian, Indian and West African zebu, and African, European and Near-Eastern taurine. Using the diagnostic alleles for bio-geographical groupings and a Bayesian method for population structure inference, we estimated the genetic influences of major historical introgressions in North Ethiopian cattle. The breeds have been heavily (>90%) influenced by zebu, followed by African, European and the Near-Eastern taurine. Overall, North Ethiopian cattle show a high level of within-population genetic variation (e.g. observed heterozygosity = 0.659-0.687), which is in the upper range of that reported for domestic cattle and indicates their potential for future breeding applications, even in a global context. Rather low but significant population differentiation (F(ST) = 1.1%, P < 0.05) was recorded as a result of multiple introgression events and strong genetic exchanges among the North Ethiopian breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zerabruk
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Lervik S, von Krogh K, Karlsson C, Olsaker I, Andresen Ø, Dahl E, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E. Steroidogenesis in primary cultures of neonatal porcine Leydig cells from Duroc and Norwegian Landrace breeds. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1058-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Montaño M, Zimmer KE, Dahl E, Berg V, Olsaker I, Skaare JU, Murk AJ, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. Effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) derived from cod liver oil on H295R steroidogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2328-35. [PMID: 21722693 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Crude cod liver oil and liver oil supplements are consumed as a source of vitamin A, D and polyunsaturated fatty acids; during winter and early pregnancy. Crude cod liver oil however constitutes a considerable source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This paper aimed at characterizing and quantifying the influence of POP mixtures extracted from three different steps in the cod liver oil industrial process on hormone production and the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in H295R cells. Exposure to extracts from crude cod liver oil and from its industrial waste increased progesterone (P4), cortisol (Cort), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) production; and among others, the expression of MC2R, CYP11B1 and HSD3B2 genes. Observed effects after exposure to pharmaceutical cod liver oil extract were considerably lower. The type of effects on gene expression and hormone production were similar to those induced by forskolin and PCBs, the latter being the major contaminants within the extracts. Additional research is required to further unveil the mechanisms behind the observed steroidogenic effects and to assess whether the potential risk might outweigh the potential benefits of crude and processed cod liver oil consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montaño
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue de Brill, L4422 Belvaux, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Kühn C, Weikard R, Goldammer T, Grupe S, Olsaker I, Schwerin M. Isolation and application of chromosome 6 specific microsatellite markers for detection of QTL for milk-production traits in cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1996.tb00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Våge D, Olsaker I, R⊘nningen K, Lie Ø. Partial sequence of an expressed major histocompatibility complex gene (DQA) from arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). Anim Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10495399409525804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.I. Våge
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , Oslo, Norway
| | - I. Olsaker
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , Oslo, Norway
| | - K. R⊘nningen
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , Oslo, Norway
| | - Ø. Lie
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , Oslo, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø. Lie
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., Oslo, N‐0033, Norway
| | - A. Slettan
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., Oslo, N‐0033, Norway
| | - F. Lingaas
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., Oslo, N‐0033, Norway
| | - I. Olsaker
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., Oslo, N‐0033, Norway
| | - I. Hordvik
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., Oslo, N‐0033, Norway
- b Center for Biotechnology , University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - T. Refstie
- a Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics , Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., Oslo, N‐0033, Norway
- c Institute of Aquaculture Research Ltd. , Sunndals⊘ra, Norway
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Gustavsen MW, von Krogh K, Taubøll E, Zimmer KE, Dahl E, Olsaker I, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on steroidogenesis in a human in vitro cell model. Acta Neurol Scand 2009:14-21. [PMID: 19566492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand the interaction of antiepileptic drugs and production of sex hormones, possible effects of valproate (VPA), levetiracetam (LEV) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on steroidogenesis were investigated in the human adrenal carcinoma cell line H295R. MATERIALS AND METHODS H295R cells were exposed to different concentrations of VPA, LEV or CBZ for 48 h. Sex hormone concentrations and mRNA expression levels were analyzed via radioimmunoassay and quantitative real time (RT)-PCR, respectively. RESULTS In VPA-exposed cells estradiol levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, while testosterone and progesterone levels were unaffected. Expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), CYP11a, CYP17, CYP21, 3betaHSD2, 17betaHSD1 was downregulated and expression of CYP11beta2 was upregulated. No effect on sex hormone production was observed under influence of LEV or CBZ. Expression of StAR, CYP17, CYP19 and 3betaHSD2 was downregulated in LEV-exposed cells, and expression of HMGR, CYP11beta2 and CYP17 was downregulated in CBZ-exposed cells. CONCLUSIONS VPA exposure resulted in a decrease in estradiol levels and a general downregulation of expression of genes encoding for enzymes early in steroidogenesis. No consistent changes were seen with LEV or CBZ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Gustavsen
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Våge DI, Olsaker I, Lingaas F, Spooner RL, van der Beek S, Sørensen A, Arnet EF, Lie O. High levels of linkage disequilibria between serologically defined class I bovine lymphocyte antigens (BOLA-A) and class II DQB restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in Norwegian cows. Anim Genet 2009; 23:125-32. [PMID: 1359813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Serum defined BoLA-A antigens, together with BoLA-DQB RFLP patterns, were determined in 87 almost unrelated Norwegian cattle. Statistical analysis revealed strong linkage disequilibria between these loci at the population level. A total of 13 haplotypes were found to be present at frequencies significantly greater than those predicted on the basis of their component gene frequencies. Among these, the subgroups 1A and 1B of the DQ1 haplotype were found to be closely associated with the class I antigens A11 and w16, respectively. The association between A11 and DQ1A is of particular interest, as two independent studies, one employing class I serology, and the other RFLP analysis of the class II locus DQ, have previously indicated that A11 and DQ1A confer relative susceptibility to mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Våge
- Department of Animal Genetics, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine/National Veterinary Institute, Oslo
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Abstract
This paper describes a totally new immunomagnetic (IM) technique adapted to serological BoLA typing. The basic technique has recently been developed by Vartdal et al. (1986) for serological HLA typing. The main advantage is that bovine mononuclear cells (e.g. T-cells and possibly their subsets, B-cells and monocytes) can be quickly and specifically isolated with high yield and viability from whole blood in a one-step procedure. This is achieved by magnetic separation of rosettes formed between the cells and superparamagnetic monosized polystyrene microspheres (Dynabeads TM) coated with cross-species reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for various human T-cell antigens or for HLA class II monomorphic epitopes. The cells are isolated within 5 min after a 5-min incubation at 4 degrees C. Magnetic separation of rosettes with a strong cobalt-samarium magnet eliminates all the laborious centrifugation steps necessary with conventional procedures. The isolated cells, still attached to the particles, are available for microcytotoxic assay. This is carried out within 55 min, including a two-step application of alloantiserum and complement and addition of acridine orange/ethidium bromide for the staining of viable (green) and dead (red) cells. The high viability of isolated cells gives a very low background kill compared with the conventional cytotoxic assay. The IM typing technique is also superior in sensitivity to the conventional technique as standardized for the international BoLA comparison test. The IM technique is likely to have its greatest impact on class II typing; class II positive cells being separated very efficiently. Polymorphic HLA class II MAbs detected likely polymorphic BoLA class II epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lie
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Ćinkulov M, Popovski Z, Porcu K, Tanaskovska B, Hodžić A, Bytyqi H, Mehmeti H, Margeta V, Djedović R, Hoda A, Trailović R, Brka M, Marković B, Važić B, Vegara M, Olsaker I, Kantanen J. Genetic diversity and structure of the West Balkan Pramenka sheep types as revealed by microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analysis. J Anim Breed Genet 2008; 125:417-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zerabruk M, Bennewitz J, Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Vangen O. Analysis of genetic diversity and conservation priorities for six north Ethiopian cattle breeds. J Anim Breed Genet 2007; 124:236-41. [PMID: 17651327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity and conservation potential of six indigenous cattle breeds of north Ethiopia was analysed based on 20 microsatellite markers using core set methods. Expected future diversity (assuming assigned extinction probabilities are valid for the next 20-50 years) were 0.988+/-0.011 and 0.980+/-0.010 with expected loss of diversity estimated at 0.02% and 0.74% of current level for the Maximum Variance Total (MVT) and Maximum Variance Offspring (MVO) core sets, respectively. Even though all breeds have contributed to current diversity levels, the Afar and Abergelle breeds only contributed 51% and 62% to the MVT and MVO core sets, respectively, while the Raya breed contributed only 6% and 1.5% to the MVT and MVO core set diversities, respectively. Moreover, prioritizing the six north Ethiopian cattle breeds using the conservation potential obtained from the MVT core set method seems reasonable considering the origin and migration histories of the breeds. Our results suggest that the total current genetic diversity of these breeds can be sufficiently maintained by designing a conservation strategy based on conservation potential of each breed from the MVT core set so that priority is given to lowering the extinction probabilities of breeds with high conservation potential to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zerabruk
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
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Abstract
Genotyping of bovine leucocyte antigen DRB3.2 (BoLA-DRB3.2) in a total of 523 Norwegian Red (NR) cows from two groups selected for high protein yield and low clinical mastitis, respectively, identified 27 previously reported BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles across the groups. Significant differences in BoLA-DRB3.2 allele frequencies were found between the selection groups. Alleles *13, *18, *22 and *27 had a significantly higher frequency in cows selected for low clinical mastitis, while alleles *3, *9, *11 and *26 had a higher frequency in cows selected for high protein yield. Associations between BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles and clinical mastitis were analysed based on mastitis data from 741,072 first-lactation NR cows, of which 452 were genotyped. Alleles *22 and *26 were found to be associated with increased clinical mastitis, while alleles *7, *11, *18 and *24 had a favourable effect on mastitis resistance. Contradictory results from different studies investigating associations between BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles and mastitis indicate that future studies should focus on associations of mastitis with BoLA haplotypes rather than with single BoLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kulberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Negrini R, Nijman IJ, Milanesi E, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Williams JL, Erhardt G, Dunner S, Rodellar C, Valentini A, Bradley DG, Olsaker I, Kantanen J, Ajmone-Marsan P, Lenstra JA. Differentiation of European cattle by AFLP fingerprinting. Anim Genet 2007; 38:60-6. [PMID: 17257190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Neolithic introduction of domestic cattle into Europe was followed by differential adaptation, selection, migration and genetic isolation, leading ultimately to the emergence of specialized breeds. We have studied the differentiation of European cattle by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. Combining AFLP data sets from two laboratories yielded 81 biallelic polymorphic markers scored in 19-22 individual animals from 51 breeds. Model-based clustering differentiated Podolian cattle as well as French and Alpine breeds from other European cattle. AFLP genetic distances correlated well with microsatellite-based genetic distances calculated for the same breeds. However, the AFLP data emphasized the divergence of taurine and indicine cattle relative to the variation among European breeds and indicated an Eastern influence on Italian and Hungarian Podolian breeds. This probably reflects import from the East after the original introduction of domestic cattle into Europe. Our data suggest that Italian cattle breeds are relatively diverse at the DNA sequence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Negrini
- Institute of Zootechnics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
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22
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Li MH, Zerabruk M, Vangen O, Olsaker I, Kantanen J. Reduced genetic structure of north Ethiopian cattle revealed by Y-chromosome analysis. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 98:214-21. [PMID: 17213865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia is considered to be a putative migratory corridor for both Near-East Bos taurine and Arabian and Indian B. indicus cattle into East Africa. African pastoralism, which is associated with adaptation to specific habitats and farming systems, has contributed to the composite constitution of Ethiopian cattle. We analyse, for the first time, five Y-chromosome microsatellite markers from seven north Ethiopian cattle populations, using a European Holstein-Friesian population as a reference, to assess the paternal gene pool and to explore the mechanisms behind the genetic structure. Our results reveal that the indicine alleles predominate in the present populations, with only one animal in the Arado carrying the taurine alleles. The north Ethiopian cattle populations with one exception (Abergelle) are characterized by a general low Y-chromosome haplotype diversity, as well as by a reduced interpopulation variance (Phi(ST)=4.0%), which can be a result of strong male-mediated selective sweeps. Population structure revealed by multidimensional-scaling analysis differentiates two populations (Arado and Abergelle) from the rest. Analysis of molecular variance does not lend support to the traditional classification for the populations, which is mainly based on physical characteristics. A network analysis indicates two closely related founding haplotypes accounting for a large proportion (50.0% in Abergelle and 85.0-94.7% in others) of north Ethiopian cattle Y-chromosomes. Our findings point to a common, but limited, paternal origin of the north Ethiopian cattle populations and strong male-mediated gene flow among them. The findings also provide insight into the historical immigration of cattle into East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Li
- Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
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23
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Tapio I, Värv S, Bennewitz J, Maleviciute J, Fimland E, Grislis Z, Meuwissen THE, Miceikiene I, Olsaker I, Viinalass H, Vilkki J, Kantanen J. Prioritization for conservation of northern European cattle breeds based on analysis of microsatellite data. Conservation Biology 2006; 20:1768-79. [PMID: 17181812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Northern European indigenous cattle breeds are currently endangered and at a risk of becoming extinct. We analyzed variation at 20 microsatellite loci in 23 indigenous, 3 old imported, and 9 modern commercial cattle breeds that are presently distributed in northern Europe. We measured the breeds' allelic richness and heterozygosity, and studied their genetic relationships with a neighbor-joining tree based on the Chord genetic distance matrix. We used the Weitzman approach and the core set diversity measure of Eding et al. (2002) to quantify the contribution of each breed to the maximum amount of genetic diversity and to identify breeds important for the conservation of genetic diversity. We defined 11 breeds as a "safe set" of breeds (not endangered) and estimated a reduction in genetic diversity if all nonsafe (endangered) breeds were lost. We then calculated the increase in genetic diversity by adding one by one each of the nonsafe breeds to the safe set (the safe-set-plus-one approach). The neighbor-joining tree grouped the northern European cattle breeds into Black-and-White type, Baltic Red, and Nordic cattle groups. Väne cattle, Bohus Poll, and Danish Jersey had the highest relative contribution to the maximum amount of genetic diversity when the diversity was quantified by the Weitzman diversity measure. These breeds not only showed phylogenetic distinctiveness but also low within-population variation. When the Eding et al. method was applied, Eastern Finncattle and Lithuanian White Backed cattle contributed most of the genetic variation. If the loss of the nonsafe set of breeds happens, the reduction in genetic diversity would be substantial (72%) based on the Weitzman approach, but relatively small (1.81%) based on the Eding et al. method. The safe set contained only 66% of the observed microsatellite alleles. The safe-set-plus-one approach indicated that Bohus Poll and Väne cattle contributed most to the Weitzman diversity, whereas the Eastern Finncattle contribution was the highest according to the Eding et al. method. Our results indicate that both methods of Weitzman and Eding et al. recognize the importance of local populations as a valuable resource of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tapio
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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24
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Tapio M, Tapio I, Grislis Z, Holm LE, Jeppsson S, Kantanen J, Miceikiene I, Olsaker I, Viinalass H, Eythorsdottir E. Native breeds demonstrate high contributions to the molecular variation in northern European sheep. Mol Ecol 2006; 14:3951-63. [PMID: 16262851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Population contribution to genetic diversity can be estimated using neutral variation. However, population expansion or hybridization of diverged ancestries may weaken correlation between neutral and non-neutral variation. Microsatellite variation was studied at 25 loci in 20 native and 12 modern or imported northern European sheep breeds. Breed contributions to total gene diversity, allelic richness and mean allele-sharing distance between individuals were measured. Indications of changes in population size and admixtures of divergent ancestries were investigated and the extent of inbreeding was estimated. The northern European sheep demonstrated signs of reduction in effective population size. Many old, small populations made a substantial positive contribution to total molecular variation, but populations with several divergent major ancestries did not contribute substantially to molecular variation, with the exception of the Norwegian Rygja sheep. However, several diverged major ancestries may cause it to contribute less to non-neutral variation than expected from the microsatellite data. Breed uniqueness and within-breed variability generally had opposite effects on breed contributions to molecular diversity. The degree of inbreeding did not reflect the breed contribution to total gene diversity or allelic richness, but inbred populations increased the mean allele-sharing distance between individuals. Our study indicates breed conservation to be especially important in maintaining allelic variation in northern European sheep and supports the evolutionary importance of peripheral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tapio
- Animal Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland.
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25
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Habermann FA, Winter A, Olsaker I, Reichert P, Fries R. Validation of sperm sexing in the cattle (Bos taurus) by dual colour fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Anim Breed Genet 2005; 122 Suppl 1:22-7. [PMID: 16130453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2005.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm cells, together with artificial insemination using sex-specific semen, makes it possible to pre-determine the sex of calves. This has the potential to considerably improve cattle breeding, genetic resource management and particularly the efficiency of dairy and meat production. However, the broad use of sexed semen will depend on availability, price, fertilizability and in particular the actual sorting purity of sperm doses. To validate the accuracy of sperm sexing in Bos taurus, we have developed a simple, fast and reliable dual colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test, where Y-bearing spermatozoa are identified by a DNA fragment hybridizing to a large pericentromeric repetitive DNA block on the bovine Y chromosome (locus DYZI, Yp13-q12). To avoid an underestimation of Y signals, we used a second DNA probe identifying a large subcentromeric block of complex repetitive DNA on the bovine autosome 6 (locus D6Z1, 6q12-15) as a positive control. Bovine sperm were fixed with methanol:acetic acid and denatured by simply immersing in 3 M NaOH, yielding consistent hybridization results and good preservation of sperm morphology. The FISH protocol was evaluated on unsorted sperm as well as on sperm samples sexed using the Beltsville technology, which separates X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa by staining with Hoechst 33342 and flow sorting according to their DNA content (Johnson et al. 1987).
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Habermann
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Summary The purine nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) are critical for energy metabolism, cell signalling and cell reproduction. Despite their essential function, little is known about the regulation and in vivo expression pattern of the genes involved in the de novo purine synthesis pathway. The complete coding region of the bovine phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase gene (PAICS), which catalyses steps 6 and 7 of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, as well as bovine genomic sequences of the six other genes in the pathway producing inosine monophosphate (IMP) and AMP [phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (GART), phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS), adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC) and adenylosuccinate synthase (ADSS)], were identified. The genes were mapped to segments of six different bovine chromosomes using a radiation hybrid (RH) cell panel. The gene PPAT, coding for the presumed rate-limiting enzyme of the purine de novo pathway was closely linked to PAICS on BTA6. These, and the other bovine locations i.e. GART at BTA1, PFAS at BTA19, ADSL at BTA5, ATIC at BTA2 and ADSS at BTA16, are in agreement with published comparative maps of cattle and man. PAICS and PPAT genes are known to be closely linked in human, rat and chicken. Previously, an expressed sequence fragment of PAICS (Bos taurus corpus luteum, BTCL9) was mapped to BTA13. By isolation and characterization of a BAC clone, we have now identified a PAICS processed pseudogene sequence (psiPAICS) on BTA13. Processed pseudogene sequences of PAICS and other genes of the purine biosynthesis pathway were identified in several mammalian species, indicating that the genes of this pathway have been susceptible to retrotransposition. The seven bovine genes are expressed at a higher level in testicular and ovary tissues compared with skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bønsdorff
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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27
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Tapio I, Tapio M, Grislis Z, Holm LE, Jeppsson S, Kantanen J, Miceikiene I, Olsaker I, Viinalass H, Eythorsdottir E. Unfolding of population structure in Baltic sheep breeds using microsatellite analysis. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 94:448-56. [PMID: 15674382 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of domestic animals are performed on breeds, but a breed does not necessarily equate to a genetically defined population. The division of sheep from three native and four modern Baltic sheep breeds was studied using 21 microsatellite loci and applying a Bayesian clustering method. A traditional breed-wise approach was compared to that relying on the pattern of molecular diversity. In this study, a breed was found to be inconsistent with a distinct genetic population for three reasons: (i) a lack of differentiation between modern Baltic breeds, since the majority of the studied sheep formed a single population; (ii) the presence of individuals of foreign ancestry within the breed; and (iii) an undefined local Saaremaa sheep was referred to as a breed, but was shown to consist of separate populations. In the breed-wise approach, only the clearly distinct Ruhnu sheep demonstrated low within-breed variation, although the newly identified Saaremaa populations also have low variability. Providing adequate management recommendations for the Saaremaa sheep is not possible without further studies, but the potential harmful effects of inbreeding in the Ruhnu sheep could be reduced through the use of two genetically related Saaremaa populations. In other breeds, excessive crossing appears to be a larger concern than inbreeding. Assigning individuals into populations based on the pattern of genetic diversity offers potentially unbiased means of elucidating the genetic population structure of species. Combining these genetic populations with phenotypic and aetiological data will enable formulation of the most informed recommendations for gene resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tapio
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Breeding Research, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland.
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28
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Bahri-Darwich I, Vaiman D, Olsaker I, Oustry A, Cribiu EP. Assignment of bovine synteny groups U27 and U8 to R-banded chromosome 12 and 27, respectively. Hereditas 2004; 120:261-5. [PMID: 7928389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two microsatellite-containing cosmids, clOBT361 and clOBT355 were localized to bovine R-banded chromosome 12 and 27, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The two microsatellites were subcloned from the cosmids and named INRA209 and INRA206, respectively. Primers were designed from the sequence information and used for PCR amplification with a panel of 36 previously characterized hamster/bovine somatic cell hybrids. This allowed the assignment of the two microsatellites to bovine synteny groups U27 and U8, respectively. The result permits the conclusion that bovine synteny U27 corresponds to BTA12 and that bovine synteny group U8 corresponds to BTA27, reducing to five the number of unassigned bovine synteny groups. Furthermore, as a high level of polymorphism was revealed by the two microsatellites, they have all the required characteristics for good genetic map markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bahri-Darwich
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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29
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Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Brusgaard K, Eythorsdottir E, Holm LE, Lien S, Danell B, Adalsteinsson S. Frequencies of genes for coat colour and horns in Nordic cattle breeds. Genet Sel Evol 2004; 32:561-76. [PMID: 14736370 PMCID: PMC2706879 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-32-6-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene frequencies of coat colour and horn types were assessed in 22 Nordic cattle breeds in a project aimed at establishing genetic profiles of the breeds under study. The coat colour loci yielding information on genetic variation were: extension, agouti, spotting, brindle, dun dilution and colour sided. The polled locus was assessed for two alleles. A profound variation between breeds was observed in the frequencies of both colour and horn alleles, with the older breeds generally showing greater variation in observed colour, horn types and segregating alleles than the modern breeds. The correspondence between the present genetic distance matrix and previous molecular marker distance matrices was low (r = 0.08 – 0.12). The branching pattern of a neighbour-joining tree disagreed to some extent with the molecular data structure. The current data indicates that 70% of the total genetic variation could be explained by differences between the breeds, suggesting a much greater breed differentiation than typically found at protein and microsatellite loci. The marked differentiation of the cattle breeds and observed disagreements with the results from the previous molecular data in the topology of the phylogenetic trees are most likely a result of selection on phenotypic characters analysed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kantanen
- Animal Production Research, Agricultural Research Centre of Finland (MTT), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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30
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Edwards CJ, Connellan J, Wallace PF, Park SDE, McCormick FM, Olsaker I, Eythórsdóttir E, MacHugh DE, Bailey JF, Bradley DG. Feasibility and utility of microsatellite markers in archaeological cattle remains from a Viking Age settlement in Dublin. Anim Genet 2004; 34:410-6. [PMID: 14687070 DOI: 10.1046/j.0268-9146.2003.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen cattle bones from the Viking 10th and early 11th century levels in Dublin were assessed for presence of reliable genotypes from three autosomal markers. Due to the good preservational condition of the samples, it was possible to amplify and type at least two out of three of the microsatellite markers (CSRM60, HEL1 and ILSTS001) in 11 specimens. Full three-loci genotypes were obtained from a subset of seven of these samples. A comparative analysis was performed using data from the same three markers in 11 extant British, Irish and Nordic cattle breeds. Although the medieval remains displayed lower levels of diversity than the modern European breeds, the results fit within the ranges obtained from the extant populations. The results indicate a probable origin for the ancient Irish cattle as the remains group significantly more closely with breeds from the British Isles than with those from Scandinavia. The data collected indicate that microsatellites may be useful for the further study of ancient cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Edwards
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Bønsdorff T, Eggen A, Gautier M, Asheim HC, Rønningen K, Lingaas F, Olsaker I. Identification and physical mapping of genes expressed in the corpus luteum in cattle. Anim Genet 2004; 34:325-33. [PMID: 14510667 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A representational difference analysis was performed to identify genes expressed in the corpus luteum of cattle. The corpus luteum is an ovarian structure that is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Knowledge of gene expression and function of corpus luteum will be important to improve fertility in humans and domestic animals. Housekeeping genes were removed from the corpus luteum representation (tester) using skeletal muscle as the subtracting agent (driver). A total of 80 clones of the final subtraction product were analysed by sequencing and 11 new bovine gene sequences were identified (pBTCL1-11). The sequences were mapped to segments of 10 different chromosomes using a somatic cell hybrid panel and a radiation hybrid panel. With one exception the locations are in agreement with published comparative maps of cattle and man. Expression in corpus luteum was verified by RT-PCR for all the 11 clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bønsdorff
- Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Abstract
A resequencing approach was adopted to identify sequence variants in the PRNP gene that may affect susceptibility or resistance to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The entire PRNP gene (>21 kb) was sequenced from 26 chromosomes from a group of Holstein-Friesian cows, as well as exon 3 of PRNP (>4 kb) from a further 24 chromosomes from six diverse breeds. We identified 51 variant sequences of which 42 were single nucleotide polymorphisms and nine were insertion/deletion (indel) events. The study was extended to exon 3 of the sheep PRNP gene where 23 sequence variants were observed, four of which were indels. The level of nucleotide diversity in the complete bovine PRNP gene was pi = 0.00079, which is similar to that found at the bovine T-cell receptor alpha delta joining region (pi = 0.00077), but somewhat less than that observed for the bovine leptin (pi = 0.00265). Sequence variation within exon 3 of PRNP in both cattle (pi = 0.00102) and sheep (pi = 0.00171) was greater than that for the complete PRNP gene, with sheep showing greater sequence variation in exon 3 than cattle. The level of sequence variation reported here is greater than previously thought for the bovine PRNP gene in cattle. This study highlights the contribution that recombination plays in increasing allelic diversity in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hills
- Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, UK.
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33
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Kurar E, Barendse W, Bottema CDK, Davis S, Föster M, Kalm E, Kappes SM, Kister A, Lewin HA, Klungland H, Medjugorac I, Olsaker I, Pitchford WS, Schmutz SM, Taylor J, Thomsen H, Kirkpatrick BW. Consensus and comprehensive linkage maps of bovine chromosome 24. Anim Genet 2002; 33:460-3. [PMID: 12464023 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study describes development of a consensus genetic linkage map of bovine chromosome 24 (BTA24). Eight participating laboratories contributed data for 58 unique markers including a total of 25 409 meioses. Eighteen markers, which were typed in more than one reference population, were used as potential anchors to generate a consensus framework map. The framework map contained 16 loci ordered with odds greater than 1000:1 and spanned 79.3 cM. Remaining markers were included in a comprehensive map relative to these anchors. The resulting BTA24 comprehensive map was 98.3 cM in length. Average marker intervals were 6.1 and 2.5 cM for framework and comprehensive maps, respectively. Marker order was generally consistent with previously reported BTA24 linkage maps. Only one discrepancy was found when comparing the comprehensive map with the published USDA-MARC linkage map. Integration of genetic information from different maps provides a high-resolution BTA24 linkage map.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kurar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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34
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Olsen HG, Gomez-Raya L, Våge DI, Olsaker I, Klungland H, Svendsen M, Adnøy T, Sabry A, Klemetsdal G, Schulman N, Krämer W, Thaller G, Rønningen K, Lien S. A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting milk production in Norwegian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:3124-30. [PMID: 12487480 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An autosomal genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting milk production traits was carried out on the Norwegian Dairy Cattle population. Six half-sibling families with a total of 285 sons organized according to a granddaughter design were analyzed by a multiple marker regression method. Suggestive QTL for one or several of the five milk traits (milk yield, protein percentage, protein yield, fat percentage and fat yield) were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 18 and 20. Among these results, the findings on chromosomes 3, 6, and 20 are highly supported by literature. The most convincing result was found close to marker FBN9 on chromosome 6, where a QTL was detected with alleles that cause a marked reduction in both protein and fat percentages and an increase in milk yield. The results for fat and protein percentage were highly significant even after accounting for multiple testing across the genome. Using bootstrapping, a 95% confidence interval for the position of the QTL for the percentage traits on chromosome 6 was estimated to 16 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Olsen
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432 Aas, Norway.
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35
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Klungland H, Sabry A, Heringstad B, Olsen HG, Gomez-Raya L, Våge DI, Olsaker I, Ødegård J, Klemetsdal G, Schulman N, Vilkki J, Ruane J, Aasland M, Rønningen K, Lien S. Quantitative trait loci affecting clinical mastitis and somatic cell count in dairy cattle. Mamm Genome 2001; 12:837-42. [PMID: 11845286 DOI: 10.1007/s00335001-2081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2001] [Accepted: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Norway has a field recording system for dairy cattle that includes recording of all veterinary treatments on an individual animal basis from 1978 onwards. Application of these data in a genome search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) verified genome-wise significant QTL affecting clinical mastitis on Chromosome (Chr) 6. Additional putative QTL for clinical mastitis were localized to Chrs. 3, 4, 14, and 27. The comprehensive field recording system includes information on somatic cell count as well. This trait is often used in selection against mastitis when direct information on clinical mastitis is not available. The absence of common QTL positions for the two traits in our study indicates that the use of somatic cell count data in QTL studies aimed for reducing the incidence of mastitis should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Klungland
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 As, Norway.
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36
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Casas E, Sonstegard TS, Barendse W, Bennett GL, Bottema CD, Crawford A, Grosz MD, Kalm E, Kappes SM, Kister A, Li Y, Lien S, Morris CA, Olsaker I, Pitchford WS, Schmutz SM, Thomsen H, Xu N. Comprehensive linkage map of bovine chromosome 27. Anim Genet 2001; 32:95-7. [PMID: 11421945 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The results of genotypic data contributed to the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) Bovine Chromosome 27 Workshop are presented. Eight laboratories contributed 23 261 informative meioses from 44 loci. Eighteen loci were typed by at least two laboratories and were used to construct a consensus linkage map. Twenty-one loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 66.9 cM. The sex-averaged comprehensive map was 75.5 cM, while the female and male maps were 73.1 and 63.7 cM, respectively. Five loci were excluded from the analysis because of ambiguous position in the linkage group and a low LOD score (less than 2.0). Average distance between loci in the comprehensive map was 1.98 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Casas
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA.
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37
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Sonstegard TS, Bennett GL, Kalm E, Kappes SM, Lewin HA, Olsaker I, Schmutz S, Thomsen H, Vage DI, Van Tassell CP, Xu N. Consensus and comprehensive linkage maps of bovine chromosome 25. Anim Genet 2001; 32:114-5. [PMID: 11421953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0700f.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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Casas E, Bennett GL, Bottema CD, Crawford A, Kalm E, Kappes SM, Kister A, Lewin HA, Lien S, Morris CA, Olsaker I, Pitchford WS, Schmutz SM, Thomsen H, Xu N. Comprehensive linkage map of bovine chromosome 11. Anim Genet 2001; 32:92-4. [PMID: 11421944 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The results of genotypic data contributed to the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) Bovine Chromosome 11 (BTA11) Workshop are presented. Six laboratories contributed a total of 26 199 informative meioses from 80 loci. Thirty-six loci were typed by at least two independent laboratories and were used to construct a consensus linkage map of the chromosome. The remaining loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 128.9 cM. The female consensus map was 101.2 cM, while the male consensus map was 129.8 cM. The comprehensive sex-averaged map was 134.2 cM and the average genetic distance between loci was 1.72 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Casas
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, USA.
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39
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Sonstegard TS, Bendixen C, Bennett GL, Kalm E, Kappes SM, Lewin HA, Lien S, Nielsen VH, Olsaker I, Schmutz S, Thomsen H, Van Tassell CP, Xu N. Consensus and comprehensive linkage maps of bovine chromosome 17. Anim Genet 2001; 32:112-3. [PMID: 11421952 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0700e.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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40
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Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Holm LE, Lien S, Vilkki J, Brusgaard K, Eythorsdottir E, Danell B, Adalsteinsson S. Genetic diversity and population structure of 20 North European cattle breeds. J Hered 2000; 91:446-57. [PMID: 11218082 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/91.6.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 743 animals from 15 indigenous, 2 old imported, and 3 commercial North European cattle breeds. The samples were analyzed for 11 erythrocyte antigen systems, 8 proteins, and 10 microsatellites, and used to assess inter- and intrabreed genetic variation and genetic population structures. The microsatellites BoLA-DRBP1 and CSSM66 were nonneutral markers according to the Ewens-Watterson test, suggesting some kind of selection imposed on these loci. North European cattle breeds displayed generally similar levels of multilocus heterozygosity and allelic diversity. However, allelic diversity has been reduced in several breeds, which was explained by limited effective population sizes over the course of man-directed breed development and demographic bottlenecks of indigenous breeds. A tree showing genetic relationships between breeds was constructed from a matrix of random drift-based genetic distance estimates. The breeds were classified on the basis of the tree topology into four major breed groups, defined as Northern indigenous breeds, Southern breeds, Ayrshire and Friesian breeds, and Jersey. Grouping of Nordic breeds was supported by documented breed history and geographical divisions of native breeding regions of indigenous cattle. Divergence estimates between Icelandic cattle and indigenous breeds suggested a separation time of more than 1,000 years between Icelandic cattle and Norwegian native breeds, a finding consistent with historical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kantanen
- Animal Production Research, Agricultural Research Centre (MTT), Jokioinen, Finland
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41
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Lien S, Karlsen A, Klemetsdal G, Våge DI, Olsaker I, Klungland H, Aasland M, Heringstad B, Ruane J, Gomez-Raya L. A primary screen of the bovine genome for quantitative trait loci affecting twinning rate. Mamm Genome 2000; 11:877-82. [PMID: 11003703 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An autosomal genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting twinning rate was carried out in the Norwegian Cattle population. Suggestive QTL were detected on Chromosomes (Chr) 5, 7, 12, and 23. Among these, the QTL positions on both Chr 5 and Chr 23 are strongly supported by literature in the field. Our results also confirm previous mapping of a QTL for twinning to Chr 7, but definitely suggest a different location of the QTL on this chromosome. The most convincing QTL peak was observed for a region in the middle part of Chr 5 close to the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene. Since IGF1 plays an important role in the regulation of folliculogenesis, a mutation search was performed by sequencing more than 3.5 kb of the gene in actual families. The sequencing revealed three polymorphisms in noncoding regions of the gene that will be important in fine structure mapping and characterization of the QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lien
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- O Flagstad
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway.
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43
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Casas E, Barendse W, Beever JE, Burns BM, Davis SK, Erhardt G, Förster M, Gomez-Raya L, Kalm E, Kappes SM, Klungland H, Lewin HA, Lien S, Olsaker I, Reinsch N, Schwerin M, Song Y, Taylor JF, Thomsen H, Våge DI, Wu X, Xu N, Yeh CC. Bovine chromosome 4 workshop: consensus and comprehensive linkage maps. Anim Genet 1999; 30:375-7. [PMID: 10582283 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The report of the bovine chromosome 4 (BTA4) workshop is presented. Six laboratories contributed a total of 30,168 informative meioses from 62 loci. Twenty-two loci were typed by at least two independent laboratories and were used to construct a consensus linkage map of BTA4. The remaining 40 loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 131.4 cM. The female map was 124.3 cM in length, while the male map was 134.3 cM. The comprehensive sex-averaged map spanned 141.6 cM. The length of the female and male comprehensive maps were 123.1 cM and 156.4 cM, respectively. Average genetic distance between loci was 6 and 2.3 cM for the consensus and comprehensive linkage maps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Casas
- USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA.
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44
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van Haeringen WA, Gwakisa PS, Mikko S, Eythorsdottir E, Holm LE, Olsaker I, Outteridge P, Andersson L. Heterozygosity excess at the cattle DRB locus revealed by large scale genotyping of two closely linked microsatellites. Anim Genet 1999; 30:169-76. [PMID: 10442977 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method for MHC DRB typing in cattle based on two closely linked and highly polymorphic microsatellites is described. The two microsatellites DRBP1ms and DRB3ms are located in intron 2 of the corresponding DRB gene. The very strong linkage disequilibrium between the two loci made it possible to establish DRB microsatellite haplotypes. The typing results with this method on reference samples followed closely that obtained with RFLP and direct sequence analysis of DRB3 exon 2. The method is well suited for large scale genotyping and was successfully applied for typing more than 600 unrelated animals representing 23 breeds. The data were used to test whether the observed DRB allele frequency distributions were consistent with that expected for selectively neutral alleles in populations at mutation-drift equilibrium. A significant heterozygosity excess was detected and there was an obvious trend across breeds towards a more even allele frequency distribution than expected. The deviation may be due to balancing selection acting on the DRB locus or by recent population bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A van Haeringen
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Viuff D, Rickords L, Offenberg H, Hyttel P, Avery B, Greve T, Olsaker I, Williams JL, Callesen H, Thomsen PD. A high proportion of bovine blastocysts produced in vitro are mixoploid. Biol Reprod 1999; 60:1273-8. [PMID: 10330080 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod60.6.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome 6- and chromosome 7-specific probes was used to assess the extent of chromosome abnormalities in developing bovine blastocysts at 7-8 days after insemination in vivo or in vitro. Interphase nuclei (N = 10 946) were analyzed from 151 blastocysts produced in vitro and from 28 blastocysts recovered from superovulated animals. This revealed that 72% (109 of 151) of the in vitro-produced blastocysts were mixoploid, i.e., were a mixture of normal, diploid, and polyploid cells. However, only a small fraction of the total number of cells were chromosomally abnormal. Of the mixoploid blastocysts, 83% (91 of 109) contained less than 10% polyploid cells, 13% (14 of 109) contained 11-25% polyploid cells, and only 4% (4 of 109) of the blastocysts had more than 25% polyploid cells per blastocyst. In contrast, a significantly lower proportion (25%) of mixoploidy was found in 28 bovine blastocysts developed in vivo (p < 0.0001). All of the mixoploid blastocysts that had developed in vivo contained less than 10% polyploid cells. No entirely aneuploid blastocysts, i. e., blastocysts in which all cells had the same type of chromosome abnormality, were found in either of the groups. Taken together, the most common chromosome abnormalities observed were diploid-triploid mixoploidies and diploid-tetraploid mixoploidies. Thus, our results confirm earlier reports that morphologically normal bovine blastocysts developed in vivo are often mixoploids. We further show that in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts have a high rate of mixoploidy. Although the difference in mixoploidy rate detected in this study may not be general, it is an interesting phenomenon for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Viuff
- Department of Clinical Studies, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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46
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Lien S, Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Holm LE, Eythorsdottir E, Sandberg K, Dalsgard B, Adalsteinsson S. Comparison of milk protein allele frequencies in Nordic cattle breeds. Anim Genet 1999; 30:85-91. [PMID: 10376298 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allele frequencies at four milk protein loci were studied in five modern and 17 old Nordic cattle breeds in order to reveal variants that are characteristic for these populations. The B allele of CSN3, which has been associated with improved manufacturing properties of milk, showed significantly lower frequencies in modern production breeds than in old breeds of interest for conservation purposes. Characteristic frequencies of CSN1S1 (C), CSN2 (A2) and CSN3 (B) were found in Icelandic cattle, Swedish Mountain cattle, Northern Finncattle and Western Fjord cattle, which indicate a common origin of these populations. Further comparisons of allele frequencies in old Nordic breeds suggest sorting of these breeds into two groups with a northern and southern geographic location.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lien
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, Aas, Norway
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47
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Grinde B, Olsaker I, Tjøtta E. CAG repeats in various organisms studied by Southern blot analysis. Biochem Genet 1999; 37:109-17. [PMID: 10495886 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018774219326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A 90-nucleotide (CAG)30, single-stranded DNA was used to probe Southern blots in order to indicate the quantity and distribution of long CAG repeats in selected genomes. Bovine and rat genomes were found to contain a particularly high content of CAG repeats, while the repeats were comparatively rare in the human genome. A particularly strong signal in the bovine genome was due to a CAG repeat associated with the 1.709 satellite. A similar element was found in goat and musk, but not in the other artiodactyls tested, suggesting that this particular CAG repeat developed some 10-20 million years ago within a 3.8-kb unit presently belonging to the satellite element and that this unit has later multiplied in the genome. Single-copy repeats could be discerned in yeast, but not in mammals. Thus the probe did not detect specific repeats in patients with CAG repeat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grinde
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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48
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Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Adalsteinsson S, Sandberg K, Eythorsdottir E, Pirhonen K, Holm LE. Temporal changes in genetic variation of north European cattle breeds. Anim Genet 1999; 30:16-27. [PMID: 10050279 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temporal changes in genetic variation within and between 13 North European cattle breeds were evaluated using erythrocyte antigen systems and transferrin protein as genetic markers. Current data on allele frequency distributions of markers in large commercial and smaller endangered native cattle breeds were compared to data published during 1956 to 1975. Intrabreed genetic variation was quantified by conventional parameters (e.g. heterozygosity, average number of alleles per locus) and migration by the effective migration rate. The neighbour-joining dendrogram of relationships between old and present cattle populations was constructed using Nei's standard genetic distance. Variance effective population size was estimated from changes in allele frequencies over time. Comparison of old and new data indicated some significant changes in allele frequencies. In six of the breeds, a few low-frequency alleles in the old data were absent in the present samples. Heterozygosity remained stable in most breeds. The harmonic means for variance effective population size ranged between 30 and 257. Current results indicate that despite marked declines in total population sizes, North European native cattle breeds have retained a reasonably high genetic diversity. However, their genes contribute less than previously to genetic variation of Nordic production breeds. Commercial breeds do not appear to have a larger effective population size than native breeds. The present effective population sizes imply that Nordic breeds could have lost from 1 to 11% of their heterozygosity over a 20-40-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kantanen
- Agricultural Research Centre MTT, Jokioinen, Finland
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49
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MacHugh DE, Troy CS, McCormick F, Olsaker I, Eythórsdóttir E, Bradley DG. Early medieval cattle remains from a Scandinavian settlement in Dublin: genetic analysis and comparison with extant breeds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:99-108; discussion 108-9. [PMID: 10091250 PMCID: PMC1692458 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of cattle bones excavated from the 1000-year-old Viking Fishamble Street site in Dublin was assessed for the presence of surviving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Eleven of these bones gave amplifiable mtDNA and a portion of the hypervariable control region was determined for each specimen. A comparative analysis was performed with control region sequences from five extant Nordic and Irish cattle breeds. The medieval population displayed similar levels of mtDNA diversity to modern European breeds. However, a number of novel mtDNA haplotypes were also detected in these bone samples. In addition, the presence of a putative ancestral sequence at high frequency in the medieval population supports an early post-domestication expansion of cattle in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E MacHugh
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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50
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Viuff D, Rickords L, Offenberg H, Hyttel P, Avery B, Olsaker I, Williams J, Callesen H, Thomsen P. Mixoploidy is more frequent in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro than in blastocysts developed in vivo. Theriogenology 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(99)91894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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