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Lomakin AJ, Cattin CJ, Cuvelier D, Alraies Z, Molina M, Nader GPF, Srivastava N, Sáez PJ, Garcia-Arcos JM, Zhitnyak IY, Bhargava A, Driscoll MK, Welf ES, Fiolka R, Petrie RJ, De Silva NS, González-Granado JM, Manel N, Lennon-Duménil AM, Müller DJ, Piel M. The nucleus acts as a ruler tailoring cell responses to spatial constraints. Science 2020; 370:eaba2894. [PMID: 33060332 PMCID: PMC8059074 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic environment inside a metazoan organism is highly crowded. Whether individual cells can tailor their behavior to the limited space remains unclear. In this study, we found that cells measure the degree of spatial confinement by using their largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus. Cell confinement below a resting nucleus size deforms the nucleus, which expands and stretches its envelope. This activates signaling to the actomyosin cortex via nuclear envelope stretch-sensitive proteins, up-regulating cell contractility. We established that the tailored contractile response constitutes a nuclear ruler-based signaling pathway involved in migratory cell behaviors. Cells rely on the nuclear ruler to modulate the motive force that enables their passage through restrictive pores in complex three-dimensional environments, a process relevant to cancer cell invasion, immune responses, and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lomakin
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - C J Cattin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Cuvelier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Z Alraies
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | - M Molina
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G P F Nader
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - N Srivastava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - P J Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - J M Garcia-Arcos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - I Y Zhitnyak
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- N.N. Blokhin Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Bhargava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | - M K Driscoll
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - E S Welf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - R Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - R J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N S De Silva
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | - J M González-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - N Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | | | - D J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - M Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Ilnitskaya AS, Zhitnyak IY, Gloushankova NA. Involvement of SASH1 in the Maintenance of Stable Cell-Cell Adhesion. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2020; 85:660-667. [PMID: 32586229 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SASH1 is an adapter and signaling protein that contains SH3 and SAM domains responsible for protein-protein interactions. SASH1 downregulation has been observed in many tumors. We examined localization of SASH1 in cultures of normal IAR-20 epithelial cells and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. IAR-20 normal epithelial cells and HT-29 cells with epithelial phenotype formed stable linear adherens junctions (AJs) associated with circumferential actin bundles. In both IAR-20 and HT-29 cells, SASH1 was co-localized with zones of circumferential actin bundles and linear AJs. SASH1 was not detected in lamellipodia. IAR-20 and HT-29 cells treated with Epidermal Growth Factor underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We observed significant differences in the course of EMT between IAR-20 and HT-29 cultures. IAR-20 cells underwent partial EMT acquiring migratory phenotype but retaining E-cadherin in unstable radial AJs. SASH1 was present in these contacts. Disappearance of AJs was observed in HT-29 cell undergoing a complete EMT, which also resulted in disruption of stable cell-cell adhesion. SASH1 was lost from the zones of cell-cell interaction. SASH1 depletion by means of RNA interference in IAR-20 cells led to destruction of stable linear AJs and acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype by some of the cells. These data indicate involvement of SASH1 in the maintenance of stable cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ilnitskaya
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - I Y Zhitnyak
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - N A Gloushankova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
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Gloushankova NA, Zhitnyak IY, Rubtsova SN. Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression. Biochemistry Moscow 2019; 83:1469-1476. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918120052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ponomarev VA, Sukhorukova IV, Sheveyko AN, Permyakova ES, Manakhov AM, Ignatov SG, Gloushankova NA, Zhitnyak IY, Lebedev OI, Polčak J, Kozmin AM, Shtansky DV. Antibacterial Performance of TiCaPCON Films Incorporated with Ag, Pt, and Zn: Bactericidal Ions Versus Surface Microgalvanic Interactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:24406-24420. [PMID: 29969237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is very important to prevent bacterial colonization at the early postoperative stages. There are four major strategies and their corresponding types of antibacterial surfaces specifically designed to fight infection: bactericide release, anti-adhesion, pH-sensitive, and contact-killing. Herein, we aimed at determining the antibacterial efficiency of different types of bactericidal ions and revealing the possible contribution of surface microgalvanic effects arising from a potential difference on heterogeneous surfaces. We considered five types of TiCaPCON films, with Ag, Zn, Pt, Ag + Zn, and Pt + Zn nanoparticles (NPs) on their surface. The Ag-modified film demonstrated a pronounced antibacterial effect at a very low Ag ion concentration of 0.11 ppb in physiological solution that was achieved already after 3 h of immersion in Escherichia coli ( E. coli) bacterial culture. The Zn-containing sample also showed a noticeable antibacterial effect against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) strains, wherein the concentration of Zn ions was 2 orders of magnitude higher (15 ppb) compared with the Ag ions. The presence of Ag NPs accelerated the leaching of Zn ion out of the TiCaPCON-Ag-Zn film, but no synergistic effect of the simultaneous presence of the two bactericidal components was observed. After the incubation of the samples with Ag, Zn, and Ag + Zn NPs in E. coli and S. aureus suspensions for 24 and 8 h, respectively, all bacterial cells were completely inactivated. The Pt-containing film showed a very low Pt ion release, and therefore the contribution of this type of ions to the total bactericidal effect could be neglected. The results of the electrochemical studies and Kelvin probe force microscopy indicated that microgalvanic couples were formed between the Pt NPs and the TiCaPCON film, but no noticeable antibacterial effect against either E. coli or S. aureus strains was observed. All ion-modified samples provided good osteoblastic cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation and therefore were concluded to be nontoxic for cells. In addition, the TiCaPCON films with Ag, Pt, and Zn NPs on their surface demonstrated good osteoconductive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Ponomarev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russia
| | - I V Sukhorukova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russia
| | - A N Sheveyko
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russia
| | - E S Permyakova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russia
| | - A M Manakhov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russia
| | - S G Ignatov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , Obolensk , Moscow Region 142279 , Russia
| | - N A Gloushankova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of Ministry of Health of Russia , Kashirskoe shosse 24 , Moscow 115478 , Russia
| | - I Y Zhitnyak
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of Ministry of Health of Russia , Kashirskoe shosse 24 , Moscow 115478 , Russia
| | - O I Lebedev
- CRISMAT, UMR 6508, CNRS-ENSICAEN , 6Bd Marechal Juin , 14050 Caen , France
| | - J Polčak
- Brno University of Technology , Technicka 2896/2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
- CEITEC-Brno University of Technology , Technická 3058/10 , 61600 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - A M Kozmin
- National Research University of Electronic Technology "MIET" , Shokin Square 1 , Zelenograd , Moscow Region 124498 , Russia
| | - D V Shtansky
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russia
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Sukhorukova IV, Sheveyko AN, Manakhov A, Zhitnyak IY, Gloushankova NA, Denisenko EA, Filippovich SY, Ignatov SG, Shtansky DV. Synergistic and long-lasting antibacterial effect of antibiotic-loaded TiCaPCON-Ag films against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2018; 90:289-299. [PMID: 29853094 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Implant-related bacterial infections remain a serious problem that is not solved yet. Herein we combined several antibacterial agents to achieve synergistic effects and broader protection of widely used metallic implants. Titanium samples with microcontainers for drug, produced by selective laser sintering, were coated with Ag-doped biocompatible and bioactive TiCaPCON film and loaded with an antibiotic (gentamicin or a mixture of gentamicin and amphotericin B). Bactericide release tests demonstrated that the release rate of one bactericide agent (Ag+ ions or gentamicin) depended on the presence of the other antibacterial component. The antibacterial activity of the biocide-doped samples was evaluated against clinically isolated Escherichia coli O78 (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, and Neurospora crassa wt-987 (N. crassa) spores. It was found that samples loaded with low gentamicin concentration (0.2 and 0.02 mg/cm2), i.e. 10 and 100 times less than the standard gentamicin concentration (2 mg/cm2), demonstrated a superb antibacterial activity against E. coli bacteria. We showed that a crosslinking reaction between gentamicin and TiCaPCON film proceeded either through the formation of amide bonds or via the electrostatic interaction between amine groups of gentamicin and COOH groups of TiCaPCON and led to the formation of relatively stable drug/film conjugates that prevented a rapid dissolution of gentamicin and ensured its long-term (for 72 h) antibacterial protection. Leaching of silver ions provided an effective antibacterial protection after the depletion of the drug reservoirs. The obtained results clearly show a synergistic antibacterial action of Ag+ ions and gentamicin against S. aureus bacteria. In addition, in the presence of Ag+ ions, the antifungal activity of samples loaded with a mixture of gentamicin and amphotericin B against N. crassa fungus was observed to increase. Thus, it is demonstrated that silver can be successfully coupled with different types of antibiotics to provide innovative hybrid metal-ceramic bioconstructions that are able to deliver precise doses of bactericide agents within a certain period of time and are equally effective against Gram-negative E. coli bacteria, Gram-positive S. aureus, and N. crassa fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Sukhorukova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - A N Sheveyko
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - A Manakhov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - I Y Zhitnyak
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre of RAMS, Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - N A Gloushankova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre of RAMS, Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - E A Denisenko
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region 142279, Russia
| | - S Yu Filippovich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, bld. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - S G Ignatov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region 142279, Russia
| | - D V Shtansky
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.
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Yeung WK, Sukhorukova IV, Shtansky DV, Levashov EA, Zhitnyak IY, Gloushankova NA, Kiryukhantsev-Korneev PV, Petrzhik MI, Matthews A, Yerokhin A. Characteristics and in vitro response of thin hydroxyapatite-titania films produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation of Ti alloys in electrolytes with particle additions. RSC Adv 2016; 6:12688-12698. [PMID: 27019704 PMCID: PMC4786953 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced incorporation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in porous titania coating formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation significantly increases surface osteogenic activity.
The enhancement of the biological properties of Ti by surface doping with hydroxyapatite (HA) is of great significance, especially for orthodontic applications. This study addressed the effects of HA particle size in the electrolyte suspension on the characteristics and biological properties of thin titania-based coatings produced on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Detailed morphological investigation of the coatings formed by a single-stage PEO process with two-step control of the electrical parameters was performed using the Minkowski functionals approach. The surface chemistry was studied by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whereas mechanical properties were evaluated using scratch tests. The biological assessment included in vitro evaluation of the coating bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) as well as studies of spreading, proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The results demonstrated that both HA micro- and nanoparticles were successfully incorporated in the coatings but had different effects on their surface morphology and elemental distributions. The micro-particles formed an irregular surface morphology featuring interpenetrated networks of fine pores and coating material, whereas the nanoparticles penetrated deeper into the coating matrix which retained major morphological features of the porous TiO2 coating. All coatings suffered cohesive failure in scratch tests, but no adhesive failure was observed; moreover doping with HA increased the coating scratch resistance. In vitro tests in SBF revealed enhanced bioactivity of both HA-doped PEO coatings; furthermore, the cell proliferation/morphometric tests showed their good biocompatibility. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a well-organised actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions in MC3T3-E1 cells cultivated on these substrates. The cell alkaline phosphatase activity in the presence of ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate was significantly increased, especially in HA nanoparticle-doped coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Yeung
- University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK. ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1142 225970
| | - I V Sukhorukova
- National University of Science and Technology 'MISiS', Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - D V Shtansky
- National University of Science and Technology 'MISiS', Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - E A Levashov
- National University of Science and Technology 'MISiS', Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - I Y Zhitnyak
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre, Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - N A Gloushankova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre, Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | | | - M I Petrzhik
- National University of Science and Technology 'MISiS', Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - A Matthews
- University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK. ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1142 225970; University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Yerokhin
- University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK. ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1142 225970; National University of Science and Technology 'MISiS', Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
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Sukhorukova IV, Sheveyko AN, Kiryukhantsev-Korneev PV, Zhitnyak IY, Gloushankova NA, Denisenko EA, Filippovich SY, Ignatov SG, Shtansky DV. Toward bioactive yet antibacterial surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:158-165. [PMID: 26255161 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of antibacterial yet biocompatible and bioactive surfaces is a challenge that biological and biomedical community has faced for many years, while no "dream material" has been developed so far. The primary goal of this study was to establish an optimal range of Ag concentration and its state of agglomeration in bioactive nanocomposite TiCaPCON films which would provide a strong bactericidal effect without compromising the material biocompatibility and bioactivity. To obtain samples with different Ag content and redistribution, two different methods were employed: (i) TiCaPCON films deposition by magnetron sputtering of composite TiС0.5-Ca3(РО4)2 target followed by Ag(+) ion implantation and (ii) Ag-doped TiCaPCON films obtained by co-sputtering of composite TiС0.5-Ca3(РО4)2 and Ag targets. In order to reveal the antibacterial role of Ag nanoparticles and Ag(+) ions, both separate and in synergy, part of the samples from the first and second groups was subjected to additional ion etching to remove an Ag rich surface layer heavily populated with Ag nanoparticles. All resultant films were characterized with respect to surface morphology, chemical composition, surface roughness, wettability, and Ag(+) ion release. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of the Ag-doped TiCaPCON films were evaluated against clinically isolated Escherichia coli O78 (E. coli) and Neurospora crassa wt-987 spores. The influence of the surface chemistry on spreading, proliferation, and early stages of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell differentiation was also studied. Our data demonstrated that under optimal conditions in terms of Ag content and agglomeration, the Ag-doped TiCaPCON films are highly efficient against E. coli bacteria and, at the same time, provide good adhesion, spreading, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells which reflect high level of biocompatibility and bioactivity of the films. The influence of Ag(+) ions and nanoparticles on the MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and E. coli bacteria is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Sukhorukova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.
| | - A N Sheveyko
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | | | - I Y Zhitnyak
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre of RAMS, Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - N A Gloushankova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre of RAMS, Kashirskoe shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - E A Denisenko
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region 142279, Russia
| | | | - S G Ignatov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region 142279, Russia; Moscow State University, Department of Geocryology, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - D V Shtansky
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.
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