Acetylcholine synergizes with netrin-1 to drive persistent firing in the entorhinal cortex

The ability of the mammalian brain to maintain spatial representations of external or internal information for short periods of time has been associated with sustained neuronal spiking and reverberatory neural network activity in the medial entorhinal cortex. Here, we show that conditional genetic deletion of netrin-1 or the netrin receptor deleted-in-colorectal cancer (DCC) from forebrain excitatory neurons leads to deficits in short-term spatial memory. We then demonstrate that conditional deletion of either netrin-1 or DCC inhibits cholinergic persistent firing and show that cholinergic activation of muscarinic receptors expressed by entorhinal cortical neurons promotes persistent firing by recruiting DCC to the plasma membrane. Together, these findings indicate that normal short-term spatial memory function requires the synergistic actions of acetylcholine and netrin-1.

Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma and lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Case report for a new perspective on Richter syndrome

RATIONALE

Richter syndrome (RS) defines the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into a more aggressive lymphoma. Although the term RS is most often reserved for transformation of CLL into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and less frequently Hodgkin lymphoma , the list of cases with more variable presentations in the literature is growing.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 71-year-old Caucasian man initially consulted an otolaryngologist for a 1-year history of nasal congestion.

DIAGNOSES

The asynchronous occurrence of 2 rare angiocentric Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoproliferative disorders in a patient with CLL, specifically clonally related lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG), and an extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, are described herein.

INTERVENTIONS

Radiation therapy and a regimen of cis-platinum were administered for the NK/T cell lymphoma, and ibrutinib for LYG.

OUTCOMES

The patient remains in complete clinical remission 8 years after the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and recurrent extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, and 2 years after the diagnosis of clonally related LYG.

LESSONS

Although the precise pathogenesis of RS remains incompletely understood, various molecular alterations, in particular long-term immunosuppression, may lead to RS, similar to the causal link existing between non-Hodgkin lymphomas and HIV infection, and post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. EBV infection is linked to the pathogenesis of several types of lymphomas and found in a subset of patients with RS; immunosuppression, in the context of CLL or other pathological conditions or pharmacological agents, can disrupt the fine balance between virus and the host immune system, and result in EBV-driven lymphoproliferations of B-, T-, or NK-cell origin. The findings of our literature review thus suggest that such non-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma , non-Hodgkin lymphoma CLL transformations, may be considered as rare variants of RS.

Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions

The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.

Netrin-1-Regulated Distribution of UNC5B and DCC in Live Cells Revealed by TICCS

Netrins are secreted proteins that direct cell migration and adhesion during development. Netrin-1 binds its receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and the UNC5 homologs (UNC5A-D) to activate downstream signaling that ultimately directs cytoskeletal reorganization. To investigate how netrin-1 regulates the dynamic distribution of DCC and UNC5 homologs, we applied fluorescence confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, and sliding window temporal image cross correlation spectroscopy, to measure time profiles of the plasma membrane distribution, aggregation state, and interaction fractions of fluorescently tagged netrin receptors expressed in HEK293T cells. Our measurements reveal changes in receptor aggregation that are consistent with netrin-1-induced recruitment of DCC-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Netrin-1 also induced colocalization of coexpressed full-length DCC-EGFP with DCC-T-mCherry, a putative DCC dominant negative that replaces the DCC intracellular domain with mCherry, consistent with netrin-1-induced receptor oligomerization, but with no change in aggregation state with time, providing evidence that signaling via the DCC intracellular domain triggers DCC recruitment to the plasma membrane. UNC5B expressed alone was also recruited by netrin-1 to the plasma membrane. Coexpressed DCC and UNC5 homologs are proposed to form a heteromeric netrin-receptor complex to mediate a chemorepellent response. Application of temporal image cross correlation spectroscopy to image series of cells coexpressing UNC5B-mCherry and DCC-EGFP revealed a netrin-1-induced increase in colocalization, with both receptors recruited to the plasma membrane from preexisting clusters, consistent with vesicular recruitment and receptor heterooligomerization. Plasma membrane recruitment of DCC or UNC5B was blocked by application of the netrin-1 VI-V peptide, which fails to activate chemoattraction, or by pharmacological block of Src family kinase signaling, consistent with receptor recruitment requiring netrin-1-activated signaling. Our findings reveal a mechanism activated by netrin-1 that recruits DCC and UNC5B to the plasma membrane.