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Martusevich A, Kornev R, Ermakov A, Gornushkin I, Nazarov V, Shabarova L, Shkrunin V. Spectroscopy of Laser-Induced Dielectric Breakdown Plasma in Mixtures of Air with Inert Gases Ar, He, Kr, and Xe. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:932. [PMID: 36679728 PMCID: PMC9865220 DOI: 10.3390/s23020932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The generation of ozone and nitrogen oxides by laser-induced dielectric breakdown (LIDB) in mixtures of air with noble gases Ar, He, Kr, and Xe is investigated using OES and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and absorption spectrophotometry. It is shown that the formation of NO and NO2 noticeably depends on the type of inert gas; the more complex electronic configuration and the lower ionization potential of the inert gas led to increased production of NO and NO2. The formation of ozone occurs mainly due to the photolytic reaction outside the gas discharge zone. Equilibrium thermodynamic analysis showed that the formation of NO in mixtures of air with inert gases does not depend on the choice of an inert gas, while the equilibrium concentration of the NO+ ion decreases with increasing complexity of the electronic configuration of an inert gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martusevich
- Laboratory of Translational Free Radical Biomedicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Roman Kornev
- Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Artur Ermakov
- Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Igor Gornushkin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir Nazarov
- Laboratory of Translational Free Radical Biomedicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lyubov Shabarova
- Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Shkrunin
- Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Képeš E, Gornushkin I, Pořízka P, Kaiser J. Spatiotemporal spectroscopic characterization of plasmas induced by non-orthogonal laser ablation. Analyst 2021; 146:920-929. [PMID: 33241792 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01996h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ablation geometry significantly affects the plasma parameters and the consequent spectroscopic observations in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Nevertheless, plasmas induced by laser ablation under inclined incidence angles are studied to a significantly lesser extent compared to plasmas induced by standard orthogonal ablation. However, inclined ablation is prominent in stand-off applications, such as the Curiosity Mars rover, where the orthogonality of the ablation laser pulse cannot be always secured. Thus, in this work, we characterize non-orthogonal ablation plasmas by applying plasma imaging, tomography, and spectral measurements. We confirm earlier observations according to which non-orthogonal ablation leads to a laser-induced plasma that consists of two distinct parts: one expanding primarily along the incident laser pulse and one expanding along the normal of the sample surface. Moreover, we confirm that the former emits mainly continuum radiation, while the latter emits mainly sample-specific characteristic radiation. We further investigate and compare the homogeneity of the plasmas and report that inclined ablation affects principally the ionic emissivity of laser-induced plasmas. Overall, our results imply that the decreased fluence resulting from inclined angle ablation and the resulting inhomogeneities of the plasmas must be considered for quantitative LIBS employing non-orthogonal ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Képeš
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Képeš E, Gornushkin I, Pořízka P, Kaiser J. Tomography of double-pulse laser-induced plasmas in the orthogonal geometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:1-11. [PMID: 33070845 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The temporal evolution of laser-induced plasmas is studied in the orthogonal double-pulse arrangement. Both the pre-ablation mode (an air spark is induced above the sample surface prior to the ablation pulse) and the re-heating mode (additional energy is delivered into the plasma created by the ablation pulse) is considered. The plasmas are investigated in terms of the temporal evolution of their electron density, temperature, and volume. The plasma volumes are determined using a time-resolved tomography technique based on the Radon transformation. The reconstruction is carried out for both white-light and band-pass filtered emissivities. The white-light reconstruction corresponds to the overall size of the plasmas. On the other hand, the band-pass emissivity reconstruction shows the distribution of the atomic sample species (Cu I). Moreover, through spectrally resolved tomographic reconstruction, the spatial homogeneity of the electron density and temperature of the plasmas is also investigated at various horizontal slices of the plasmas. Our results show that the pre-ablation geometry yields a more temporally stable and spatially uniform plasma, which could be beneficial for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) approaches. On the contrary, the plasma generated in the re-heating geometry exhibits significant variations in electron density and temperature along its vertical axis. Overall, our results shed further light on the mechanisms involved in the LIBS signal enhancement using double-pulse ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Képeš
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Igor Gornushkin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavel Pořízka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Glaus R, Gornushkin I, Nagli L. Stimulated emission in aluminum laser-induced plasma: an experimental study. Appl Opt 2017; 56:3699-3702. [PMID: 28463254 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stimulated emission (SE) in aluminum laser-induced plasma pumped in resonance with the 3s23p-3s24s aluminum transition at 266.04 nm is investigated experimentally. It is shown that the population inversion between the 3s23p and 3s24s states can be created by weak pumping at several microjoule to millijoule pulse energies and result in high gain. The intensity of the SE at 396.15 nm is related to the number density of Al atoms via absorption measurements. It is found that the SE in forward and backward directions with respect to the pumping laser is different in terms of the line shape and intensity that is attributed to inhomogeneity in a gain coefficient across the plasma plume.
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Bierstedt A, Kersten H, Glaus R, Gornushkin I, Panne U, Riedel J. Characterization of an Airborne Laser-Spark Ion Source for Ambient Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3437-3444. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bierstedt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und −prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- University Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse
20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Reto Glaus
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und −prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Gornushkin
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und −prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und −prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und −prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Gornushkin I, Glaus R, Nagli L. Stimulated emission in aluminum laser-induced plasma: kinetic model of population inversion. Appl Opt 2017; 56:695-701. [PMID: 28157933 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The stimulated emission (SE) in aluminum laser-induced plasma pumped in resonance with the 3s23p-3s24s aluminum transition at 266.04 nm is modeled. A collisional-radiative plasma model based on kinetic equations is proposed to explain the creation of the population inversion and lasing. The model predicts fast depopulation of the ground 3s23p state by the absorption of resonant laser light at 266 nm and very fast population of the excited 3s24s state by the cascade transitions from the laser-pumped level, which is driven optically and by collisions. The SE of the 3s23p-3s24s transition at 396.15 nm is studied and possible SE at 1.3 and 2.1 μm is predicted. It is confirmed by calculations that the population inversion between the 3s23p and 3s24s states can be created by weak pumping at several microjoule-millijoule pulse energies and results in high gain.
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Glaus R, Riedel J, Gornushkin I. Insight into the Formation of Molecular Species in Laser-Induced Plasma of Isotopically Labeled Organic Samples. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10131-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Glaus
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Gornushkin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Pořízka P, Klessen B, Kaiser J, Gornushkin I, Panne U, Riedel J. High repetition rate laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using acousto-optically gated detection. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:073104. [PMID: 25085124 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This contribution introduces a new type of setup for fast sample analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The novel design combines a high repetition rate laser (up to 50 kHz) as excitation source and an acousto-optical modulator (AOM) as a fast switch for temporally gating the detection of the emitted light. The plasma radiation is led through the active medium of the AOM where it is diffracted on the transient ultrasonic Bragg grid. The diffracted radiation is detected by a compact Czerny-Turner spectrometer equipped with a CCD line detector. Utilizing the new combination of high repetition rate lasers and AOM gated detection, rapid measurements with total integration times of only 10 ms resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 wt.% for magnesium in aluminum alloys. This short integration time corresponds to 100 analyses/s. Temporal gating of LIP radiation results in improved LODs and consecutively higher sensitivity of the LIBS setup. Therefore, an AOM could be beneficially utilized to temporally detect plasmas induced by high repetition rate lasers. The AOM in combination with miniaturized Czerny-Turner spectrometers equipped with CCD line detectors and small footprint diode pumped solid state lasers results in temporally gateable compact LIBS setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Pořízka
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Klessen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, TechnickᲠ2896/2, 61669 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Gornushkin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Nagli L, Gaft M, Gornushkin I. Fraunhofer-type absorption lines in double-pulse laser-induced plasma. Appl Opt 2012; 51:B201-B212. [PMID: 22410920 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.00b201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the confocal double-pulse laser-induced plasma in the very beginning of its life. It was found that the second laser pulse fired 0.7 to 5 µs after the first pulse produces plasma which, during the first 0 to 20 ns, resembles solar configuration. There is a very hot and compact plasma core that radiates a broad continuum spectrum and a much larger and cooler outer shell. The light from the hot core passes through the cold outer shell and is partly absorbed by atoms and ions that are in ground (or close to ground) states. This produces absorption lines that are similar to Fraunhofer lines observed in the sun spectrum. The possibility to use these absorption lines for new direct and calibration free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analytical applications, both in laboratory and industrial conditions, is proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Nagli
- Laser Distance Spectrometry, 11 Granit Street, Petach Tikva 49514, Israel.
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Gaft M, Nagli L, Gornushkin I, Groisman Y. Doubly ionized ion emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in air. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3229-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nagli L, Gaft M, Gornushkin I. Comparison of single and double-pulse excitation during the earliest stage of laser induced plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3207-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dickinson DN, La Duc MT, Haskins WE, Gornushkin I, Winefordner JD, Powell DH, Venkateswaran K. Species differentiation of a diverse suite of Bacillus spores by mass spectrometry-based protein profiling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:475-82. [PMID: 14711677 PMCID: PMC321296 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.1.475-482.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the versatility of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) protein profiling for the species differentiation of a diverse suite of Bacillus spores. MALDI-TOFMS protein profiles of 11 different strains of Bacillus spores, encompassing nine different species, were evaluated. Bacillus species selected for MALDI-TOFMS analysis represented the spore-forming bacterial diversity of typical class 100K clean room spacecraft assembly facilities. A one-step sample treatment and MALDI-TOFMS preparation were used to minimize the sample preparation time. A library of MALDI-TOFMS spectra was created from these nine Bacillus species, the most diverse protein profiling study of the genus reported to date. Linear correlation analysis was used to successfully differentiate the MALDI-TOFMS protein profiles from all strains evaluated in this study. The MALDI-TOFMS protein profiles were compared with 16S rDNA sequences for their bacterial systematics and molecular phylogenetic affiliations. The MALDI-TOFMS profiles were found to be complementary to the 16S rDNA analysis. Proteomic studies of Bacillus subtilis 168 were pursued to identify proteins represented by the biomarker peaks in the MALDI-TOFMS spectrum. Four small, acid-soluble proteins (A, B, C, and D), one DNA binding protein, hypothetical protein ymf J, and four proteins associated with the spore coat and spore coat formation (coat JB, coat F, coat T, and spoIVA) were identified. The ability to visualize higher-molecular-mass coat proteins (10 to 25 kDa) as well as smaller proteins (<10 kDa) with MALDI-TOFMS profiling is critical for the complete and effective species differentiation of the Bacillus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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