Cytosine-to-uracil deamination by SssI DNA methyltransferase

The prokaryotic DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferase M.SssI shares the specificity of eukaryotic DNA methyltransferases (CG) and is an important model and experimental tool in the study of eukaryotic DNA methylation. Previously, M.SssI was shown to be able to catalyze deamination of the target cytosine to uracil if the methyl donor S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) was missing from the reaction. To test whether this side-activity of the enzyme can be used to distinguish between unmethylated and C5-methylated cytosines in CG dinucleotides, we re-investigated, using a sensitive genetic reversion assay, the cytosine deaminase activity of M.SssI. Confirming previous results we showed that M.SssI can deaminate cytosine to uracil in a slow reaction in the absence of SAM and that the rate of this reaction can be increased by the SAM analogue 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine. We could not detect M.SssI-catalyzed deamination of C5-methylcytosine ((m5)C). We found conditions where the rate of M.SssI mediated C-to-U deamination was at least 100-fold higher than the rate of (m5)C-to-T conversion. Although this difference in reactivities suggests that the enzyme could be used to identify C5-methylated cytosines in the epigenetically important CG dinucleotides, the rate of M.SssI mediated cytosine deamination is too low to become an enzymatic alternative to the bisulfite reaction. Amino acid replacements in the presumed SAM binding pocket of M.SssI (F17S and G19D) resulted in greatly reduced methyltransferase activity. The G19D variant showed cytosine deaminase activity in E. coli, at physiological SAM concentrations. Interestingly, the C-to-U deaminase activity was also detectable in an E. coli ung (+) host proficient in uracil excision repair.

The type II restriction endonuclease MvaI has dual specificity

The MvaI restriction endonuclease cuts 5′-CC↓AGG-3′/5′-CC↑TGG-3′ sites as indicated by the arrows. N4-methylation of the inner cytosines (C^m4CAGG/C^m4CTGG) protects the site against MvaI cleavage. Here, we show that MvaI nicks the G-strand of the related sequence (CCGGG/CCCGG, BcnI site) if the inner cytosines are C5-methylated: C^m5C↓GGG/CC^m5CGG. At M.SssI-methylated SmaI sites, where two oppositely oriented methylated BcnI sites partially overlap, double-nicking leads to double-strand cleavage (CC^m5C↓GGG/CC^m5C↑GGG) generating fragments with blunt ends. The double-strand cleavage rate and the stringency of substrate site recognition is lower at the methylation-dependent site than at the canonical target site. MvaI is the first restriction endonuclease shown to possess, besides the ‘normal’ activity on its unmethylated recognition site, also a methylation-directed activity on a different sequence.