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Aravind I, Wang YY, Wang Y, Li R, Cai Z, Zhao B, Zhang B, Weng S, Shahriar R, Cronin SB. Photoexcited Hot Electron Catalysis in Plasmon-Resonant Grating Structures with Platinum, Nickel, and Ruthenium Coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:17393-17400. [PMID: 38563348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report the electrochemical potential dependence of photocatalysis produced by hot electrons in plasmon-resonant grating structures. Here, corrugated metal surfaces with a period of 520 nm are illuminated with 785 nm wavelength laser light swept as a function of incident angle. At incident angles corresponding to plasmon-resonant excitation, we observe sharp peaks in the electrochemical photocurrent and dips in the photoreflectance consistent with the conditions under which there is wavevector matching between the incident light and the spacing between the lines in the grating. In addition to the bare plasmonic metal surface (i.e., Au), which is catalytically inert, we have measured grating structures with a thin layer of Pt, Ru, and Ni catalyst coatings. For the bare Au grating, we observe that the plasmon-resonant photocurrent remains relatively featureless over the applied potential range from -0.8 to +1.2 V vs NHE. For the Pt-coated grating, we observe a sharp peak around -0.3 V vs NHE, three times larger than the bare Au grating, and near complete suppression of the oxidation half-reaction, reflecting the reducing nature of Pt as a good hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst. The photocurrent associated with the Pt-coated grating is less noisy and produces higher photocurrents than the bare Au grating due to the faster kinetics (i.e., charge transfer) associated with the Pt-coated surface. The plasmon-resonant grating structures enable us to compare plasmon-resonant excitation with that of bulk metal interband absorption simply by rotating the polarization of the light while leaving all other parameters of the experiment fixed (i.e., wavelength, potential, electrochemical solution, sample surface, etc.). A 64X plasmon-resonant enhancement (i.e., p-to-s polarized photocurrent ratio) is observed for the Pt-coated grating compared to 28X for the bare grating. The nickel-coated grating shows an increase in the hot-electron photocurrent enhancement in both oxidation and reduction half-reactions. Similarly, Ru-coated gratings show an increase in hot-electron photocurrents in the oxidation half-reaction compared to the bare Au grating. Plasmon-resonant enhancement factors of 36X and 15X are observed in the p-to-s polarized photocurrent ratio for the Ni and Ru gratings, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yu Yun Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhi Cai
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bofan Zhao
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sizhe Weng
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Rifat Shahriar
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Cai Z, Weinstein H, Aravind I, Li R, Weng S, Zhang B, Habif JL, Cronin SB. Dynamic Study of Intercalation/Deintercalation of Ionic Liquids in Multilayer Graphene Using an Alternating Current Raman Spectroscopy Technique. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7223-7228. [PMID: 37552573 PMCID: PMC10440811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
We report Raman spectra and infrared (IR) imaging collected during the intercalation-deintercalation half cycles in a multilayer graphene (MLG) device (∼100 layers) operating at 0.2-10 Hz. The device consists of a MLG/alumina membrane/copper stack, in which the alumina membrane is filled with ionic liquid [DEME][TFSI], forming an electrochemical cell. Upon the application of a positive voltage, the TFSI- anions intercalate into the interstitial spaces in the MLG. The incident laser light is modulated using an optical chopper wheel that is synchronized with (and delayed with respect to) a 0.2-10 Hz alternating current (AC) voltage signal. Raman spectra taken just 200 ms apart show the emergence and disappearance of the intercalated G band mode at around 1610 cm-1. By integration of over hundreds of cycles, a significant Raman signal can be obtained. The intercalation/deintercalation is also monitored with thermal imaging via voltage-induced changes in the carrier density, complex dielectric function ε(ω), and thermal emissivity of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cai
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Haley Weinstein
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Indu Aravind
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sizhe Weng
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Habif
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephen B. Cronin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Ming
Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Zhang B, Aravind I, Yang S, Weng S, Zhao B, Schroeder C, Schroeder W, Thomas M, Umstattd R, Singleton D, Sanders J, Jung H, Cronin SB. Plasma-enhanced electrostatic precipitation of diesel exhaust particulates using nanosecond high voltage pulse discharge for mobile source emission control. Sci Total Environ 2022; 851:158181. [PMID: 35988598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study reports enhancement in the electrostatic precipitation (ESP) of diesel engine exhaust particulates using high voltage nanosecond pulse discharge in conjunction with a negative direct current (DC) bias voltage. The high voltage (20 kV) nanosecond pulses produce ion densities that are several orders of magnitude higher than those in the corona produced by a standard DC-only ESP. This plasma-enhanced electrostatic precipitator (PE-ESP) demonstrated 95 % remediation of PM and consumes less than 1 % of the engine power (i.e., 37 kW diesel engine at 75 % load). While the DC-only ESP remediation increases linearly with applied voltage, the plasma-enhanced ESP remains approximately constant over the applied range of negative DC biases. Numerical simulations of the PE-ESP process agree with the DC-only experimental results and enable us to verify the charge-based mechanism of enhancement provided by the nanosecond high voltage pulse plasma. Two different reactor configurations with different flow rates yielded the same remediation values despite one having half the flow rate of the other. This indicates that the reactor can be made even smaller without sacrificing performance. Here, this study finds that the plasma enhancement enables high remediation values at low DC voltages and smaller ESP reactors to be made with high remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Zhang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sisi Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sizhe Weng
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bofan Zhao
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christi Schroeder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - William Schroeder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark Thomas
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Ryan Umstattd
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Dan Singleton
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Jason Sanders
- Transient Plasma Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA 90501, USA
| | - Heejung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Aravind I, Cai Z, Shen L, Zhang B, Wang B, Chen J, Zhao B, Shi H, Dawlaty JM, Cronin SB. In Situ Investigation of Ultrafast Dynamics of Hot Electron-Driven Photocatalysis in Plasmon-Resonant Grating Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3517-3526. [PMID: 35188777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relaxation and injection dynamics of hot electrons is crucial to utilizing them in photocatalytic applications. While most studies have focused on hot carrier dynamics at metal/semiconductor interfaces, we study the in situ dynamics of direct hot electron injection from metal to adsorbates. Here, we report a hot electron-driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by exciting the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in Au grating photoelectrodes. In situ ultrafast transient absorption (TA) measurements show a depletion peak resulting from hot electrons. When the sample is immersed in solution under -1 V applied potential, the extracted electron-phonon interaction time decreases from 0.94 to 0.67 ps because of additional energy dissipation channels. The LSPR TA signal is redshifted with delay time because of charge transfer and subsequent change in the dielectric constant of nearby solution. Plateau-like photocurrent peaks appear when exciting a 266 nm linewidth grating with p-polarized (on resonance) light, accompanied by a similar profile in the measured absorptance. Double peaks in the photocurrent measurement are observed when irradiating a 300 nm linewidth grating. The enhancement factor (i.e., reaction rate) is 15.6× between p-polarized and s-polarized light for the 300 nm linewidth grating and 4.4× for the 266 nm linewidth grating. Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations show two resonant modes for both grating structures, corresponding to dipolar LSPR modes at the metal/fused silica and metal/water interfaces. To our knowledge, this is the first work in which LSPR-induced hot electron-driven photochemistry and in situ photoexcited carrier dynamics are studied on the same plasmon resonance structure with and without adsorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhi Cai
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Lang Shen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jihan Chen
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bofan Zhao
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Haotian Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Li S, Zhao B, Aguirre A, Wang Y, Li R, Yang S, Aravind I, Cai Z, Chen R, Jensen L, Cronin SB. Monitoring Reaction Intermediates in Plasma-Driven SO 2, NO, and NO 2 Remediation Chemistry Using In Situ SERS Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6421-6427. [PMID: 33855854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is used to identify the key reaction intermediates during the plasma-based removal of NO and SO2 under dry and wet conditions on Ag nanoparticles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to confirm the experimental observations by calculating the vibrational modes of the surface-bound intermediate species. Here, we provide spectroscopic evidence that the wet plasma increases the SO2 and the NOx removal through the formation of highly reactive OH radicals, driving the reactions to H2SO4 and HNO3, respectively. We observed the formation of SO3 and SO4 species in the SO2 wet-plasma-driven remediation, while in the dry plasma, we only identified SO3 adsorbed on the Ag surface. During the removal of NO in the dry and wet plasma, both NO2 and NO3 species were observed on the Ag surface; however, the concentration of NO3 species was enhanced under wet-plasma conditions. By closing the loop between the experimental and DFT-calculated spectra, we identified not only the adsorbed species associated with each peak in the SERS spectra but also their orientation and adsorption site, providing a detailed atomistic picture of the chemical reaction pathway and surface interaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Li
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial & System Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bofan Zhao
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alejo Aguirre
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Güemes 3450, S3000GLN Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Yu Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial & System Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial & System Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sisi Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhi Cai
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Wang Y, Hamann DM, Cordova DLM, Chen J, Wang B, Shen L, Cai Z, Shi H, Karapetrova E, Aravind I, Shi L, Johnson DC, Cronin SB. Enhanced Low-Temperature Thermoelectric Performance in (PbSe) 1+δ(VSe 2) 1 Heterostructures due to Highly Correlated Electrons in Charge Density Waves. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8008-8014. [PMID: 33095023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of charge density wave (CDW) on the in-plane thermoelectric transport properties of (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)1 and (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)2 heterostructures. In (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)1 we observe an abrupt 86% increase in the Seebeck coefficient, 245% increase in the power factor, and a slight decrease in resistivity over the CDW transition. This behavior is not observed in (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)2 and is rather unusual compared to the general trend observed in other materials. The abrupt transition causes a deviation from the Mott relationship through correlated electron states. Raman spectra of the (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)1 material show the emergence of additional peaks below the CDW transition temperature associated with VSe2 material. Temperature-dependent in-plane X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra show a change in the in-plane thermal expansion of VSe2 in (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)1 due to lattice distortion. The increase in the power factor and decrease in the resistivity due to CDW suggest a potential mechanism for enhancing the thermoelectric performance at the low temperature region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle M Hamann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Dmitri Leo M Cordova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Evguenia Karapetrova
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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Wang Y, Aravind I, Cai Z, Shen L, Gibson GN, Chen J, Wang B, Shi H, Song B, Guignon E, Cady NC, Page WD, Pilar A, Cronin SB. Hot Electron Driven Photocatalysis on Plasmon-Resonant Grating Nanostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:17459-17465. [PMID: 32212673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the hot electron injection of photoexcited carriers in an Ag-based plasmon resonant grating structure. By varying the incident angle of irradiation, sharp dips are observed in the reflectance with p-polarized light (electric field perpendicular to grating lines) when there is wavevector matching between the incident light and the plasmon resonant modes of the grating and no angle dependence is observed with s-polarized light. This configuration enables us to compare photoelectrochemical current produced by plasmon resonant excitation with that of bulk metal interband absorption simply by rotating the polarization of the incident light while keeping all other parameters of the measurement fixed. With 633 nm light, we observed a 12-fold enhancement in the photocurrent (i.e., reaction rate) between resonant and nonresonant polarizations at incident angles of ±7.6° from normal. At 785 nm irradiation, we observed similar resonant profiles to those obtained with 633 nm wavelength light but with a 44-fold enhancement factor. Using 532 nm light, we observed two resonant peaks (with approximately 10× enhancement) in the photocurrent at 19.4° and 28.0° incident angles, each corresponding to higher order modes in the grating with more nodes per period. The lower enhancement factors observed at shorter wavelengths are attributed to interband transitions, which provide a damping mechanism for the plasmon resonance. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations of these grating structures confirm the resonant profiles observed in the angle-dependent spectra of these gratings and provide a detailed picture of the electric field profiles on and off resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - George N Gibson
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Ciencia Inc., East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernest Guignon
- Ciencia Inc., East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Nathaniel C Cady
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - William D Page
- Ciencia Inc., East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Arturo Pilar
- Ciencia Inc., East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
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Aravind I, Albert P, Ranganathaiah C, Kurian J, Thomas S. Compatibilizing effect of EPM-g-MA in EPDM/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) incompatible blends. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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