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Montealegre JR, Varier I, Bracamontes CG, Dillon LM, Guillaud M, Sikora AG, Follen M, Adler-Storthz K, Scheurer ME. Racial/ethnic variation in the prevalence of vaccine-related human papillomavirus genotypes. Ethn Health 2019; 24:804-815. [PMID: 28870103 PMCID: PMC6185800 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1373073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: There are currently three licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines that protect against cervical cancer. Here we compare the prevalence of bi-, quadri-, and nonavalent vaccine-related HPV genotypes in a multi-ethnic sample of non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and Asian women. Design: Patients in this analysis (n = 419) represent a subset of women with a previous abnormal Pap test participating in a clinical trial. HPV genotyping was conducted using the Roche Linear Array. Prevalent HPV genotypes were grouped according to their inclusion in each of the vaccines: bivalent (16, 18), quadrivalent (16, 18, 6, 11), and nonavalent (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, 6, 11). Results: The prevalence of HPV genotypes covered by the bi-/quadrivalent vaccines was lowest among non-Hispanic black (15%) and Hispanic women (20%), compared to non-Hispanic white (38%) and Asian women (38%). Across all racial/ethnic groups, a large proportion of infections (38%-49%) were with genotypes included in the nonavalent vaccine. However, the prevalence of HPV genotypes not covered by any vaccine was significantly higher among non-Hispanic black (36%) and Hispanic women (42%), compared to non-Hispanic white (24%) and Asian women (16%) (p < 0.001). Racial/ethnic differences in HPV genotype prevalence were observed when controlling for demographic and sexual behavior characteristics, as well as when restricting the analysis to women with CIN 2+. Conclusion: Our data suggest racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of vaccine-related HPV genotypes. In particular, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women had the lowest prevalence of HPV genotypes covered by the bi-/quadrivalent vaccines. While a large proportion of their infections were covered by the nonavalent vaccine, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women also had the highest prevalence of HPV genotypes not covered by any vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R. Montealegre
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Indu Varier
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Laura M. Dillon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Martial Guillaud
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michele Follen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Karen Adler-Storthz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael E. Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Krupar R, Hautmann MG, Pathak RR, Varier I, McLaren C, Gaag D, Hellerbrand C, Evert M, Laban S, Idel C, Sandulache V, Perner S, Bosserhoff AK, Sikora AG. Immunometabolic Determinants of Chemoradiotherapy Response and Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2017; 188:72-83. [PMID: 29107073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor immune microenvironment and tumor metabolism are major determinants of chemoradiotherapy response. The interdependency and prognostic significance of specific immune and metabolic phenotypes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were assessed and changes in reactive oxygen species were evaluated as a mechanism of treatment response in tumor spheroid/immunocyte co-cultures. Pretreatment tumor biopsies were immunohistochemically characterized in 73 HNSCC patients treated by definitive chemoradiotherapy and correlated with survival. The prognostic significance of CD8A, GLUT1, and COX5B gene expression was analyzed within The Cancer Genome Atlas database. HNSCC spheroids were co-cultured in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose and radiation treatment followed by PBMC chemotaxis determination via fluorescence microscopy. In the chemoradiotherapy-treated HNSCC cohort, mitochondrial-rich (COX5B) metabolism correlated with increased and glucose-dependent (GLUT1) metabolism with decreased intratumoral CD8/CD4 ratios. High CD8/CD4, together with mitochondrial-rich or glucose-independent metabolism, was associated with improved short-term survival. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis confirmed that patients with a favorable immune and metabolic gene signature (high CD8A, high COX5B, low GLUT1) had improved short- and long-term survival. In vitro, 2-deoxyglucose and radiation synergistically up-regulated reactive oxygen species-dependent PBMC chemotaxis to HNSCC spheroids. These results suggest that glucose-independent tumor metabolism is associated with CD8-dominant antitumor immune infiltrate, and together, these contribute to improved chemoradiotherapy response in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Krupar
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Matthias G Hautmann
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ravi R Pathak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Indu Varier
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cassandra McLaren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Doris Gaag
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Idel
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vlad Sandulache
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Liu YCC, Varier I, Ongkasuwan J. Use of Audiometric Measurement for Assessment of Vocal-Fold Function in Postextubation Infants. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 143:908-911. [PMID: 28662238 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Infants with vocal-fold motion impairment (VFMI) have an increased risk of aspiration and pulmonary complications. Flexible nasolaryngoscopy (FNL) is the gold standard for evaluation of vocal-fold mobility. Although safe, FNL causes measurable physiologic changes. Noxious stimuli, especially in neonates in the cardiovascular intensive care unit, may cause imbalance between the pulmonary and systemic circulations and potentially circulatory collapse. Objective To examine whether bedside measurement of infant cry volume using a smartphone application can be a screening tool for vocal-fold movement in FNL. Design, Study, and Participants This case-control study performed from December 1, 2013, through January 31, 2015, included 42 infants in the intensive care unit at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient cry volume in decibels was recorded using a smartphone application placed 12 in from their mouth. Results Forty-two infants were identified at the intensive care unit (median age, 33 days; 20 [48%] female and 22 [52%] male), 21 with VFMI and 21 without, based on FNL findings. A statistically significant difference was found in the mean cry volume of infants with (76.60 dB) and without (85.72 dB) VFMI. The absolute difference in the mean cry volume was 9.12 dB (95% CI, 2.74-15.50 dB). A cry volume of 90 dB or greater had a sensitivity of 90.4% (95% CI, 71%-97%) for identification of normal vocal-fold mobility. A cry volume of 75 dB or less had a specificity of 90.5% (95% CI, 71%-97%) for the identification of VFMI. The mean (SE) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.721 (0.080) (95% CI, 0.565-0.877). The cry volume, however, was not a good screen for aspiration. Conclusions and Relevance Bedside measurement of the cry volume with a smartphone application can be used by untrained health care professionals to screen patients for further evaluation of vocal-fold mobility using FNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Carol Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Indu Varier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Julina Ongkasuwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
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Ramer I, Varier I, Zhang D, Demicco EG, Posner MR, Misiukiewicz K, Genden EM, Miles BA, Teng MS, Sikora AG. Racial disparities in incidence of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer in an urban population. Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 44:91-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Varier I, Keeley BR, Krupar R, Patsias A, Dong J, Gupta N, Parasher AK, Genden EM, Miles BA, Teng M, Bakst RL, Gupta V, Misiukiewicz KJ, Chiao EY, Scheurer ME, Laban S, Zhang D, Ye F, Cui M, Demicco EG, Posner MR, Sikora AG. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of oropharyngeal carcinoma related to high-risk non-human papillomavirus16 viral subtypes. Head Neck 2016; 38:1330-7. [PMID: 27080140 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs) are associated with HPV genotype 16; however, OPC can be associated with other high-risk non-HPV16 genotypes. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of patients with high-risk non-HPV16 OPC treated at a single tertiary institution. Sociodemographic and clinical information was obtained by chart review. HPV genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Baseline data and outcomes were compared between HPV16 and high-risk non-HPV16 groups. RESULTS High-risk non-HPV16 genotypes accounted for 9% of HPV-related OPC. Of the 27 total high-risk non-HPV16 OPCs, HPV35 was most prevalent (48%). High-risk non-HPV16 OPC presented at a slightly higher age (p = .021) and higher clinical T classification (p = .008) compared to HPV16 OPC, but there was no significant survival difference. CONCLUSION Clinical characteristics of high-risk non-HPV16 OPC were largely consistent with those of HPV16 OPC. Additional multi-institutional studies will be required to demonstrate conclusively that the favorable prognosis of patients with HPV16 applies to all high-risk HPV types. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1330-1337, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Varier
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brieze R Keeley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Rosemarie Krupar
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexis Patsias
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - Joanna Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Arjun K Parasher
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Genden
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Brett A Miles
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Marita Teng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Richard L Bakst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Vishal Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Y Chiao
- Department of Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Simon Laban
- Head and Neck Cancer Center Ulm, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Icahn school of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Icahn school of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Miao Cui
- Department of Pathology, Icahn school of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | - Marshall R Posner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Varier I, Montealegre JR, Gutierrez CM, Dillon LM, Guillaud M, Storthz KA, Follen M, Sikora AG, Scheurer ME. Abstract PR06: Racial/ethnic variation in the prevalence of vaccine-preventable human papillomavirus genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp15-pr06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The bi- and quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines that have been on the market for ≥ 9 years protect against high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, the two HPV genotypes causally associated with ≥ 70% of cervical cancers. The recent nonavalent vaccine, which became commercially available in 2014, additionally protects against high-risk types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. The quadri- and nonavalent vaccines also protect against low-risk HPV types 6 and 11, which cause genital warts. The objective of this analysis is to compare the prevalence of vaccine-preventable HPV genotypes among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and Asian women and determine the risk of cervical dysplasia (CIN2+) associated with the genotypes covered by each of the vaccines.
Methods: Patients in this analysis represent a subset of those participating in a clinical trial to evaluate new optical technologies for the diagnosis of cervical dysplasia. Trial participants were non-pregnant women, age ≥18 years, with a recent abnormal Pap test and were recruited at participating colposcopy clinics in Houston, El Paso, and Vancouver. As part of the parent trial, a subset of participants provided a biopsy and a cervical swab. Histologic diagnosis was based on biopsies and evaluated by a certified pathologist to represent the histology of the most severe biopsy. HPV genotyping was conducted using the Roche Linear Array. Prevalent HPV types were grouped according to their inclusion in each of the vaccines: bivalent (16, 18), quadrivalent (16, 18, 6, 11), and nonavalent (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, 6, 11). Women were considered to be potentially protected by a particular vaccine if all or some (in the case of multiple infections) type-specific infections were covered by the vaccine. Results for the bi- and quadrivalent vaccines were grouped given the small number of women additionally protected by the quadri- versus bivalent vaccine.
Results: The sample for this analysis (n= 419) is comprised of 206 non-Hispanic white, 39 non-Hispanic Black, 142 Hispanic, and 32 Asian women. The prevalence of HPV genotypes covered by the bi- and quadrivalent vaccines was significantly greater among non-Hispanic white (38.3%) and Asian women (37.5%) compared to non-Hispanic black (15.4%) and Hispanic women (19.7%). The increase in the proportion of women potentially protected by the nonavalent vaccine versus the bi-/quadrivalent vaccine was highest among non-Hispanic blacks (33.3% increase) followed by Hispanics (18.3% increase). However, the prevalence of HPV genotypes not covered by any vaccine was also highest among these racial/ethnic groups. Specifically, 42.3% and 35.9% of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women, respectively, had ≥ 1 genotype not covered by any vaccine, compared to 24.3% and 15.6% among non-Hispanic white and Asian women, respectively. Non-vaccine HPV types were primarily high-risk (68%). Among women with a CIN2+ diagnosis, 37.3% had genotypes included in the bi/quadrivalent vaccine and an additional 46.7% had genotypes included in the nonavalent (but not the bi/quadrivalent) vaccine. However, 16.0% of CIN2+ diagnoses occurred among women with HPV genotypes not covered by any vaccine.
Conclusions: Our data suggest racial/ethnic differences in the proportion of women protected by the new nonavalent HPV vaccine. In particular, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women had the greatest prevalence of HPV types covered by the nonavalent but not the bi-/quadrivalent vaccines. Nonetheless, a large proportion of women from these racial/ethnic groups were infected with genotypes not covered by any vaccine. While HPV 16 and 18 are known to cause most cervical cancers, non-vaccine genotypes were associated with 16% of CIN2+ histology, a diagnosis often requiring significant therapeutic intervention.
This abstract is also presented as Poster C38.
Citation Format: Indu Varier, Jane R. Montealegre, Christina M. Gutierrez, Laura M. Dillon, Martial Guillaud, Karen A. Storthz, Michele Follen, Andrew G. Sikora, Michael E. Scheurer. Racial/ethnic variation in the prevalence of vaccine-preventable human papillomavirus genotypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr PR06.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura M. Dillon
- 3University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,
| | | | - Karen A. Storthz
- 3University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,
| | - Michele Follen
- 5Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, New York, NY
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Jayaraman P, Parikh F, Krupar R, Parihar R, Varier I, Sikora A. Abstract PR005: TGF-beta1 primed myeloid derived suppressor cells decrease tumor growth and lose their ability to inhibit T cell proliferation via iNOS downregulation. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-pr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Myeloid derived suppressor cells or MDSC are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that consist of myeloid progenitor and immature. Cancer-induced pro-inflammatory signals recruit MDSC from the bone marrow and maintain them in an undifferentiated state. MDSCs inhibit T cell proliferation via up regulation of iNOS and ROS thereby suppressing antitumor immune responses. MDSC have also been shown to promote tumor growth by stimulating angiogenesis and other mechanisms. TGF-b1 is a pleiotropic cytokine abundantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment with diverse effects on myeloid, lymphoid and tumor cells. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of TGF-b1 in the generation and function of MDSC, including its effects on T cell proliferation and tumor growth.
Methods: Ex vivo MDSC generation: Bone marrow progenitor cells were derived from WT C57bl/6 mice and co-cultured with MTEC (mouse tonsil epithelial cells transformed with HPV16 E6+E7 oncogenes and H-Ras ) tumor supernatants in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 for 5 days at 370C. Cells were then harvested, processed into single cell suspensions, and stained for MDSC surface markers, DAF-DA (to determine nitric oxide levels),iNOS and other functional markers analysis was performed by flow cytometry (FACS).
MDSC functional assay: A) T cell proliferation assay MDSCs were generated in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 with supernatants from MTEC cells and co-cultured with CFSE labeled T cells activated with anti CD3 and anti CD28 antibodies. T cell proliferation was measured by using CFSE dilution, which was analyzed by flow cytometry.
B) Effect of MDSC on tumor growth Control and TGF-β1 conditioned MDSC were co-cultured with MTEC tumor (grown as spheroids) for 72 hrs at the end of which histological sections of the spheroids were prepared and analyzed for tumor proliferation by Ki-67 staining. Sorted MDSCs were also co-cultured with T-hep3 cells grown in a monolayer (human oral cancer line) and tumor growth was determined by flow cytometry.
Results: While control MDSC suppressed T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion, we observed that TGF-β1 primed MDSCs lost the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation. Further, TGF-β1 primed MDSC inhibited tumor growth in an ex vivo co-culture system. Histological sections of tumor spheroid / MDSC co-cultures revealed diminshed ki-67 expression in spheroids cultured with TGF-B1 conditioned MDSC compared to control. Upon further examining the cellular mechanism, it was seen that TGF-β1 treated MDSCs down regulate iNOS expression and produced decreased amounts of nitric oxide compared to their control counterparts, without altering the expression of other MDSC functional markers like arginase, PD-1 and PD-L1.
Conclusions: We conclude that TGF-β1 reprograms MDSC via an iNOS/NO dependent mechanism to a) T cell suppressive capacity and b) inhibit tumor cell growth. These observations have a direct translational implication wherein the inherent pro-tumor nature of MDSCs could potentially be reprogrammed with TGF-β1 and directed toward the tumor thereby suppressing tumor growth.
Citation Format: Padmini Jayaraman, Falguni Parikh, Rosemarie Krupar, Robin Parihar, Indu Varier, Andrew Sikora. TGF-beta1 primed myeloid derived suppressor cells decrease tumor growth and lose their ability to inhibit T cell proliferation via iNOS downregulation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PR005.
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