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Bouwkamp CG, Afawi Z, Fattal-Valevski A, Krabbendam IE, Rivetti S, Masalha R, Quadri M, Breedveld GJ, Mandel H, Tailakh MA, Beverloo HB, Stevanin G, Brice A, van IJcken WFJ, Vernooij MW, Dolga AM, de Vrij FMS, Bonifati V, Kushner SA. ACO2 homozygous missense mutation associated with complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Neurol Genet 2018; 4:e223. [PMID: 29577077 PMCID: PMC5863690 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology of a family affected with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Methods Clinical, genetic, and functional analyses involving genome-wide linkage coupled to whole-exome sequencing in a consanguineous family with complicated HSP. Results A homozygous missense mutation was identified in the ACO2 gene (c.1240T>G p.Phe414Val) that segregated with HSP complicated by intellectual disability and microcephaly. Lymphoblastoid cell lines of homozygous carrier patients revealed significantly decreased activity of the mitochondrial aconitase enzyme and defective mitochondrial respiration. ACO2 encodes mitochondrial aconitase, an essential enzyme in the Krebs cycle. Recessive mutations in this gene have been previously associated with cerebellar ataxia. Conclusions Our findings nominate ACO2 as a disease-causing gene for autosomal recessive complicated HSP and provide further support for the central role of mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Bouwkamp
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zaid Afawi
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aviva Fattal-Valevski
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge E Krabbendam
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Rivetti
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafik Masalha
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Abu Tailakh
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Berna Beverloo
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Brice
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke M S de Vrij
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry (C.G.B., S.R., F.M.S.d.V., S.A.K.) and Department of Clinical Genetics (C.G.B., M.Q., G.J.B., H.B.B., V.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Sackler School of Medicine (Z.A., A.F.-V.), Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.F.-V.), Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (I.E.K., A.M.D.), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Clalit Health Services (R.M.), Sharon-Shomron, Hadera District; Faculty of Health Science (R.M.), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Metabolic Disease Unit (H.M.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa; Nursing Research Unit (M.A.T.), Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (G.S.), PSL Research University, Neurogenetics Laboratory; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (G.S., A.B.), Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University UMR_S1127, INSERM u1127, CNRS UMR5225, Paris, France; Center for Biomics (W.F.J.v.I.), Erasmus MC; Department of Epidemiology (M.W.V.) and Department of Radiology (M.W.V.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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