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Dyall SC, Nessel I, Sharpe JA, Yip PK, Michael-Titus AT, Shah DK. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are reduced in neonates with substantial brain injury undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1231743. [PMID: 37712085 PMCID: PMC10498768 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1231743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although therapeutic hypothermia is an effective treatment, substantial chronic neurological impairment often persists. The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, offer therapeutic potential in the post-acute phase. To understand how PUFAs are affected by HIE and therapeutic hypothermia we quantified for the first time the effects of HIE and therapeutic hypothermia on blood PUFA levels and lipid peroxidation. In a cross-sectional approach, blood samples from newborns with moderate to severe HIE, who underwent therapeutic hypothermia (sHIE group) were compared to samples from newborns with mild HIE, who did not receive therapeutic hypothermia, and controls. The sHIE group was stratified into cerebral MRI predictive of good (n = 10), or poor outcomes (n = 10; nine developed cerebral palsy). Cell pellets were analyzed for fatty acid content, and plasma for lipid peroxidation products, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Omega-3 Index (% DHA + EPA) was similar between control and HIE groups; however, with therapeutic hypothermia there were significantly lower levels in poor vs. good prognosis sHIE groups. Estimated Δ-6 desaturase activity was significantly lower in sHIE compared to mild HIE and control groups, and linoleic acid significantly increased in the sHIE group with good prognosis. Reduced long-chain omega-3 PUFAs was associated with poor outcome after HIE and therapeutic hypothermia, potentially due to decreased biosynthesis and tissue incorporation. We speculate a potential role for long-chain omega-3 PUFA interventions in addition to existing treatments to improve neurologic outcomes in sHIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Dyall
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennine A. Sharpe
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T. Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Divyen K. Shah
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Gala AAD, Kumar H, Sedani S, Openshaw-Lawrence N, Verkuijl JM, Glogowski N, Steingold A, Ponnusamy V, Ekitzidou G, Yip P, Nessel I, Michael-Titus AT, Roeselers G, Shah DK. Alterations in the Stool Microbiome in Newborns undergoing Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia after Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:373-383. [PMID: 35139510 DOI: 10.1159/000522523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is associated with brain injury in newborns, and may lead to disability or death. Mild therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is an effective neuroprotective intervention and an established standard of care in western countries. The gut microbiome, the genomic and physico-chemical contribution of the gut microbiota, serves important functions and is increasingly recognised as a major influencer on development. The impact of HIE and TH on the evolving gut microbiota of the newborn remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To carry out an exploratory study on the effects of HIE and TH on the gut microbiome in term neonates. METHODS AND RESULTS Stool samples were obtained from 28 newborns with HIE (median age 68 h) undergoing TH on the neonatal unit (HIE TH group), with a follow-on stool sample available for 20 of these babies (median age 151 h). For comparison, a single stool specimen was obtained from 19 healthy newborns on the postnatal ward (median age 34 h). The microbiota composition was determined using established microbial DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing methodology. There was no difference in the mode of delivery or the method of feeding the newborns, once established, between the two groups. All the infants in the HIE TH group had received antibiotics compared to only one of the controls. A lower -diversity, quantified by the Shannon diversity index, was noted in the microbiota of the HIE TH group in comparison to the control group. The HIE TH group had a higher mean relative abundance (MRA) of facultative anaerobes and aerobes such as Staphylococcus species and a lower MRA of strict anaerobes, such as members of the Bacteroides genus, compared to the control. Also, there was a significant reduction in the MRA of the genus Bifidobacterium in the HIE TH group. Although the mode of delivery exerts a profound influence on the gut microbiota of the newborn, distance-based redundancy analysis showed that TH may exert an independent influence. This study could not determine the independent contribution of the use of antibiotics or the NICU environment. CONCLUSION In this study we demonstrate an alteration in the microbiota composition in newborns undergoing TH for HIE. (359 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammee A D Gala
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sagar Sedani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nicola Glogowski
- Royal London Hospital (Barts Health NHS Trust), London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Steingold
- Royal London Hospital (Barts Health NHS Trust), London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ping Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Divyen K Shah
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal London Hospital (Barts Health NHS Trust), London, United Kingdom
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Brandt MJV, Nijboer CH, Nessel I, Mutshiya TR, Michael-Titus AT, Counotte DS, Schipper L, van der Aa NE, Benders MJNL, de Theije CGM. Nutritional Supplementation Reduces Lesion Size and Neuroinflammation in a Sex-Dependent Manner in a Mouse Model of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Nutrients 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 35011052 PMCID: PMC8747710 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of neonatal brain injury, leading to long-term neurological impairments. Medical nutrition can be rapidly implemented in the clinic, making it a viable intervention to improve neurodevelopment after injury. The omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), uridine monophosphate (UMP) and choline have previously been shown in rodents to synergistically enhance brain phospholipids, synaptic components and cognitive performance. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an experimental diet containing DHA, EPA, UMP, choline, iodide, zinc, and vitamin B12 in a mouse model of perinatal HI. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice received the experimental diet or an isocaloric control diet from birth. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was induced on postnatal day 9 by ligation of the right common carotid artery and systemic hypoxia. To assess the effects of the experimental diet on long-term motor and cognitive outcome, mice were subjected to a behavioral test battery. Lesion size, neuroinflammation, brain fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed at 15 weeks after HI. The experimental diet reduced lesion size and neuroinflammation specifically in males. In both sexes, brain n-3 fatty acids were increased after receiving the experimental diet. The experimental diet also improved novel object recognition, but no significant effects on motor performance were observed. Current data indicates that early life nutritional supplementation with a combination of DHA, EPA, UMP, choline, iodide, zinc, and vitamin B12 may provide neuroprotection after perinatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna J. V. Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.V.B.); (C.H.N.)
| | - Cora H. Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.V.B.); (C.H.N.)
| | - Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK; (I.N.); (T.R.M.); (A.T.M.-T.)
| | - Tatenda R. Mutshiya
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK; (I.N.); (T.R.M.); (A.T.M.-T.)
| | - Adina T. Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK; (I.N.); (T.R.M.); (A.T.M.-T.)
| | | | - Lidewij Schipper
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Niek E. van der Aa
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.E.v.d.A.); (M.J.N.L.B.)
| | - Manon J. N. L. Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.E.v.d.A.); (M.J.N.L.B.)
| | - Caroline G. M. de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.V.B.); (C.H.N.)
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Nessel I, Michael-Titus AT. Lipid profiling of brain tissue and blood after traumatic brain injury. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 112:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nessel I, Khashu M, Dyall SC. Effects of storage practices on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation of preterm formula milk. J Hum Nutr Diet 2021; 34:827-833. [PMID: 33460485 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm formula milk (FM) is often prepared in advance, potentially affecting nutritional quality. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), important for brain and immune system function, are prone to lipid peroxidation, which correlates with comorbidities of prematurity. The effects of clinical storage practices on LCPUFA content and lipid peroxidation of preterm FM were investigated. METHODS UK liquid and powder preterm FM (2017) (from two manufacturers) were subjected to routine storage conditions (liquid: refrigeration ≤10 h; powder: weekly preparation in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and refrigeration ≤24 h for 4 weeks). LCPUFA content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) content were analysed. RESULTS Storage did not significantly decrease LCPUFA content. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommended LCPUFA intake, whereas in utero accretion rates could not be achieved with both FM brands (liquid and powder). Lipid peroxidation was evident on opening, with 6× higher levels in powder. No effect of ≤10-h refrigeration on peroxidation was seen in liquid FM. In powder FM, it increased over refrigeration (HNE opening: 6.5-9.7 µg mL-1 versus day 28, 24 h: 16.6-36.5 µg mL-1 ) with a significant interaction between storage time and refrigeration (P = 0.015), with higher HNE at 4 h on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that preterm FM and storage conditions do not support in utero accretion rates for LCPUFAs. Although the results suggest different susceptibility of liquid and powder FM to peroxidation upon refrigeration, they are too preliminary to make specific recommendations. We suggest minimising storage time of fresh and prepared powder FM, wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nessel
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - M Khashu
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,Neonatal Unit, University Hospitals Dorset, Poole, UK
| | - S C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Nessel I, De Rooy L, Khashu M, Murphy JL, Dyall SC. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lipid Peroxidation Products in Donor Human Milk in the United Kingdom: Results From the LIMIT 2-Centre Cross-Sectional Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:1501-1509. [PMID: 32048312 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor human milk (DHM) is used as alternative to maternal milk to feed preterm infants; however, it may provide less long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and more oxidized lipids, which may be detrimental to preterm infant health and development. Levels have not been reported for DHM in the United Kingdom. METHODS DHM (n = 19) from 2 neonatal units, preterm milk from a neonatal unit (n = 10), and term milk from the community (n = 11) were analyzed for fatty acids, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and hexanal. STUDY REGISTRATION NCT03573531. RESULTS DHM had significantly lower absolute LCPUFA content than term (P < .001) and significantly lower ω-3 PUFAs than preterm milk (P < .05), although relative LCPUFA composition did not differ. Exclusive DHM feeding leads to significantly lower fat (3.7 vs 6.7 g/d) and LCPUFA (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]: 10.6 vs 16.8 mg/d; arachidonic acid [ARA]: 17.4 vs 25.2 mg/d) intake than recommended by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and provides 17.3% and 43.1% of the in utero accreted ARA and DHA. DHM had the highest proportion of lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that DHM in the United Kingdom has insufficient LCPUFAs for preterm infants. It demonstrates for the first time that DHM has the highest level of lipid peroxidation, compared with preterm or term milk. This has important implications for preterm infant nutrition, as exclusive DHM feeding might not be suitable long term and may contribute to the development of major preterm neonatal morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Laura De Rooy
- Neonatal Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Minesh Khashu
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,Neonatal Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Jane L Murphy
- Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Nessel I, Khashu M, Dyall SC. The effects of storage conditions on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipid mediators, and antioxidants in donor human milk - A review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 149:8-17. [PMID: 31421526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) is the recommended alternative, if maternal milk is unavailable. However, current human milk banking practices may negatively affect the nutritional quality of DHM. This review summarises the effects of these practices on polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipid mediators and antioxidants of human milk. Overall, there is considerable variation in the reported effects, and further research is needed, particularly with lipid mediators and antioxidants. However, to preserve nutritional quality, DHM should be protected from light exposure and storage at 4 °C minimised, to prevent decreases in vitamin C and endocannabinoids and increases in free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products. Storage at -20 °C prior to pasteurisation should also be minimised, to prevent free fatty increases and total fat and endocannabinoid decreases. Storage ≤-70 °C is preferable wherever possible, although post-pasteurisation storage at -20 °C for three months appears safe for free fatty acids, lipid peroxidation products, and total fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH13LT U.K..
| | - Minesh Khashu
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH13LT U.K.; Neonatal Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, U.K
| | - Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
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Jeurissen MLJ, Walenbergh SMA, Houben T, Hendrikx T, Li J, Oligschlaeger Y, van Gorp PJ, Gijbels MJJ, Bitorina A, Nessel I, Radtke F, Vooijs M, Theys J, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Myeloid DLL4 Does Not Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/- Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167199. [PMID: 27898698 PMCID: PMC5127569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by liver steatosis and inflammation. Currently, the underlying mechanisms leading to hepatic inflammation are not fully understood and consequently, therapeutic options are poor. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis share the same etiology whereby macrophages play a key role in disease progression. Macrophage function can be modulated via activation of receptor-ligand binding of Notch signaling. Relevantly, global inhibition of Notch ligand Delta-Like Ligand-4 (DLL4) attenuates atherosclerosis by altering the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response. However, the specific contribution of macrophage DLL4 to hepatic inflammation is currently unknown. We hypothesized that myeloid DLL4 deficiency in low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (Ldlr-/-) mice reduces hepatic inflammation. Irradiated Ldlr-/- mice were transplanted (tp) with bone marrow from wild type (Wt) or DLL4f/fLysMCre+/0 (DLL4del) mice and fed either chow or high fat, high cholesterol (HFC) diet for 11 weeks. Additionally, gene expression was assessed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) of DLL4f/fLysMCreWT and DLL4f/fLysMCre+/0 mice. In contrast to our hypothesis, inflammation was not decreased in HFC-fed DLL4del-transplanted mice. In line, in vitro, there was no difference in the expression of inflammatory genes between DLL4-deficient and wildtype bone marrow-derived macrophages. These results suggest that myeloid DLL4 deficiency does not contribute to hepatic inflammation in vivo. Since, macrophage-DLL4 expression in our model was not completely suppressed, it can’t be totally excluded that complete DLL4 deletion in macrophages might lead to different results. Nevertheless, the contribution of non-myeloid Kupffer cells to notch signaling with regard to the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis is unknown and as such it is possible that, DLL4 on Kupffer cells promote the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike L. J. Jeurissen
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie M. A. Walenbergh
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jieyi Li
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. van Gorp
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bitorina
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabell Nessel
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Experimental Cancer Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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