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Duron V, Schmoke N, Ichinose R, Stylianos S, Kernie SG, Dayan PS, Slidell MB, Stulce C, Chong G, Williams RF, Gosain A, Morin NP, Nasr IW, Kudchadkar SR, Bolstridge J, Prince JM, Sathya C, Sweberg T, Dorrello NV. Delphi Process for Validation of Fluid Treatment Algorithm for Critically Ill Pediatric Trauma Patients. J Surg Res 2024; 295:493-504. [PMID: 38071779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While intravenous fluid therapy is essential to re-establishing volume status in children who have experienced trauma, aggressive resuscitation can lead to various complications. There remains a lack of consensus on whether pediatric trauma patients will benefit from a liberal or restrictive crystalloid resuscitation approach and how to optimally identify and transition between fluid phases. METHODS A panel was comprised of physicians with expertise in pediatric trauma, critical care, and emergency medicine. A three-round Delphi process was conducted via an online survey, with each round being followed by a live video conference. Experts agreed or disagreed with each aspect of the proposed fluid management algorithm on a five-level Likert scale. The group opinion level defined an algorithm parameter's acceptance or rejection with greater than 75% agreement resulting in acceptance and greater than 50% disagreement resulting in rejection. The remaining were discussed and re-presented in the next round. RESULTS Fourteen experts from five Level 1 pediatric trauma centers representing three subspecialties were included. Responses were received from 13/14 participants (93%). In round 1, 64% of the parameters were accepted, while the remaining 36% were discussed and re-presented. In round 2, 90% of the parameters were accepted. Following round 3, there was 100% acceptance by all the experts on the revised and final version of the algorithm. CONCLUSIONS We present a validated algorithm for intavenous fluid management in pediatric trauma patients that focuses on the de-escalation of fluids. Focusing on this time point of fluid therapy will help minimize iatrogenic complications of crystalloid fluids within this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Duron
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York.
| | - Nicholas Schmoke
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Rika Ichinose
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Steven Stylianos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Steven G Kernie
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter S Dayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Valegos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Mark B Slidell
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Casey Stulce
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Grace Chong
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Regan F Williams
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Nicholas P Morin
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sapna R Kudchadkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeff Bolstridge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jose M Prince
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Chethan Sathya
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Todd Sweberg
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - N Valerio Dorrello
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Harris TGW, Crigger CB, Suresh V, Haffar A, Sholklapper TN, Nasr IW, Gearhart JP, Yang R, Redett RJ. Interposing Rectus and Gracilis Muscle Flaps For Pelvic Reconstruction in Bladder Exstrophy After Bladder Neck Closure. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024:00006534-990000000-02236. [PMID: 38289920 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000011315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exstrophy-epispadias complex is a spectrum of ventral wall malformations including classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) and cloacal exstrophy (CE). Patients undergo multiple soft-tissues procedures to achieve urinary continence. If unsuccessful bladder neck closure (BNC) is performed, muscle flaps may be used to reinforce BNC or afterwards for fistula reconstruction. In this study, patients reconstructed using a rectus abdominis or gracilis muscle flap were reviewed. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of exstrophy-epispadias complex patients who underwent BNC and had a muscle fap was performed. Indication for flap use, surgical technique, risks for BNC failure including mucosal violations (MVs) were reviewed. MVs were prior bladder mucosa manipulation for exstrophy closure, repeat closure(s) and bladder neck reconstruction. Success was defined as BNC without fistula development. RESULTS Thirty-four patients underwent reconstruction. Indications included during BNC (n=13), fistula closure after BNC (n=17), following BNC during open cystolithotomy (n=1) or fistula closure after open cystolithotomy (n=3). A vesicourethral fistula developed most frequently in CBE (88.9%) and vesicoperineal fistula in CE (87.5%). Thirty-three rectus flaps and 3 gracilis flap were used with success achieved in 97.1% and 66.7%, respectively. All 34 patients achieved success and 2 CE patients required a second flap. CONCLUSION The rectus flap is preferred as it covers the antero-inferior bladder and pelvic floor to prevent urethral, cutaneous, and perineal fistula formation. The gracilis flap only reaches the pelvic floor to prevent urethral and perineal fistula development. Increased MVs, increase the risk of fistula formation and may influence the need for prophylactic flaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G W Harris
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning MD Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chad B Crigger
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning MD Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Visakha Suresh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad Haffar
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning MD Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamir N Sholklapper
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning MD Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John P Gearhart
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning MD Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Redett
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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El Baassiri MG, Raouf Z, Jang HS, Scheese D, Duess JW, Fulton WB, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Nasr IW. Ccr2 Dependent Monocytes Exacerbate Intestinal Inflammation and Modulate Gut Serotonergic Signaling Following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024:01586154-990000000-00597. [PMID: 38189659 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to acute gastrointestinal dysfunction and mucosal damage, resulting in feeding intolerance. Ccr2+ monocytes are crucial immune cells that regulate the gut's inflammatory response via the brain-gut axis. Using CCR2KO mice, we investigated the intricate interplay between these cells to better elucidate the role of systemic inflammation after TBI. METHODS A murine-controlled cortical impact model was utilized, and results were analyzed on post-injury days (PID) 1 and 3. The experimental groups included (1) Sham C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT), (2) TBI WT, (3) Sham CCR2KO and (4) TBI CCR2KO. Mice were euthanized on PID 1 and 3 to harvest the ileum and study intestinal dysfunction and serotonergic signaling using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, FITC-dextran motility assays, and flow cytometry. Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis, with significance achieved when p < 0.05. RESULTS TBI resulted in severe dysfunction and dysmotility of the small intestine in WT mice as established by significant upregulation of inflammatory cytokines iNOS, Lcn2, TNFα, and IL1β and the innate immunity receptor toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). This was accompanied by disruption of genes related to serotonin synthesis and degradation. Notably, CCR2KO mice subjected to TBI showed substantial improvements in intestinal pathology. TBI CCR2KO groups demonstrated reduced expression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, Lcn2, IL1β, and Tlr4) and improvement in serotonin synthesis genes, including tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) and dopa decarboxylase (Ddc). CONCLUSION Our study reveals a critical role for Ccr2+ monocytes in modulating intestinal homeostasis after TBI. Ccr2+ monocytes aggravate intestinal inflammation and alter gut-derived serotonergic signaling. Therefore, targeting Ccr2+ monocyte-dependent responses could provide a better understanding of TBI-induced gut inflammation. Further studies are required to elucidate the impact of these changes on brain neuroinflammation and cognitive outcomes. STUDY TYPE Original Article (Basic Science, level of evidence N/A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G El Baassiri
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
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Haffar A, Hirsch AM, Crigger CB, Harris TGW, Haney NM, Galansky LB, Nasr IW, Sponseller PD, Gearhart JP. Multi-staged vs Single-staged Pelvic Osteotomy in the Modern Treatment of Cloacal Exstrophy: Bridging the Gap. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:2308-2312. [PMID: 37777362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Staged pelvic osteotomy has been shown in the past to be an effective tool in the closure of the extreme pubic diastasis of cloacal exstrophy. The authors sought to compare orthopedic complications between non-staged pelvic osteotomies and staged pelvic osteotomies in cloacal exstrophy. METHODS A prospectively maintained exstrophy-epispadias complex database of 1510 patients was reviewed for cloacal exstrophy bladder closure events performed with osteotomy at the authors' institution. Bladder closure failure was defined as any fascial dehiscence, bladder prolapse, or vesicocutaneous fistula within one year of closure. There was a total of 172 cloacal exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy variant patients within the database and only closures at the authors' institution were included. RESULTS 64 closure events fitting the inclusion criteria were identified in 61 unique patients. Staged osteotomy was performed in 42 closure events and non-staged in 22 closures. Complications occurred in 46/64 closure events, with 16 grade III/IV complications. There were no associations between staged osteotomy and overall complication or grade III/IV complications (p = 0.6344 and p = 0.1286, respectively). Of the 46 total complications, 12 were orthopedic complications with 6 complications being grade III/IV. Staged osteotomy closure events experienced 10/42 orthopedic complications while non-staged osteotomy closures experienced 2/22 orthopedic complications, however this did not reach significance (p = 0.1519). Of the 64 closure events, 57 resulted in successful closure with 6 failures and one closure with planned cystectomy. CONCLUSION This study confirms, in a larger series, superior outcomes when using staged pelvic osteotomy in cloacal exstrophy bladder closure. Staged osteotomy was shown to be a safe alternative to non-staged osteotomy that can decrease the risk of closure failure in this group. Staged pelvic osteotomy should be considered in all patients undergoing cloacal exstrophy bladder closure. TYPE OF STUDY Treatment study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Haffar
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander M Hirsch
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chad B Crigger
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G W Harris
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nora M Haney
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Logan B Galansky
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul D Sponseller
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John P Gearhart
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Crigger CB, Harris TGW, Sholklapper TN, Haffar A, Morrill CC, Nasr IW, Yang R, Redett RJ, Gearhart JP. Mucosal Violations and Their Effect on Successful Bladder Neck Closure in Cloacal Exstrophy. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:2313-2318. [PMID: 37302866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is rare and challenging to reconstruct. In the majority of CE patients voided continence cannot be achieved and so patients often undergo bladder neck closure (BNC). Prior mucosal violations (MVs), a surgical event when the bladder mucosa was opened or closed, significantly predicted failed BNC in classic bladder exstrophy with an increased likelihood of failure after 3 or more MVs. The aim of this study was to assess predictors for failed BNC in CE. METHODS CE patients who underwent BNC were reviewed for risk factors for failure including osteotomy use, successful primary closure, and number of MVs. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used for comparing baseline characteristics and surgical details. RESULTS Thirty-five patients underwent BNC. Eleven patients (31.4%) failed BNC including a vesicoperineal fistula in nine, vesicourethral and vesicocutaneous fistula in one each. The fistula rate in patients with 2 or more MVs was 47.4% (p = 0.0252). Two patients subsequently developed a vesicocutaneous fistula after undergoing repeated cystolithotomies. A rectus abdominis or gracilis muscle flap were used to close the fistula in 11 and 2 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MVs have a greater impact in CE with an increased risk of failed BNC after 2 MVs. CE patients are most likely to develop a vesicoperineal fistula while a vesicocutaneous fistula is more likely after repeat cystolithotomy. A prophylactic muscle flap should be considered at time of BNC in patients with 2 or more MVs. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Prognosis Study, Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad B Crigger
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G W Harris
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamir N Sholklapper
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad Haffar
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian C Morrill
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Redett
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John P Gearhart
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, Douglas A. Canning M.D. Exstrophy Database Center, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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El Baassiri MG, Chun YH, Rahal SS, Fulton WB, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Nasr IW. Infiltrating anti-inflammatory monocytes modulate microglial activation through toll-like receptor 4/interferon-dependent pathways following traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 95:368-375. [PMID: 36598757 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Microglia and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages are crucial immune cells that modulate the neuroinflammatory response following TBI. Using C34, a novel pharmacologic toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor, we investigated the intricate interactions between these cells in a murine TBI model. METHODS A murine controlled cortical impact model was used, and the results were analyzed on postinjury days 1, 7, 28, and 35. The experimental groups are as follows: (1) sham C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), (2) TBI WT, (3) sham WT + C34, and (4) TBI WT + C34. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify gene expression associated with microglial activation, apoptotic pathways, and type 1 interferon pathway. Flow cytometry was used to isolate microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Brain lesion volumes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Last, neurocognitive outcomes were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze test. Student's t test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis with significance achieved when p < 0.05. RESULTS Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition leads to improved neurological sequela post-TBI, possibly because of an increase in infiltrating anti-inflammatory monocytes and a decrease in IFN regulatory factor 7 during acute inflammation, followed by a reduction in apoptosis and M2 microglial expression during chronic inflammation. CONCLUSION Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition with C34 skews infiltrating monocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, leading to enhanced neurocognitive outcomes. Moreover, although M2 microglia have been consistently shown as inducers of neuroprotection, our results clearly demonstrate their detrimental role during the chronic phases of healing post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G El Baassiri
- From the Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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El Baassiri MG, Rahal SS, Fulton WB, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Nasr IW. Pharmacologic Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition skews toward a favorable A1/A2 astrocytic ratio improving neurocognitive outcomes following traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 95:361-367. [PMID: 36728129 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes are critical neuroimmune cells that modulate the neuroinflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI) because of their ability to acquire neurotoxic (A1) or neuroprotective (A2) phenotypes. Using C34, a novel pharmacologic Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 inhibitor, we explored their respective polarization states after TBI. METHODS A murine controlled cortical impact model was used, and the results were analyzed on postinjury days (PIDs) 1, 7, and 28. The experimental groups are as follows: (1) sham, (2) sham + C34, (3) TBI, and (4) TBI + C34. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify gene expression associated with proinflammatory (A1) and anti-inflammatory (A2) phenotypes. Morris water maze was used to assess neurocognitive outcomes. Fixed frozen cortical samples were sectioned, stained for myelin basic protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and then imaged. Student t test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis with significance achieved when p < 0.05. RESULTS On quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, C34-treated groups showed a significant decrease in the expression of A1 markers such as Gbp2 and a significant increase in the expression of A2 markers such as Emp1 when compared with untreated groups on PID 1. On PIDs 7 and 28, the expression of most A1 and A2 markers was also significantly decreased in the C34-treated groups. On immunohistochemistry, C34-treated groups demonstrated increased myelin basic protein staining into the lesion by PID 28. C34-treated groups showed more platform entries on Morris water maze when compared with untreated groups on PID 7 and PID 28. CONCLUSION Following TBI, early TLR4 blockade modulates astrocytic function and shifts its polarization toward the anti-inflammatory A2-like phenotype. This is accompanied by an increase in myelin regeneration, providing better neuroprotection and improved neurocognitive outcomes. Targeting A1/A2 balance with TLR4 inhibition provides a potential therapeutic target to improve neurobehavioral outcomes in the setting of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G El Baassiri
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Haney NM, Crigger CB, Sholklapper T, Mudalegundi S, Griggs-Demmin A, Nasr IW, Sponseller PD, Gearhart JP. Pelvic osteotomy in cloacal exstrophy: A changing perspective. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:478-483. [PMID: 35906108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type of osteotomy and pelvic fixation in the management of primary cloacal exstrophy (CE) closure is variable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate primary CE closure outcomes with osteotomy, immobilization, and multi-staging procedure trends over time. METHODS An institutional database was retrospectively reviewed for patients who underwent primary CE closure from 1960 to 2020. Demographics, osteotomy, fixation, and outcomes were noted. Subanalyses by location of primary closure (AH=author's hospital; OH=outside hospital). RESULTS Out of 122 patients, multi-stage became more common than single-stage procedures (p = 0.019), with multi-stage associated with higher success rates (77.4% v 45.7%; p = 0.001). The use of any osteotomy increased over time (p = 0.007), with a posterior approach falling out of favor and increasing prevalence of a combined osteotomy (p<0.001). The use of any osteotomy compared to no osteotomy was associated with successful closure (77.6% v 41.7%; p = 0.007). The combined, posterior, and anterior approaches were associated with 90%, 76.2%, and 60.9% successful primary closure rates, respectively (p<0.001). Fixation modalities changed over time as Buck's traction (p<0.001) and external fixation (p<0.001) became more prevalent. Spica casting has become less common (p = 0.0002). Immobilization type was associated with success rates with Buck's (92.1%; p<0.001) and external fixation (86.0%; p<0.001) performing best. CONCLUSIONS The use of osteotomy and fixation in the CE spectrum has changed markedly. In this cohort, a staged approach with combination osteotomy was associated with better outcomes when using a multidisciplinary team approach. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE This is a retrospective comparative study (Type of Study: Treatment; Evidence Level: III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Haney
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Chad B Crigger
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Tamir Sholklapper
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Shwetha Mudalegundi
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Angelica Griggs-Demmin
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Paul D Sponseller
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - John P Gearhart
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkin Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Engwall-Gill AJ, Weller JH, Rahal S, Etchill E, Kunisaki SM, Nasr IW. Early risk factors of operative management for hospitalization children with spontaneous pneumothorax. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:994-999. [PMID: 35649747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal timing of operative management in children with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) remains controversial. This study sought to determine early risk factors for failure of chest tube nonoperative management during the initial hospitalization in adolescents with PSP. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted for children (aged ≤18 years) admitted to a single tertiary care referral center for their first presentation of a PSP managed with at least 48 h of chest tube decompression (CTD) alone. Patient outcomes and early risk factors for operative management were analyzed by multivariate regression. RESULTS Of the 39 patients who met inclusion criteria, 15 (38.5%) patients failed nonoperative treatment while 24 (61.5%) patients were managed with CTD therapy alone. Progression to thoracoscopic surgery was associated with longer CTD of 8 vs 3 days and hospital length of stay of 9 vs 4 days when compared to nonoperative management (p < 0.001, both). Air leak and increase in pneumothorax size at 24 h after CTD were independently associated with progression to surgery (p = 0.007, p = 0.002). Combined, these risk factors were associated with a significant increase in recurrence (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.11-41.11, p = 0.048). There were no significant differences between PSP management strategies regarding cumulative radiation exposure or 2 year recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Air leak or increasing pneumothorax size within 24 h of CTD are highly correlated with failed nonoperative management during the initial hospitalization in pediatric patients with PSP. This data may be useful in the development of pediatric-specific treatment algorithms to optimally manage these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Treatment study, Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Engwall-Gill
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-1005, USA.
| | - Jennine H Weller
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-1005, USA
| | - Simon Rahal
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-1005, USA
| | - Eric Etchill
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-1005, USA
| | - Shaun M Kunisaki
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-1005, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-1005, USA
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Bromberg JR, Nimaja E, Kiragu AW, Lawson KA, Lee L, Nasr IW, Pruitt C, Ruest SM, Mello MJ. Developing and Implementing Electronic Consent Procedures in Response to Covid‐19 Restrictions. Ethics Hum Res 2022; 44:39-44. [PMID: 35802791 PMCID: PMC9349659 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Covid‐19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented restrictions on many public, private, and workplace activities throughout the United States and elsewhere. When restrictions were imposed, we were conducting a type III hybrid effectiveness‐implementation trial in 10 pediatric trauma centers. In response to several pandemic‐based restrictions, we had to develop procedures for engaging with potential research participants while limiting nonclinical, in‐person interactions. This manuscript describes the procedures and challenges of obtaining electronic informed consent and assent in a multisite trauma center‐based research study. We developed, tested, and trained staff to implement three options for obtaining informed consent. Twenty‐five participants were enrolled in the effectiveness‐implementation multisite trial during the first six months of utilization of the consent options, with eleven of these individuals enrolled using hybrid or electronic consent procedures. The challenges we identified involving electronic consent procedures included confusion over who would complete the electronic consent process and difficulties reconnecting with families. Lessons learned can strengthen electronic consent and assent procedures for future studies. More research is needed to further strengthen this process and increase its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R. Bromberg
- Research associate in the Department of Emergency Medicine at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and a research program manager at the Injury Prevention Center at Rhode Island Hospital‐Hasbro Children's Hospital
| | - Evelyn Nimaja
- Senior research assistant at the Injury Prevention Center at Rhode Island Hospital‐Hasbro Children's Hospital
| | - Andrew W. Kiragu
- Associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Minnesota, an associate of the Children's Respiratory and Critical Care Specialist Group, and a pediatric intensivist at Hennepin Healthcare
| | - Karla A. Lawson
- Director of the Dell Children's Trauma and Injury Research Center at Dell Children's Medical Center and an associate professor of surgery and perioperative care at the University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School
| | - Lois Lee
- Associate professor of pediatrics and emergency medicine at the Harvard Medical School and a senior associate of medicine in the Division of Emergency Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Isam W. Nasr
- Director of the Pediatric Trauma Program in the Division of Pediatric Surgery at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center and an assistant professor of surgery within the Johns Hopkins Department of Surgery
| | - Charles Pruitt
- Associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Utah and a child advocacy coordinator for the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine at Primary Children's
| | - Stephanie M. Ruest
- Assistant professor of the Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and a pediatric emergency physician at the Hasbro Children's Hospital
| | - Michael J. Mello
- Professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine at The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, a professor of health services, policy, and practice at the Brown University School of Public Health, the director of the Master of Science in Population Medicine program at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and the director of the Injury Prevention Center at Rhode Island Hospital‐Hasbro Children's Hospital
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11
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George JA, Salazar AJG, Irfan A, Prichett L, Nasr IW, Garcia AV, Boss EF, Jelin EB. Effect of implementing an enhanced recovery protocol for pediatric colorectal surgery on complication rate, length of stay, and opioid use in children. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:1349-1353. [PMID: 35153077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In the past two decades, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways for adults have improved efficiency of care and decreased length of stay (LOS) without increasing postoperative complications. The effects of enhanced recovery pathways for children are less well known. In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the effects of an enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) implementation in children undergoing colorectal surgery. Methods We introduced a colorectal ERP in 2017. Children and young adults (ages 2-22 years) were divided into pre-intervention (2014-2016) and post-intervention groups (2017-2019) for analysis. We abstracted data, including demographics, primary surgery, LOS, postoperative pain scores, and postoperative complications. Results A total of 432 patients were included. Of those,148 (34%) were pre-ERP implementation and 284 (66%) were post-ERP implementation. Post-ERP patients experienced significantly shorter LOS (5.7 vs. 8.3 days, p<0.01); required less intraoperative local anesthetic (9.5% vs. 38.5%, p<0.01) because 55% of patients received an epidural and 18% received an abdominal plane block; and used less postoperative opioid (62.5% vs. 98.7%, p<0.01) than did pre-ERAS patients. After protocol implementation, average pain scores were lower on postoperative day 1 (3.6 vs. 4.5, p<0.05) and across the hospitalization (3.0 vs. 4.0, p<0.01). Conclusion Enhanced recovery pathways decrease LOS, opioid use, and postoperative pain scores for children undergoing colorectal surgery and should be considered for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A George
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6321, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Andres J Gonzalez Salazar
- Department of General Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ahmer Irfan
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 202 Boshell Diabetes Building, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Laura Prichett
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Data Management (BEAD) Core, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Mason F. Lord Bldg, Center Tower, Suite 4200, 5200 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 7323, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Alejandro V Garcia
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 7323, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Emily F Boss
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Eric B Jelin
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 7323, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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12
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Seligman E, Aslam U, Psoter KJ, Ryan LM, Nasr IW. Factors Associated With Repeat Emergency Department Visits in a State-wide Cohort of Pediatric Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:e683-e689. [PMID: 35100767 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe demographic, injury, and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients treated in the ED for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and to evaluate characteristics associated with mTBI-related return emergency department (ED) visit within 1 month of initial presentation. METHODS Retrospective cohort study from April 1, 2012, to September 30, 2017, of children 19 years or younger presenting to any Maryland ED for mTBI identified in the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database using ICD-9/10 codes. Demographic, injury, and clinical characteristics of individuals were collected. The primary outcome was mTBI-related return ED visit within 4 weeks. Multiple logistic regression tested the associated of individual demographic, injury, and clinical characteristics with mTBI-related return ED visit. RESULTS There were 25,582 individuals who had an ED visit for mTBI, of which 717 (2.8%) returned to the ED within 4 weeks and 468 (1.8%) within 1 week with a mTBI-related diagnosis. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, public insurance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.72) and female sex (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.15-1.56) were associated with increased odds of return to the ED within 4 weeks. Age younger than 2 years (aOR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.21-0.72) was associated with decreased odds of return visit. There was a trend toward decreased odds of return patients receiving computed tomography head imaging (aOR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74-1.01). CONCLUSIONS Although return to the ED for mTBI-related complaints is uncommon, girls, older children, and publicly insured individuals may be at increased risk. Future targeted study may identify areas to improve access to appropriate longitudinal care and justify ED programs to better coordinate follow-up for mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Seligman
- From the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Usman Aslam
- Department of Surgery, St. John's Episcopal Hospital, Far Rockaway, NY
| | - Kevin J Psoter
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Leticia Manning Ryan
- From the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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13
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Kovler ML, Ziegfeld S, Ryan LM, Goldstein MA, Gardner R, Garcia AV, Nasr IW. Increased proportion of physical child abuse injuries at a level I pediatric trauma center during the Covid-19 pandemic. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 116:104756. [PMID: 33004213 PMCID: PMC7518108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Covid-19 pandemic has forced mass closures of childcare facilities and schools. While these measures are necessary to slow virus transmission, little is known regarding the secondary health consequences of social distancing. The purpose of this study is to assess the proportion of injuries secondary to physical child abuse (PCA) at a level I pediatric trauma center during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS A retrospective review of patients at our center was conducted to identify injuries caused by PCA in the month following the statewide closure of childcare facilities in Maryland. The proportion of PCA patients treated during the Covid-19 era were compared to the corresponding period in the preceding two years by Fisher's exact test. Demographics, injury profiles, and outcomes were described for each period. RESULTS Eight patients with PCA injuries were treated during the Covid-19 period (13 % of total trauma patients), compared to four in 2019 (4 %, p < 0.05) and three in 2018 (3 %, p < 0.05). The median age of patients in the Covid-19 period was 11.5 months (IQR 6.8-24.5). Most patients were black (75 %) with public health insurance (75 %). All injuries were caused by blunt trauma, resulting in scalp/face contusions (63 %), skull fractures (50 %), intracranial hemorrhage (38 %), and long bone fractures (25 %). CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in the proportion of traumatic injuries caused by physical child abuse at our center during the Covid-19 pandemic. Strategies to mitigate this secondary effect of social distancing should be thoughtfully implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Kovler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Susan Ziegfeld
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leticia M Ryan
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mitchell A Goldstein
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca Gardner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alejandro V Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Irfan A, Hu A, Martin LY, Jelin EB, Garcia AV, Jancelewicz T, Boss E, Nasr IW, Rhee DS. Comparing 30-day outcomes between early versus delayed repair of anorectal malformations with perineal or rectovestibular fistulas: An analysis of the ACS NSQIP-Pediatric database. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:979-983. [PMID: 33023749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal malformations (ARMs) have a wide spectrum of presentation ranging from mild defects with perineal fistulas to more severe defects requiring complex management. A primary repair of ARMs with perineal or rectovestibular fistulas has been shown to have good outcomes. However, the timing of the reconstruction is still debated. The aim of this study is to investigate the safety of early versus delayed repair. METHODS This study was performed using data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric (NSQIP-P) from 2012 to 2017. Patients who underwent repair of anorectal malformation with perineal or vestibular fistula were included in the study. Patients with associated diagnosis for Hirschsprung disease, cloaca, rectal prolapse or stenosis, bladder exstrophy, and tracheoesophageal fistula were excluded. 30-day postoperative outcomes included wound and nonwound complications, readmissions, and reoperations. Outcomes were compared by early (≤7 days of age) versus delayed repair (6 weeks to 8 months). RESULTS A total of 291 patients were included, with 66 in the early and 231 in the delayed group. Patients in the early group were more likely to be male (68.2% vs 31.8%; p < 0.01) and have cardiac risk factors (71.2% vs 49.4%, p < 0.01). The mean operative time was significantly shorter in the early group (90.1 vs 129.6 min; p < 0.01). 30-day complications were not statistically significant between the two groups (p = 0.76). After multivariate analysis, timing of repair did not affect 30-day complications (p = 0.15). CONCLUSION Our study shows that early repair of low anorectal malformations with a perineal or vestibular fistula appears to be associated with no increase in risk of postoperative complications as compared to delayed repair. At present, the decision remains dependent on the surgeon's experience and judgment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. Retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmer Irfan
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Hu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura Y Martin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric B Jelin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandro V Garcia
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tim Jancelewicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Emily Boss
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Rhee
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Etchill EW, Kovler ML, Pedroso F, Bembea M, Garcia AE, Nasr IW. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Use in Pediatric Trauma: A Report from the National Trauma Data Bank. J Am Coll Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.07.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Abstract
CASE A 9-year-old boy with a widely displaced Type-III supracondylar humerus fracture presented with a painful mass at the antecubital fossa after pin fixation. Exploration of the mass caused bleeding from a brachial artery pseudoaneurysm that necessitated repair with a saphenous vein graft. Six weeks later, the fracture had healed without complications. CONCLUSION We describe an unusual presentation of a pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture that highlights the importance of including vascular injury in the differential diagnosis for similar presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Tepper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caleb P Gottlich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul D Sponseller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Nasr IW, Chun Y, Kannan S. Neuroimmune responses in the developing brain following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112957. [PMID: 31108085 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of both acute and long-term morbidity in the pediatric population, leading to a substantial, long-term socioeconomic burden. Despite the increase in the amount of pre-clinical and clinical research, treatment options for TBI rely heavily on supportive care with very limited targeted interventions that improve the acute and chronic sequelae of TBI. Other than injury prevention, not much can be done to limit the primary injury, which consists of tissue damage and cellular destruction. Secondary injury is the result of the ongoing complex inflammatory pathways that further exacerbate tissue damage, resulting in the devastating chronic outcomes of TBI. On the other hand, some level of inflammation is essential for neuronal regeneration and tissue repair. In this review article we discuss the various stages of the neuroimmune response in the immature, pediatric brain in the context of normal maturation and development of the immune system. The developing brain has unique features that distinguish it from the adult brain, and the immune system plays an integral role in CNS development. Those features could potentially make the developing brain more susceptible to worse outcomes, both acutely and in the long-term. The neuroinflammatory reaction which is triggered by TBI can be described as a highly intricate interaction between the cells of the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is triggered by non-specific danger signals that are released from damaged cells and tissues, which in turn leads to neutrophil infiltration, activation of microglia and astrocytes, complement release, as well as histamine release by mast cells. The adaptive immune response is subsequently activated leading to the more chronic effects of neuroinflammation. We will also discuss current attempts at modulating the TBI-induced neuroinflammatory response. A better understanding of the role of the immune system in normal brain development and how immune function changes with age is crucial for designing therapies to appropriately target the immune responses following TBI in order to enhance repair and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam W Nasr
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Young Chun
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America.
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Berhe S, Goldstein S, Thompson E, Hackam D, Rhee DS, Nasr IW. Challenges in Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors in Children. Pancreas 2019; 48:e27-e29. [PMID: 30973469 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Berhe
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Medical School Munich, Germany Division of Pediatric Surgery Department of Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery Department of Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD
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19
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DiBrito SR, Cerullo M, Goldstein SD, Ziegfeld S, Stewart D, Nasr IW. Reliability of Glasgow Coma Score in pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:1789-1794. [PMID: 29429772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discordant assessments of Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) following trauma can result in inappropriate triage. This study sought to determine the reliability of prehospital GCS compared to emergency department (ED) GCS. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of traumas from 01/2000 to 12/2015 at a Level-1 pediatric trauma center. We evaluated reliability between field and ED GCS using Pearson's correlation. We ascertained the difference between prehospital and ED GCS (delta-GCS). Associations between patient characteristics and delta-GCS were modeled using Poisson and linear regression, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS We identified 5306 patients. Pearson's correlation for GCS measurements was 0.57 for ages 0-3, and 0.67-0.77 for other age groups. Mean delta-GCS was highest for age<3years (0.95, SD=2.4). Poisson regression demonstrated that compared to children 0-3years, higher age was associated with lower delta-GCS (RR 0.65 95% CI 0.56-0.74). Linear regression showed that in those with a delta-GCS, more severe injury (higher ISS, worse ED disposition) and older age were associated with a negative change, signifying decline in score. CONCLUSIONS GCS is generally unreliable in pediatric trauma patients aged 0-3years, particularly the verbal score component. This may impact accuracy of triage priority for pediatric trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, Prognostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R DiBrito
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Tower 110, Baltimore, MD, USA 21287.
| | - Marcelo Cerullo
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Tower 110, Baltimore, MD, USA 21287.
| | - Seth D Goldstein
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Tower 110, Baltimore, MD, USA 21287.
| | - Susan Ziegfeld
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Tower 110, Baltimore, MD, USA 21287.
| | - Dylan Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Tower 110, Baltimore, MD, USA 21287.
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Tower 110, Baltimore, MD, USA 21287.
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Nasr IW, Zeng Q, Lakkis FG. Tissues and organs of the immune system. Transpl Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119072997.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Hautz T, Zelger BG, Nasr IW, Mundinger GS, Barth RN, Rodriguez ED, Brandacher G, Weissenbacher A, Zelger B, Cavadas P, Margreiter R, Lee WPA, Pratschke J, Lakkis FG, Schneeberger S. Lymphoid neogenesis in skin of human hand, nonhuman primate, and rat vascularized composite allografts. Transpl Int 2014; 27:966-76. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hautz
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Center of Operative Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bettina G. Zelger
- Department of Pathology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Isam W. Nasr
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Gerhard S. Mundinger
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center; University of Maryland; Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery; Johns Hopkins Medical University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Rolf N. Barth
- Department of Surgery; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Eduardo D. Rodriguez
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center; University of Maryland; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Center of Operative Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
- Department of Plastic Surgery; Johns Hopkins Medical University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Annemarie Weissenbacher
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Center of Operative Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernhard Zelger
- Department of Dermatology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Raimund Margreiter
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Center of Operative Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - W. P. Andrew Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery; Johns Hopkins Medical University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Center of Operative Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Fadi G. Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Center of Operative Medicine; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
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22
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Nasr IW, Li Q, Demetris AJ, Lakkis FG. The effect of tertiary lymphoid organs on longterm allograft outcomes and chronic rejection. J Am Coll Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Nasr IW, Reel M, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Mounzer RH, Baddoura FK, Ruddle NH, Lakkis FG. Tertiary lymphoid tissues generate effector and memory T cells that lead to allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1071-9. [PMID: 17359505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissues are lymph node-like cell aggregates that arise at sites of chronic inflammation. They have been observed in transplanted organs undergoing chronic rejection, but it is not known whether they contribute to the rejection process by supporting local activation of naïve lymphocytes. To answer this question, we established a murine transplantation model in which the donor skin contains tertiary lymphoid tissues due to transgenic expression of lymphotoxin-alpha(RIP-LT alpha), whereas the recipient lacks all secondary lymphoid organs and does not mount primary alloimmune responses. We demonstrate in this model that RIP-LT alpha allografts that harbor tertiary lymphoid tissues are rejected, while wild-type allografts that lack tertiary lymphoid tissues are accepted. Wild-type allografts transplanted at the same time as RIP-LT alpha skin or 60 days later were also rejected, suggesting that tertiary lymphoid tissues, similar to secondary lymphoid organs, generate both effector and memory immune responses. Consistent with this observation, naive T cells transferred to RIP-LT alpha skin allograft but not syngeneic graft recipients proliferated and differentiated into effector and memory T cells. These findings provide direct evidence that tertiary lymphoid structures perpetuate the rejection process by supporting naïve T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Nasr
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Walker WE, Nasr IW, Camirand G, Tesar BM, Booth CJ, Goldstein DR. Absence of Innate MyD88 Signaling Promotes Inducible Allograft Acceptance. J Immunol 2006; 177:5307-16. [PMID: 17015716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior experimental strategies to induce transplantation tolerance have focused largely on modifying adaptive immunity. However, less is known concerning the role of innate immune signaling in the induction of transplantation tolerance. Using a highly immunogenic murine skin transplant model that resists transplantation tolerance induction when innate immunity is preserved, we show that absence of MyD88, a key innate Toll like receptor signal adaptor, abrogates this resistance and facilitates inducible allograft acceptance. In our model, absence of MyD88 impairs inflammatory dendritic cell responses that reduce T cell activation. This effect increases T cell susceptibility to suppression mediated by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Therefore, this study provides evidence that absence of MyD88 promotes inducible allograft acceptance and implies that inhibiting innate immunity may be a potential, clinically relevant strategy to facilitate transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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25
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Nasr IW, Wang Y, Gao G, Deng S, Diggs L, Rothstein DM, Tellides G, Lakkis FG, Dai Z. Testicular Immune Privilege Promotes Transplantation Tolerance by Altering the Balance between Memory and Regulatory T Cells. J Immunol 2005; 174:6161-8. [PMID: 15879112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses are suppressed in immunologically privileged sites, which may provide a unique opportunity to prolong allograft survival. However, it is unknown whether testicular immune privilege promotes transplantation tolerance. Mechanisms underlying immune privilege are also not well understood. Here we found that islet transplantation in the testis, an immunologically privileged site, generates much less memory CD8(+) T cells but induces more Ag-specific CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells than in a conventional site. These CD4(+)CD25(+) cells exhibited the suppression of alloimmune responses in vivo and in vitro. Despite the immune regulation, intratesticular islet allografts all were rejected within 42 days after transplantation although they survived longer than renal subcapsular islet allografts. However, blocking CD40/CD40L costimulation induced the tolerance of intratesticular, but not renal subcapsular, islet allografts. Tolerance to intratesticular islet allografts spread to skin allografts in the non-privileged sites. Either transfer of memory CD8(+) T cells or deletion of CD25(+) T cells in vivo broke islet allograft tolerance. Thus, transplantation tolerance requires both costimulatory blockade, which suppresses acute allograft rejection, and a favorable balance between memory and regulatory T cells that could favorably prevent late allograft failure. These findings reveal novel mechanisms of immune privilege and provide direct evidence that testicular immune privilege fosters the induction of transplantation tolerance to allografts in both immunologically privileged and non-privileged sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Memory
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Testis/immunology
- Transplantation Tolerance/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam W Nasr
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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26
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Dai Z, Nasr IW, Reel M, Deng S, Diggs L, Larsen CP, Rothstein DM, Lakkis FG. Impaired recall of CD8 memory T cells in immunologically privileged tissue. J Immunol 2005; 174:1165-70. [PMID: 15661869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foreign Ags that enter immunologically privileged sites such as the eye, brain, and testis persist for an extended period of time, whereas the same Ags are rapidly eliminated at conventional sites. Immune privilege, therefore, provides unwanted refuge for pathogens and tumor cells but is beneficial for the survival of allogeneic grafts. In this study, we asked whether memory T cells can eliminate foreign Ags deposited at an immunologically privileged site by studying CD8 memory T cell-mediated rejection of pancreatic islet allografts placed either in the testis (a privileged organ) or under the kidney capsule (a nonprivileged site) of diabetic mice. We found that CD8 memory T cells reject intratesticular grafts at a significantly slower rate than the rejection of intrarenal grafts. Delayed graft rejection in the testis was not due to reduced homing or proliferation of memory T cells but due to their increased apoptosis at that site. Apoptosis was mediated by the combined actions of two TNFR family members that are up-regulated on activated memory T cells, Fas, and CD30. Therefore, memory T cells survey immunologically privileged tissues but are subject to the immunosuppressive mechanisms present at these sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Immunologic Memory
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/methods
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/pathology
- Ki-1 Antigen/physiology
- Kidney/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Testis/cytology
- Testis/immunology
- Testis/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/methods
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/pathology
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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27
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Abstract
Lymphoid neogenesis is the process by which ectopic lymphoid accumulations that resemble lymph nodes arise in nonlymphoid tissues. Such lymphoid accumulations, known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO), are observed in chronic autoimmunity and they propagate immune pathology by setting up local antigen presenting sites. Whether lymphoid neogenesis occurs in transplanted organs and contributes to rejection is not well understood. To begin to address this question, we retrospectively analyzed 319 murine cardiac allografts for microscopic evidence of lymph-node-like structures. We found 78 allografts that had either classical TLO, characterized by discrete T- and B-cell zones and high endothelial venules (HEV) expressing peripheral node addressin (PNAd) (n = 34), or PNAd(+) HEV without organized lymphoid accumulations (n = 44). These changes were present in both short- and long-lived allografts and were invariably associated with rejection. Importantly, they occurred in 78% of allografts undergoing chronic rejection (n = 85) but in only 7% of allografts undergoing primarily acute rejection (n = 184). These findings indicate that, like autoimmunity, alloimmunity is associated with lymphoid neogenesis in the target organ and suggest a role for local T-cell activation in chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady K Baddoura
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, SUNY School of Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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28
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Saadé NE, Nasr IW, Massaad CA, Safieh-Garabedian B, Jabbur SJ, Kanaan SA. Modulation of ultraviolet-induced hyperalgesia and cytokine upregulation by interleukins 10 and 13. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1317-24. [PMID: 11090103 PMCID: PMC1572458 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2000] [Revised: 09/01/2000] [Accepted: 09/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Exposure to midrange ultraviolet radiation (UVB) is known to produce skin inflammation similar to sunburn. The aim of this study was to characterize the hyperalgesia and cytokine upregulation induced by UVB and their modulation by antiinflammatory cytokines. 2. Acute exposure of the dorsal skin of mice to UVB (200, 250 and 300 mJ cm(2)) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the latencies of the hot plate and tail flick tests, without evident signs of skin lesions. 3. The observed hyperalgesia displayed a biphasic temporal evolution with an acute phase (3 - 6 h) and a late (48 - 96 h) phase. 4. Exposure to UVB (300 mJ cm(2)) elicited significant upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nerve growth factor (NGF), determined by ELISA in the exposed skin. This upregulation was more important during the acute phase of hyperalgesia. 5. Daily treatment of mice, with i.p. injections of either IL-10 or IL-13 (1.5, 7.5 and 15 ng in 100 microl saline) produced a dose-dependent attenuation of the UVB-induced hyperalgesia. 6. Treatment with the highest doses of either IL-10 or IL-13, produced significant attenuation of the levels of the cytokines and NGF by UVB, with relatively more pronounced effects by IL-13. 7. Acute exposure to moderate amounts of UVB results in a systemic hyperalgesia related to the upregulation of cytokine and NGF levels, since both were prevented by treatment with antiinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Saadé
- Department of Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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