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Botezatu A, Vladoiu S, Fudulu A, Albulescu A, Plesa A, Muresan A, Stancu C, Iancu IV, Diaconu CC, Velicu A, Popa OM, Badiu C, Dinu-Draganescu D. Advanced molecular approaches in male infertility diagnosis. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:684-704. [PMID: 35594455 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years a special attention has been given to a major health concern namely to male infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, taken into account the statistics that highlight that sperm counts have dropped by 50-60% in recent decades. According to the WHO, infertility affects approximately 9% of couples globally, and the male factor is believed to be present in roughly 50% of cases, with exclusive responsibility in 30%. The aim of this manuscript is to present an evidence-based approach for diagnosing male infertility that includes finding new solutions for diagnosis and critical outcomes, retrieving up-to-date studies and existing guidelines. The diverse factors that induce male infertility generated in a vast amount of data that needed to be analysed by a clinician before a decision could be made for each individual. Modern medicine faces numerous obstacles as a result of the massive amount of data generated by the molecular biology discipline. To address complex clinical problems, vast data must be collected, analysed, and used, which can be very challenging. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to create a decision support system can help predict the diagnosis and guide treatment for infertile men, based on analysis of different data as environmental and lifestyle, clinical (sperm count, morphology, hormone testing, karyotype, etc.) and "omics" bigdata. Ultimately, the development of AI algorithms will assist clinicians in formulating diagnosis, making treatment decisions, and predicting outcomes for assisted reproduction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Botezatu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Vladoiu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Fudulu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Albulescu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute for Chemical pharmaceutical Research & Development
| | - A Plesa
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Muresan
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Stancu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I V Iancu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C C Diaconu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Velicu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - O M Popa
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Badiu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Chivu-Economescu M, Bleotu C, Grancea C, Chiriac D, Botezatu A, Iancu IV, Pitica I, Necula LG, Neagu A, Matei L, Dragu D, Sultana C, Radu EL, Nastasie A, Voicu O, Ataman M, Nedeianu S, Mambet C, Diaconu CC, Ruta SM. Kinetics and persistence of cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthcare workers with or without prior COVID-19. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1293-1305. [PMID: 35043552 PMCID: PMC8831971 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines are highly efficient against severe forms of the disease, hospitalization and death. Nevertheless, insufficient protection against several circulating viral variants might suggest waning immunity and the need for an additional vaccine dose. We conducted a longitudinal study on the kinetics and persistence of immune responses in healthcare workers vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with or without prior SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. No new infections were diagnosed during follow‐up. At 6 months, post‐vaccination or post‐infection, despite a downward trend in the level of anti‐S IgG antibodies, the neutralizing activity does not decrease significantly, remaining higher than 75% (85.14% for subjects with natural infection, 88.82% for vaccinated after prior infection and 78.37% for vaccinated only). In a live‐virus neutralization assay, the highest neutralization titres were present at baseline and at 6 months follow‐up in persons vaccinated after prior infection. Anti‐S IgA levels showed a significant descending trend in vaccinated subjects (p < 0.05) after 14 weeks. Cellular immune responses are present even in vaccinated participants with declining antibody levels (index ratio 1.1–3) or low neutralizing activity (30%–40%) at 6 months, although with lower T‐cell stimulation index (p = 0.046) and IFN‐γ secretion (p = 0.0007) compared to those with preserved humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Anca Botezatu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia V Iancu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Pitica
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura G Necula
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Neagu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lilia Matei
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Dragu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Sultana
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena L Radu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Nastasie
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Voicu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Ataman
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cristina Mambet
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Simona Maria Ruta
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Hotoboc IE, Fudulu A, Grigore R, Bertesteanu S, Huica I, Iancu IV, Botezatu A, Bleotu C, Anton G. The association between lncRNA H19 and EZH2 expression in patients with EBV-positive laryngeal carcinoma. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2021; 41:537-543. [PMID: 34825669 PMCID: PMC8686793 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Materials and methods Results Conclusions
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Iancu IV, Botezatu A, Plesa A, Huica I, Fudulu A, Albulescu A, Bostan M, Mihaila M, Grancea C, Manda DA, Dobrescu R, Vladoiu SV, Anton G, Badiu CV. Alterations of regulatory factors and DNA methylation pattern in thyroid cancer. Cancer Biomark 2021; 28:255-268. [PMID: 32390600 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA methylation plays an important role in thyroid oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between global and local DNA methylation status and to establish the levels of important DNA methylation regulators (TET family and DNMT1) in thyroid tumours: follicular adenoma-FA, papillary thyroid carcinoma-PTC (classic papillary thyroid carcinoma-cPTC and papillary thyroid carcinoma follicular variant fvPTC). METHODS Global DNA methylation profile in thyroid tumours tissue (41 paired samples) was assessed by 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels evaluation (ELISA), along with TETs and DNMT1 genes expression quantification. Also, it was investigated for the first time TET1 and TET2 promoter's methylation in thyroid tumours. BRAF V600E mutation and RET/PTC translocation testing were performed on all investigated samples. In vitro studies upon DNA methylation in K1 thyroid cancer cells were performed with demethylating agents (5-AzaC and vitamin C). RESULTS TET1 and TET2 displayed a significantly reduced gene expression level in PTC, while DNMT1 gene presented a high level of expression. PTC samples presented increased levels of 5-methylcytosine and low levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine levels were associated with TET1/TET2 expression levels. TET1 gene expression was significantly lower in patients positive for BRAF mutation and with RET/PTC rearrangement. TET2 gene was found hypermethylated in thyroid carcinoma patients overall, especially in PTC-follicular variant samples (p= 0.0002), where TET2 gene expression levels were significantly reduced (p= 0.0031). Furthermore, the data indicate for all thyroid cancer patients a good sensitivity (81.08%) and specificity (86.49%) regarding the use of TET1 (p< 0.0001), and TET2 (71.79%, 64.10%, p= 0.0001) hypermethylation as biomarkers for thyroid oncogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TET1/TET2 gene expression and methylation may serve as potential diagnostic tools for thyroid neoplasia. Our study showed that the methylation of TET1 increases in malignant thyroid tumours. fvPTC patients presented lower methylation levels compared to cPTC and could be a discriminatory factor between two cancer types and benign lesions. TET2 is a poorer discriminator between FA and fvPTC, but it can be useful for cPTC identification. K1-cells treated with demethylating agents showed a demethylation effect, especially upon TET2 gene. The cumulative effect of L-AA and 5-AzaC proved to have a potent combined demethylating effect on genes promoter's activation and could open new perspectives for thyroid cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia V Iancu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Botezatu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Plesa
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Huica
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Fudulu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Albulescu
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marinela Bostan
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Mihaila
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Grancea
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Alice Manda
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Dobrescu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Susana Vilma Vladoiu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Anton
- "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corin Virgil Badiu
- "CI Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,"Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,"Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
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Botezatu A, Iancu IV, Plesa A, Manda D, Popa O, Bostan M, Mihaila M, Albulescu A, Fudulu A, Vladoiu SV, Huica I, Dobrescu R, Anton G, Badiu C. Methylation of tumour suppressor genes associated with thyroid cancer. Cancer Biomark 2019; 25:53-65. [PMID: 31006665 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide. Changes in DNA methylation can cause silencing of normally active genes, especially tumour suppressor genes (TSG) or activation of normally silent genes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the degree of promoter methylation for a panel of markers for thyroid neoplasms and to establish their relationship with thyroid oncogenesis. METHODS To generate a comprehensive DNA methylation signature of TSGs involved in thyroid neoplasia, we use Human TSG EpiTect Methyl II Signature PCR Array-Qiagen for 24 samples (follicular adenomas and papillary thyroid carcinomas) compared with normal thyroid tissue. We extended the evaluation for three TSGs (TP73, WIF1, PDLIM4) using qMS-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism. RESULTS We noted four important genes NEUROG1, ESR1, RUNX3, MLH1, which presented methylated promoter in tumour samples compared to normal. We found new characteristic of thyroid tumours: methylation of TP73, WIF1 and PDLIM4 TSGs, which can contribute to thyroid neoplasia. A significant correlation between BRAF V600E mutation and RET/PTC rearrangements with TIMP3 and CDH13, RARB methylation, respectively was observed. CONCLUSIONS TSGs promoter hypermethylation is a hallmark of cancer and a test that uses methylation quantification method is suitable for diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Botezatu
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia V Iancu
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Plesa
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Manda
- 'CI Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Popa
- 'CI Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marinela Bostan
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Mihaila
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Albulescu
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute for Chemical pharmaceutical Research and Development, Calea Vitan, Romania
| | - Alina Fudulu
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Susana V Vladoiu
- 'CI Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Huica
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Dobrescu
- 'CI Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Anton
- 'Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corin Badiu
- 'CI Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Botezatu A, Puiu M, Cucu N, Diaconu CC, Badiu C, Arsene C, Iancu IV, Plesa A, Anton G. Comparative molecular approaches in Prader–Willi syndrome diagnosis. Gene 2016; 575:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Iancu IV, Pleşa A, Botezatu A, Huică I, Stănescu AD, Socolov D, Anton G. E5HPV16 mRNA EXPRESSION PATTERN ANALYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL LESIONS IN VIRAL STATUS CONTEXT. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol 2015; 74:33-39. [PMID: 26727852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) may cause mostly transient infections of cutaneous and mucous epithelia. Persistent HPV genital infections may induce pre-malignant or malignant lesions. While E6 and E7 HPV genes' malignant character is known, E5 is still under debate. We evaluated the possible role of E5 gene in cervix oncogenesis, in patients with abnormal cytology and HPV1 6 positive, in the context of viral status correlated with potential targets (p21, EGFR). HPV DNA was detected and genotyped using Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany) and E2, E6, E5 HPV16, p21 and EGFR transcripts levels were investigated by qRT-PCR. Our results indicate a significantly high E5 expression in low grade cytology, expression correlated with a moderated E6 and low p21 levels. All HSIL specimens presented integrated/mixed viral forms; mixed forms presented moderate E5 expression, high levels of p21 correlates with E6 oncogene high expression. These findings indicate a potential role for E5 pattern of expression in discriminating be-tween lesions that may progress to cancer.
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Plesa A, Anton G, Iancu IV, Diaconu CC, Huica I, Stanescu AD, Socolov D, Nistor E, Popa E, Stoian M, Botezatu A. Molecular variants of human papilloma virus 16 E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7 genes associated with cervical neoplasia in Romanian patients. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3305-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Botezatu A, Socolov D, Iancu IV, Huica I, Plesa A, Ungureanu C, Anton G. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and promoter methylation in cervical oncogenic lesions and cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:543-9. [PMID: 23444906 PMCID: PMC3822654 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and MTHFR methylation pattern in cervical lesions development among women from Romania, a country with high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical infections. To achieve this goal, blood samples and cervical cytology specimens (n = 77)/tumour tissue specimens (n = 23) were investigated. As control, blood and negative cytological smears (n = 50) were used. A statistically significant association was found between T allele of C677T polymorphism and cervical lesions, heterozygote women presenting a threefold increased risk (normal/cervical lesions and tumours: wild homozygote 34/41 (0.68/0.41), heterozygote 14/51 (0.28/0.51), mutant homozygote 2/8 (0.04/0.08); OR = 3.081, P = 0.0035). Using χ square test for the control group, the HPV-negative and HPV-positive patients with cervix lesions, a significant correlation between viral infection and T allele of C677T polymorphism (P = 0.0287) was found. The MTHFR promoter was methylated in all HGSIL and tumour samples, significant differences being noted between HPV-positive samples, control group and cases of cervical dysplastic lesions without HPV DNA (P < 0. 0001) and between samples from patients with high-risk (hr)HPV versus low-risk (lr)HPV (P = 0.0026). No correlations between polymorphisms and methylation were observed. In Romania, individuals carrying T allele are susceptible for cervical lesions. MTHFR promoter methylation is associated with cervical severity lesions and with hrHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Botezatu
- Viral Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Romanian Academy Stefan S. Nicolau Virology Institute, Bucharest 030304, Romania
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Goia-Ruşanu CD, Iancu IV, Botezatu A, Socolov D, Huică I, Pleşa A, Anton G. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in patients with HRHPV-related cervical lesions. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol 2011; 70:5-10. [PMID: 21717805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High risk human papillomaviruses (hr-HPV) are known to be the etiological agents of cervical cancer disease. On the other hand, other cofactors are considered to be important in cervix carcinogenesis. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as well as alterations in mtDNA content have been reported in numerous cancers examined to date. The D-loop region has been shown to be a mutational "hot spot" in human cancer. In order to evaluate the role of mtDNA mutations in cervical lesions progression, cervical specimens (from 79 women, 29-65 years old) were investigated. DNA was isolated (High Pure PCR Template, Roche Diagnostics) from cervical cells from patients with different cytology (normal cervical epithelium, ASCUS-Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance, LGSIL-Low-Grade Intraepithelial Lesion, HGSIL-High-Grade Intraepithelial Lesion and SCC-Squamous Cell Carcinoma) and tested for HPV DNA presence (Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, Roche Diagnostics). To elucidate a causative role of mtDNA in cervical lesions, mtDNA mutations were investigated using Mutector mtDNA kit (TrimGen Corporation). In patients with normal and ASCUS cytology, mtDNA mutations were absent. 16.66% of LGSIL patients presented mutations in D-loop region whereas 28.57% HGSIL cases showed mutations in mtDNA. Mutations were detected in 66.66% cases of SCC cases. These studies provide strong evidence that instability in the D-loop region of mtDNA may be involved in cervical dysplasia. We suggested that mtDNA mutations may play a role in cervical precursor lesions and cancer but their role in the mechanism of carcinogenesis remains to be solved.
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