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Mikheev IV, Sozarukova MM, Izmailov DY, Kareev IE, Proskurnina EV, Proskurnin MA. Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous Dispersions of Fullerenes C 60, C 70, and Gd@C 82. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5838. [PMID: 34072504 PMCID: PMC8199091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant potential (capacity and activity) of aqueous fullerene dispersions (AFD) of non-functionalized C60, C70, and Gd@C82 endofullerene (in micromolar concentration range) was estimated based on chemiluminescence measurements of the model of luminol and generation of organic radicals by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP). The antioxidant capacity was estimated by the TRAP method, from the concentration of half-suppression, and from the suppression area in the initial period. All three approaches agree and show that the antioxidant capacity of AFDs increased in the order Gd@C82 < C70 < C60. Mathematical modeling of the long-term kinetics data was used for antioxidant activity estimation. The effect of C60 and C70 is found to be quenching of the excited product of luminol with ABAP-generated radical and not an actual antioxidant effect; quenching constants differ insignificantly. Apart from quenching with a similar constant, the AFD of Gd@C82 exhibits actual antioxidant action. The antioxidant activity in Gd@C82 is 300-fold higher than quenching constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Mikheev
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Madina M. Sozarukova
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.S.); (M.A.P.)
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Yu. Izmailov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.S.); (M.A.P.)
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Mikheev IV, Pirogova MO, Usoltseva LO, Uzhel AS, Bolotnik TA, Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Lukonina NS, Volkov DS, Goryunkov AA, Korobov MV, Proskurnin MA. Green and rapid preparation of long-term stable aqueous dispersions of fullerenes and endohedral fullerenes: The pros and cons of an ultrasonic probe. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 73:105533. [PMID: 33799110 PMCID: PMC8044700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A green, scalable, and sustainable approach to prepare aqueous fullerene dispersions (AFD) C60, C70, endohedral metallofullerene Gd@C82, and their derivatives C60Cl6, C70Cl10, and supramolecular and ester-like derivatives, 10 fullerene species total, is proposed. For the first time, an immersed ultrasonic probe was used to preparing dispersions for pristine fullerenes without addends. Both ultrasound-assisted solvent-exchange and direct sonication techniques for AFD preparation using an immersed probe were tested. The average time for AFD preparation decreases 10-15 times compared to an ultrasound-bath-assisted technique, while final fullerene concentrations in AFDs remained at tens of ppm (up to 80 ppm). The aqueous dispersions showed long-term stability, a negatively charged surface with a zeta potential up to -32 mV with an average nanocluster diameter of no more than 180 nm. The total anionic and cationic compositions of samples were found by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques. The highlights and challenges of using an ultrasound probe for AFD production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Mikheev
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mariya O Pirogova
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liliia O Usoltseva
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anna S Uzhel
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Timofey A Bolotnik
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Viacheslav P Bubnov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Natalia S Lukonina
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Volkov
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Korobov
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail A Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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V. Mikheev I, M. Sozarukova M, V. Proskurnina E, E. Kareev I, A. Proskurnin M. Non-Functionalized Fullerenes and Endofullerenes in Aqueous Dispersions as Superoxide Scavengers. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112506. [PMID: 32481516 PMCID: PMC7321068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endohedral metal fullerene are potential nanopharmaceuticals for MRI; thus, it is important to study their effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Superoxide anion radical is one of the key ROS. The reactivity of aqueous dispersions of pristine (non-functionalized) fullerenes and Gd@C82 endofullerene have been studied with respect to superoxide in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase chemiluminescence system. It was found that C60 and C70 in aqueous dispersions react with superoxide as scavengers by a similar mechanism; differences in activity are determined by cluster parameters, primarily the concentration of available, acting molecules at the surface. Gd endofullerene is characterized by a significantly (one-and-a-half to two orders of magnitude) higher reactivity with respect to C60 and C70 and is likely to exhibit nanozyme (SOD-mimic) properties, which can be accounted for by the nonuniform distribution of electron density of the fullerene cage due to the presence of the endohedral atom; however, in the cell model, Gd@C82 showed the lowest activity compared to C60 and C70, which can be accounted for by its higher affinity for the lipid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Mikheev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Madina M. Sozarukova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117901 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-4648
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Mikheev IV, Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Volkov DS, Korobov MV, Proskurnin MA. Aqueous Dispersions of Unmodified Y@C82
(C2v
) Endohedral Metallofullerene. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Mikheev
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region Russia
| | - Vyacheslav P. Bubnov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region Russia
| | - Dmitriy S. Volkov
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Korobov
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
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Nekrasov VM, Dutlov AE, Trubitsyn MG, Kotov AI, Martynenko VM, Barzilovich PY, Korchagin DV, Bubnov VP, Kareev IE. Unusual regioselectivity of C 1 C 70 (CF 3 ) 10 in the Diels-Alder reaction. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kareev IE, Laukhina E, Bubnov VP, Martynenko VM, Lloveras V, Vidal-Gancedo J, Mas-Torrent M, Veciana J, Rovira C. Harnessing Electron Transfer from the Perchlorotriphenylmethide Anion to Y@C82(C2v) to Engineer an Endometallofullerene-Based Salt. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1670-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shustova NB, Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Whitaker JB, Lebedkin SF, Popov AA, Dunsch L, Chen YS, Seppelt K, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. High-temperature and photochemical syntheses of C60 and C70 fullerene derivatives with linear perfluoroalkyl chains. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Popov AA, Kareev IE, Shustova NB, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Dunsch L. Unraveling the Electron Spin Resonance Pattern of Nonsymmetric Radicals with 30 Fluorine Atoms: Electron Spin Resonance and Vis−Near-Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry of the Anion Radicals and Dianions of C60(CF3)2n (2n = 2−10) Derivatives and Density Functional Theory-Assisted Assignment. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11709-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1043775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, Dresden D01069, Germany, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, Dresden D01069, Germany, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Natalia B. Shustova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, Dresden D01069, Germany, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, Dresden D01069, Germany, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, Dresden D01069, Germany, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, Dresden D01069, Germany, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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9
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Misochko EY, Akimov AV, Belov VA, Tyurin DA, Bubnov VP, Kareev IE, Yagubskii EB. EPR spectrum of the Y@C82 metallofullerene isolated in solid argon matrix: hyperfine structure from EPR spectroscopy and relativistic DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8863-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b926279b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Takano Y, Herranz MA, Kareev IE, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Akasaka T, Martín N. Efficient regioselective [4+2] cycloaddition of o-quinodimethane to C(70)(CF(3))(10). J Org Chem 2009; 74:6902-5. [PMID: 19663505 DOI: 10.1021/jo9014358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction of C(1)-C(70)(CF(3))(10) and 3,6-dimethoxy-1,2-quinodimethane leads regioselectively to the formation of a new cycloadduct that has been fully characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods as well as by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takano
- Centerfor Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University ofTsukuba, 305-8577 Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Shustova NB, Lebedkin SF, Bubnov VP, Anderson OP, Popov AA, Boltalina OV, Strauss SH. C1-(C84-C2(11))(CF3)12: trifluoromethylation yields structural proof of a minor C84 cage and reveals a principle of higher fullerene reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6204-7. [PMID: 18618569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
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12
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Kareev IE, Popov AA, Kuvychko IV, Shustova NB, Lebedkin SF, Bubnov VP, Anderson OP, Seppelt K, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Synthesis and X-ray or NMR/DFT structure elucidation of twenty-one new trifluoromethyl derivatives of soluble cage isomers of C76, C78, C84, and C90. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13471-89. [PMID: 18788799 DOI: 10.1021/ja8041614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adding 1% of the metallic elements cerium, lanthanum, and yttrium to graphite rod electrodes resulted in different amounts of the hollow higher fullerenes (HHFs) C76-D2(1), C78-C2v(2), and C78-C2v(3) in carbon-arc fullerene-containing soots. The reaction of trifluoroiodomethane with these and other soluble HHFs at 520-550 degrees C produced 21 new C76,78,84,90(CF3)n derivatives (n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14). The reaction with C76-D2(1) produced an abundant isomer of C2-(C76-D2(1))(CF3)10 plus smaller amounts of an isomer of C1-(C76-D2(1))(CF3)6, two isomers of C1-(C76-D2(1))(CF3)8, four isomers of C1-(C76-D2(1))(CF3)10, and one isomer of C2-(C76-D2(1))(CF3)12. The reaction with a mixture of C78-D3(1), C78-C2v(2), and C78-C2v(3) produced the previously reported isomer C1-(C78-C2v(3))(CF3)12 (characterized by X-ray crystallography in this work) and the following new compounds: C2-(C78-C2v(3))(CF3)8; C2-(C78-D3(1))(CF3)10 and C(s)-(C78-C2v(2))(CF3)10 (both characterized by X-ray crystallography in this work); C2-(C78-C2v(2))(CF3)10; and C1-C78(CF3)14 (cage isomer unknown). The reaction of a mixture of soluble higher fullerenes including C84 and C90 produced the new compounds C1-C84(CF3)10 (cage isomer unknown), C1-(C84-C2(11))(CF3)12 (X-ray structure reported recently), D2-(C84-D2(22))(CF3)12, C2-(C84-D2(22))(CF3)12, C1-C84(CF3)14 (cage isomer unknown), C1-(C90-C1(32))(CF3)12, and another isomer of C1-C90(CF3)12 (cage isomer unknown). All compounds were studied by mass spectrometry, (19)F NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An analysis of the addition patterns of these compounds and three other HHF(X) n compounds with bulky X groups has led to the discovery of the following addition-pattern principle for HHFs: In general, the most pyramidal cage C(sp(2)) atoms in the parent HHF, which form the most electron-rich and therefore the most reactive cage C-C bonds as far as 1,2-additions are concerned, are not the cage C atoms to which bulky substituents are added. Instead, ribbons of edge-sharing p-C6(X)2 hexagons, with X groups on less pyramidal cage C atoms, are formed, and the otherwise "most reactive" fullerene double bonds remain intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems in Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
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Shustova NB, Anderson OP, Boltalina OV, Strauss SH, Kareev IE. 1,3,7,10,14,17,21,28,31,42,52,55-Dodeca-kis(trifluoro-meth-yl)- 1,3,7,10,14,17,21,28,31,42,52,55-dodeca-hydro-(C(60)-I)[5,6]fullerene. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2007; 64:o159. [PMID: 21200724 PMCID: PMC2915227 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536807063647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(72)F(36), is one of four isomers of C(60)(CF(3))(12) for which crystal structures have been obtained. The fullerene mol-ecule has an idealized I(h) C(60) core with the 12 CF(3) groups arranged in an asymmetric fashion on two ribbons of edge-sharing C(6)(CF(3))(2) hexa-gons, a para-meta-para-para-para-meta-para ribbon and a para-meta-para ribbon, giving an overall pmp(3)mp,pmp structure. There are no cage Csp(3)-Csp(3) bonds. The F atoms of two CF(3) groups are disordered over two positions; the site occupancy factors are 0.85/0.15 and 0.73/0.27. There are intra-molecular F⋯F contacts between pairs of CF(3) groups on the same hexa-gon that range from 2.521 (3) to 2.738 (4) Å.
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Popov AA, Kareev IE, Shustova NB, Stukalin EB, Lebedkin SF, Seppelt K, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Dunsch L. Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and DFT Study of C60(CF3)n Frontier Orbitals (n = 2−18): The Link between Double Bonds in Pentagons and Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11551-68. [PMID: 17718489 DOI: 10.1021/ja073181e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The frontier orbitals of 22 isolated and characterized C(60)(CF(3))(n) derivatives, including seven reported here for the first time, have been investigated by electronic spectroscopy (n = 2 [1], 4 [1], 6 [2], 8 [5], 10 [6], 12 [3]; the number of isomers for each composition is shown in square brackets) fluorescence spectroscopy (n = 10 [4]), cyclic voltammetry under air-free conditions (all compounds with n <or= 12), ESR spectroscopy of C(60)(CF(3))(n)- radical anions at 25 degrees C (n = 4 [1] and 10 [1]), and quantum chemical calculations at the DFT level of theory (all compounds including n = 16 [3] and 18 [2]). DFT calculations are also reported for several hypothetical C(60)(CF(3))(n) derivatives. The X-ray structure of one of the compounds, 1,6,11,16,18,26,36,41,44,57-C(60)(CF(3))(10), is reported here for the first time. Most of the compounds with n <or= 12 exhibit two or three quasi-reversible reductions at scan rates from 20 mV s(-1) up to 5.0 V s(-1), respectively. The 18 experimental 0/- E(1/2) values (vs C(60)(0/-)) are a linear function of the DFT-predicted LUMO energies (average E1/2 deviation from the least-squares line is 0.02 V). This linear relationship was used to predict the 0/- E(1/2) values for the n = 16 and 18 derivatives, and none of the predicted values is more positive than the 0/- E(1/2) value for one of the isomers of C(60)(CF(3))(10). In general, reduction potentials for the 0/- couple are shifted anodically relative to the C(60)(0/-) couple. However, the 0/- E(1/2) values for a given composition are strongly dependent on the addition pattern of the CF3 groups. In addition, LUMO energies for isomers of C(60)(X)(n) (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) that are structurally related to many of the CF(3) derivatives were calculated and compared for X = CH(3), H, Ph, NH(2), CH(2)F, CHF(2), F, NO(2), and CN. The experimental and computational results for the C(60)(CF(3))(n) compounds and the computational results for more than 50 additional C(60)(X)(n) compounds provide new insights about the frontier orbitals of C(60)(X)(n) derivatives. For a given substituent, X, the addition pattern is as important, if not more important in many cases, than the number of substituents, n, in determining E(1/2) values. Those addition patterns with double bonds in pentagons having two C(sp(2)) nearest neighbors result in the strongest electron acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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15
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Kareev IE, Shustova NB, Peryshkov DV, Lebedkin SF, Miller SM, Anderson OP, Popov AA, Boltalina OV, Strauss SH. X-ray structure and DFT study of C1-C60(CF3)12. A high-energy, kinetically-stable isomer prepared at 500 °C. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1650-2. [PMID: 17530089 DOI: 10.1039/b617489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, prepared from C(60) and CF(3)I at 500 degrees C, exhibits an unusual fullerene(X)12 addition pattern that is 40 kJ mol(-1) less stable than the previously reported C(60)(CF(3))12 isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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Kareev IE, Shustova NB, Kuvychko IV, Lebedkin SF, Miller SM, Anderson OP, Popov AA, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Thermally Stable Perfluoroalkylfullerenes with the Skew-Pentagonal-Pyramid Pattern: C60(C2F5)4O, C60(CF3)4O, and C60(CF3)6. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:12268-80. [PMID: 16967978 DOI: 10.1021/ja063907r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of C(60) with CF(3)I at 550 degrees C, which is known to produce a single isomer of C(60)(CF(3))(2,4,6) and multiple isomers of C(60)(CF(3))(8,10), has now been found to produce an isomer of C(60)(CF(3))(6) with the C(s)-C(60)X(6) skew-pentagonal-pyramid (SPP) addition pattern and an epoxide with the C(s)-C(60)X(4)O variation of the SPP addition pattern, C(s)-C(60)(CF(3))(4)O. The structurally similar epoxide C(s)-C(60)(C(2)F(5))(4)O is one of the products of the reaction of C(60) with C(2)F(5)I at 430 degrees C. The three compounds have been characterized by mass spectrometry, DFT quantum chemical calculations, Raman, visible, and (19)F NMR spectroscopy, and, in the case of the two epoxides, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound C(s)-C(60)(CF(3))(6) is the first [60]fullerene derivative with adjacent R(f) groups that are sufficiently sterically hindered to cause the (DFT-predicted) lengthening of the cage (CF(3))C-C(CF(3)) bond to 1.60 A as well as to give rise to a rare, non-fast-exchange-limit (19)F NMR spectrum at 20 degrees C. The compounds C(s)-C(60)(CF(3))(4)O and C(s)-C(60)(C(2)F(5))(4)O are the first poly(perfluoroalkyl)fullerene derivatives with a non-fluorine-containing exohedral substituent and the first fullerene epoxides known to be stable at elevated temperatures. All three compounds demonstrate that the SPP addition pattern is at least kinetically stable, if not thermodynamically stable, at temperatures exceeding 400 degrees C. The high-temperature synthesis of the two epoxides also indicates that perfluoroalkyl substituents can enhance the thermal stability of fullerene derivatives with other substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Lebedkin SF, Miller SM, Anderson OP, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Synthesis and structures of poly(perfluoroethyl)[60]fullerenes: 1,7,16,36,46,49-C60(C2F5)6and 1,6,11,18,24,27,32,35-C60(C2F5)8. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:308-10. [PMID: 16391743 DOI: 10.1039/b513477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The high-temperature reaction of C60 and C2F5I produced poly(perfluoroethyl)fullerenes with unprecedented addition patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
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Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Popov AA, Lebedkin SF, Miller SM, Anderson OP, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. High-Temperature Synthesis of the Surprisingly StableC1-C70(CF3)10 Isomer with apara7-meta-para Ribbon of Nine C6(CF3)2 Edge-Sharing Hexagons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Popov AA, Lebedkin SF, Miller SM, Anderson OP, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. High-Temperature Synthesis of the Surprisingly StableC1-C70(CF3)10 Isomer with apara7-meta-para Ribbon of Nine C6(CF3)2 Edge-Sharing Hexagons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7984-7. [PMID: 16287192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Popov AA, Tarábek J, Kareev IE, Lebedkin SF, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Dunsch L. Poly(trifluoromethyl)fullerene Radical Anions. An ESR/Vis−NIR Spectroelectrochemical Study of C60F2,4 and C60(CF3)2,10. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:9709-11. [PMID: 16833282 DOI: 10.1021/jp0550006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms are reported for C(60)(CF(3))(n) derivatives for the first time. The compounds studied were 1,9-C(60)(CF(3))(2) and 3 isomers of C(60)(CF(3))(10), including the structurally characterized derivative 1,3,7,10,14,17,23,28,31,40-C(60)(CF(3))(10) (C(60)(CF(3))(10)-3). The compound 1,9-C(60)(CF(3))(2) exhibited 3 reversible reductions; C(60)(CF(3))(10)-3 exhibited 2 reversible reductions; the other 2 isomers of C(60)(CF(3))(10) each exhibited 1 reversible reduction. ESR and near-IR spectroelectrochemical experiments were performed to characterize some of the C(60)(CF(3))(n)(-) and C(60)(CF(3))(n)(2-) species generated by cyclic voltammetry. The ESR spectrum of the C(60)(CF(3))(10)-3(-) radical anion consisted of an envelope of 25 lines centered at g = 2.0032 (the apparent a value is ca. 0.5 G), evidence of coupling between the unpaired electron and a significant number of the CF(3) fluorine atoms. The most significant finding is that this radical anion has a half-life in solution at 25 degrees C of about 7 min.
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Kareev IE, Quiñones GS, Kuvychko IV, Khavrel PA, Ioffe IN, Goldt IV, Lebedkin SF, Seppelt K, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Variable-Temperature 19F NMR and Theoretical Study of 1,9- and 1,7-C60F(CF3) and Cs- and C1-C60F17(CF3): Hindered CF3 Rotation and Through-Space JFF Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11497-504. [PMID: 16089480 DOI: 10.1021/ja051954y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Milligram amounts of the new compounds 1,9- and 1,7-C60F(CF3) (ca. 85:15 mixture of isomers) and C60F3(CF3) were isolated from a high-temperature C60/K2PtF6 reaction mixture and purified to 98 mol % compositional purity by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography using Buckyprep and Buckyclutcher columns. The previously observed compounds C60F5(CF3) and C60F7(CF3) were also purified to 90+ mol % for the first time. Variable-temperature 19F NMR spectra of the mixture of C60F(CF3) isomers and the previously reported mixture of C(s)- and C1-C60F17(CF3) isomers demonstrate for the first time that fullerene(F)n(CF3)m derivatives with adjacent F and CF3 substituents exhibit slow-exchange limit hindered CF3 rotation spectra at -40 +/- 10 degrees C. The experimental and density functional theory (DFT) predicted deltaH++ values for CF3 rotation in 1,9-C60F(CF3) are 46.8(7) and 46 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The DFT-predicted deltaH++ values for 1,7-C60F(CF3), C(s)-C60F17(CF3), and C1-C60F17(CF3) are 20, 44, and 54 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The (> or = 4)J(FF) values from the slow-exchange-limit 19F spectra, which vary from ca. 0 to 48(1) Hz, show that the dominant nuclear spin-spin coupling mechanism is through-space coupling (i.e., direct overlap of fluorine atom lone-pair orbitals) rather than coupling through the sigma-bond framework. The 2J(FF) values within the CF3 groups vary from 107(1) to 126(1) Hz. Collectively, the NMR data provide an unambiguous set of (> or = 4)J(FF) values for three different compounds that can be correlated with DFT-predicted or X-ray diffraction derived distances and angles and an unambiguous set of 2J(FF) values that can serve as an internal standard for all future J(FF) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432 Russia
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Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Lebedkin SF, Miller SM, Anderson OP, Seppelt K, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Synthesis, Structure, and 19F NMR Spectra of 1,3,7,10,14,17,23,28,31,40-C60(CF3)10. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:8362-75. [PMID: 15941270 DOI: 10.1021/ja050305j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A significant improvement in the selectivity of fullerene trifluoromethylation reactions was achieved. Reaction of trifluoroiodomethane with [60]fullerene at 460 degrees C and [70]fullerene at 470 degrees C in a flow reactor led to isolation of cold-zone-condensed mixtures of C60(CF3)n and C70(CF3)n compounds with narrow composition ranges: 6 < or = n < or = 12 for C(60)(CF3)n and 8 < or = n < or = 14 for C70(CF3)n. The predominant products in the C(60) reaction, an estimated 40+ mol % of the cold-zone condensate, were three isomers of C60(CF3)10. Two of these were purified by two-stage HPLC to 80+% isomeric purity. The third isomer was purified by three-stage HPLC to 95% isomeric purity. Thirteen milligrams of this orange-brown compound was isolated (5% overall yield based on C60, and its C1-symmetric structure was determined to be 1,3,7,10,14,17,23,28,31,40-C60(CF3)10 by X-ray crystallography. The CF3 groups are either meta or para to one another on a p-m-p-p-p-m-p-m-p ribbon of edge-sharing C6(CF3)2 hexagons (each pair of adjacent hexagons shares a common CF3 group). The selectivity of the C70 reaction was even higher. The predominant product was a single C70(CF3)10 isomer representing >40 mol % of the cold-zone condensate. Single-stage HPLC led to the isolation of 12 mg of this brown compound in 95% isomeric purity (27% overall yield based on converted C70. The new compounds were characterized by EI or S(8)-MALDI mass spectrometry and 2D-COSY 19F NMR spectroscopy. The NMR data demonstrate that through-space coupling via direct overlap of fluorine orbitals is the predominant contribution to J(FF) values in these and most other fullerene(CF3)n compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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Kareev IE, Lebedkin SF, Bubnov VP, Yagubskii EB, Ioffe IN, Khavrel PA, Kuvychko IV, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Trifluoromethylated Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Synthesis and Characterization of Y@C82(CF3)5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1846-9. [PMID: 15719350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Kareev IE, Lebedkin SF, Bubnov VP, Yagubskii EB, Ioffe IN, Khavrel PA, Kuvychko IV, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Trifluoromethylated Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Synthesis and Characterization of Y@C82(CF3)5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Popov AA, Goryunkov AA, Goldt IV, Kareev IE, Kuvychko IV, Hunnius WD, Seppelt K, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Raman, Infrared, and Theoretical Studies of Fluorofullerene C60F20. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Alexey A. Goryunkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ilya V. Goldt
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Igor V. Kuvychko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hunnius
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie University Berlin, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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Koltover VK, Logan JW, Heise H, Bubnov VP, Estrin YI, Kareev IE, Lodygina VP, Pines A. Diamagnetic Clusters of Paramagnetic Endometallofullerenes: A Solid-State MAS NMR Study. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048610z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly K. Koltover
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - John W. Logan
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Henrike Heise
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Vyacheslav P. Bubnov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yakov I. Estrin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Vera P. Lodygina
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720
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