1
|
Puty B, Bittencourt LO, Lima LAO, Plaça JR, Dionizio A, Buzalaf MAR, Gomes BD, de Oliveira EHC, Lima RR. Unraveling molecular characteristic of fluoride neurotoxicity on U87 glial-like cells: insights from transcriptomic and proteomic approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1153198. [PMID: 37362003 PMCID: PMC10289037 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1153198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of fluoride (F) as a neurotoxicant in humans is still controversial in the literature. However, recent studies have raised the debate by showing different mechanism of F-induced neurotoxicity, as oxidative stress, energy metabolism and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we investigated the mechanistic action of two F concentration (0.095 and 0.22 μg/ml) on gene and protein profile network using a human glial cell in vitro model over 10 days of exposure. A total of 823 genes and 2,084 genes were modulated after exposure to 0.095 and 0.22 μg/ml F, respectively. Among them, 168 were found to be modulated by both concentrations. The number of changes in protein expression induced by F were 20 and 10, respectively. Gene ontology annotations showed that the main terms were related to cellular metabolism, protein modification and cell death regulation pathways, such as the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, in a concentration independent manner. Proteomics confirmed the changes in energy metabolism and also provided evidence of F-induced changes in cytoskeleton components of glial cells. Our results not only reveal that F has the potential to modulate gene and protein profiles in human U87 glial-like cells overexposed to F, but also identify a possible role of this ion in cytoskeleton disorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environmental Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Alencar Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Plaça
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Centro de Pesquisa, Inovacão e Desenvolvimento/Fundacão de Amparo á Pesuisa do Estado de São Paulo (CEPID/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Duarte Gomes
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology Eduardo Oswaldo Cruz, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Puty B, Bittencourt LO, Plaça JR, de Oliveira EHC, Lima RR. Astrocyte-Like Cells Transcriptome Changes After Exposure to a Low and Non-cytotoxic MeHg Concentration. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1151-1162. [PMID: 35378667 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is the main target of MeHg toxicity and glial cells are the first line of defense; however, their true role remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the global map of human glial-like (U87) cells transcriptome after exposure to a non-toxic and non-lethal MeHg concentration and to investigate the related molecular changes. U87 cells were exposed upon 0.1, 0.5, and 1 µM MeHg for 4 and 24 h. Although no changes were observed in the percentage of viable cells, the metabolic viability was significantly decreased after exposure to 1 µM MeHg for 24 h; thus, the non-toxic concentration of 0.1 µM MeHg was chosen to perform microarray analysis. Significant changes in U87 cells transcriptome were observed only after 24 h. The expression of 392 genes was down regulated while 431 genes were up-regulated. Gene ontology showed alterations in biological processes (75%), cellular components (21%), and molecular functions (4%). The main pathways showed by KEGG and Reactome were cell cycle regulation and Rho GTPase signaling. The complex mechanism of U87 cells response against MeHg exposure indicates that even a low and non-toxic concentration is able to alter the gene expression profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, Environmental Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Plaça
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Da Broi MG, Meola J, Plaça JR, Peronni KC, Rocha CV, Silva WA, Ferriani RA, Navarro PA. Is the profile of transcripts altered in the eutopic endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis during the implantation window? Hum Reprod 2019; 34:2381-2390. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Compared to healthy women, is the profile of transcripts altered in the eutopic endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis during the implantation window (IW)?
SUMMARY ANSWER
The eutopic endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis seems to be transcriptionally similar to the endometrium of infertile and fertile controls (FC) during the IW.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Endometriosis is a disease related to infertility; nevertheless, little is known regarding the ethiopathogenic mechanisms underlying this association. Some studies evaluating the eutopic endometrium of endometriosis patients suggest there is an endometrial factor involved in the disease-related infertility. However, no study to date has evaluated the endometrial transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) by next generation sequencing (NGS), comparing patients with endometriosis as the exclusive infertility factor (END) to infertile controls (IC; male and/or tubal factor) and FC.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
From November 2011 to November 2015 we performed a case-control study, where 17 endometrial samples (six END, six IC, five FC) were collected during the IW.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
All endometrial samples had the RNA extracted. Two libraries were prepared for each one (mRNA and miRNA), which were sequenced, respectively, at HISEQ 2500 (RNA-Seq) and MiSeq System (miRNA-Seq), Illumina. The normalization and differential expression were conducted in statistical R environment using DESeq2 package. qPCR was used for data validation, which were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn posttest (P < 0.05).
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
RNA-Seq revealed no differentially expressed genes (DEG) among END, IC and FC groups. miRNA-Seq revealed three differentially expressed miRNAs (has-27a-5p, has-miR-150-5p, has-miR-504-5p) in END group compared to FC group. However, none of the miRNAs identified in the sequencing was validated by qPCR.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The main limitation of this study was the small sample size evaluated as a result of the restrictive eligibility criteria adopted, limiting the generalization of the results obtained here. On the other hand, strict eligibility criteria, which eliminated factors potentially related to impaired endometrial receptivity, were required to increase the study’s internal validity.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
This study brings new perspectives on the mechanisms involved in endometriosis-related infertility. The present findings suggest the eutopic endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis, without considering the disease’s stage, is transcriptionally similar to controls during the IW, possibly not affecting receptivity. Further studies are needed to evaluate endometrial alterations related to endometriosis’ stages.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study received financial support from the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; fellowship 2011/17614–6, MGB) and from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; INCT—National Institutes of Hormones and Woman’s Health, grant 471 943/2012-6, 309 397/2016-2, PAN; fellowship 140 137/2015-7, MGB). The authors have no conflicts of interest.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Da Broi
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - J Meola
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - J R Plaça
- Center for Integrative Systems Biology—CISBi, NAP/USP, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - K C Peronni
- Center for Medical Genomics, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto (HCFMRP)/University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - C V Rocha
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - W A Silva
- Center for Integrative Systems Biology—CISBi, NAP/USP, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Center for Medical Genomics, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto (HCFMRP)/University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - R A Ferriani
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Hormones and Woman’s Health, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P A Navarro
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Hormones and Woman’s Health, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Siena ÁDD, Plaça JR, Araújo LF, de Barros II, Peronni K, Molfetta G, de Biagi CAO, Espreafico EM, Sousa JF, Silva WA. Whole transcriptome analysis reveals correlation of long noncoding RNA ZEB1-AS1 with invasive profile in melanoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11350. [PMID: 31383874 PMCID: PMC6683136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, and little is known about the impact of deregulated expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the progression of this cancer. In this study, we explored RNA-Seq data to search for lncRNAs associated with melanoma progression. We found distinct lncRNA gene expression patterns across melanocytes, primary and metastatic melanoma cells. Also, we observed upregulation of the lncRNA ZEB1-AS1 (ZEB1 antisense RNA 1) in melanoma cell lines. Data analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) confirmed higher ZEB1-AS1 expression in metastatic melanoma and its association with hotspot mutations in BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) gene and RAS family genes. In addition, a positive correlation between ZEB1-AS1 and ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1) gene expression was verified in primary and metastatic melanomas. Using gene expression signatures indicative of invasive or proliferative phenotypes, we found an association between ZEB1-AS1 upregulation and a transcriptional profile for invasiveness. Enrichment analysis of correlated genes demonstrated cancer genes and pathways associated with ZEB1-AS1. We suggest that the lncRNA ZEB1-AS1 could function by activating ZEB1 gene expression, thereby influencing invasiveness and phenotype switching in melanoma, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process, which the ZEB1 gene has an essential role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádamo Davi Diógenes Siena
- Department of Genetics at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Plaça
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Integrative Systems Biology (CISBi) - NAP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ferreira Araújo
- Department of Genetics at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Integrative Systems Biology (CISBi) - NAP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ichihara de Barros
- Department of Genetics at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kamila Peronni
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Greice Molfetta
- Department of Genetics at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Medical Genomics, HCFMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Biagi
- Department of Genetics at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Enilza Maria Espreafico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Josane Freitas Sousa
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Integrative Systems Biology (CISBi) - NAP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva
- Department of Genetics at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. .,Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP); National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. .,Center for Integrative Systems Biology (CISBi) - NAP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. .,Center for Medical Genomics, HCFMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Araujo LF, Siena ADD, Plaça JR, Brotto DB, Barros II, Muys BR, Biagi CAO, Peronni KC, Sousa JF, Molfetta GA, West LC, West AP, Leopoldino AM, Espreafico EM, Silva WA. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) shapes metabolic and invasion gene signatures in melanoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14190. [PMID: 30242167 PMCID: PMC6155108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central key players in cell metabolism, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) instability has been linked to metabolic changes that contribute to tumorigenesis and to increased expression of pro-tumorigenic genes. Here, we use melanoma cell lines and metastatic melanoma tumors to evaluate the effect of mtDNA alterations and the expression of the mtDNA packaging factor, TFAM, on energetic metabolism and pro-tumorigenic nuclear gene expression changes. We report a positive correlation between mtDNA copy number, glucose consumption, and ATP production in melanoma cell lines. Gene expression analysis reveals a down-regulation of glycolytic enzymes in cell lines and an up-regulation of amino acid metabolism enzymes in melanoma tumors, suggesting that TFAM may shift melanoma fuel utilization from glycolysis towards amino acid metabolism, especially glutamine. Indeed, proliferation assays reveal that TFAM-down melanoma cell lines display a growth arrest in glutamine-free media, emphasizing that these cells rely more on glutamine metabolism than glycolysis. Finally, our data indicate that TFAM correlates to VEGF expression and may contribute to tumorigenesis by triggering a more invasive gene expression signature. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how TFAM affects melanoma cell metabolism, and they provide new insight into the mechanisms by which TFAM and mtDNA copy number influence melanoma tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Araujo
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, CIPE, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A D D Siena
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J R Plaça
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - D B Brotto
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - I I Barros
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - B R Muys
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - C A O Biagi
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - K C Peronni
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J F Sousa
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - G A Molfetta
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L C West
- Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - A P West
- Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - A M Leopoldino
- Department of Clinical Analysis-Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - E M Espreafico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - W A Silva
- Department of Genetics-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- National institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Center for Integrative System Biology-CISBi-NAP/USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|