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Elias-Mordechai M, David N, Oren S, Georgia Pelah M, Jopp J, Fichtman B, Harel A, Berkovich R, Sal-Man N. A single filament biomechanical study of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Type III secretion system reveals a high elastic aspect ratio. Nanoscale 2023; 15:15027-15037. [PMID: 37668452 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are syringe-like protein complexes used by some of the most harmful bacterial pathogens to infect host cells. While the T3SS filament, a long hollow conduit that bridges between bacteria and host cells, has been characterized structurally, very little is known about its physical properties. These filaments should endure shear and normal stresses imposed by the viscous mucosal flow during infection within the intestinal tract. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the longitudinal and radial mechanical response of individual T3SS filaments by pulling on filaments extending directly from bacterial surfaces and later pressing into filaments that were detached from the bacteria. The measured longitudinal elastic moduli were higher by about two orders of magnitude than the radial elastic moduli. These proportions are commensurate with the role of the T3SS filament, which requires horizontal flexibility while maintaining its structural integrity to withstand intense stresses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Elias-Mordechai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Nofar David
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Sonia Oren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Maya Georgia Pelah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Boris Fichtman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Amnon Harel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ronen Berkovich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Neta Sal-Man
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Powell CD, Pisharody L, Jopp J, Sharon-Gojman R, Tesfahunegn BA, Arnusch CJ. Laser-Induced Graphene Capacitive Killing of Bacteria. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:883-890. [PMID: 36692432 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a method of generating a foam-like conformal carbon layer of porous graphene on many types of carbon-based surfaces. This electrically conductive material has been shown to be useful in many applications including environmental technology and includes low fouling and antimicrobial surfaces and can address persistent environmental challenges spawned by bacterial and viral contaminates. Here, we show that a single film of LIG stores charge when an electrical current is applied and dissipates charge when the current is stopped, which results in electricidal surface antibacterial potency. The amount of accumulated and dissipated charge on a single strip of LIG was quantified with an electrometer by generating LIG on both sides of a nonconducting polyimide film, which showed up to 65 pC of charge when the distance between the surfaces was 94 μm corresponding to an areal capacitance of 1.63 pF/cm2. We further corroborate the stored charge decay of a single LIG strip with bacteria death via direct electrical contact. Antimicrobial rates decreased with the same monotonic pattern as the loss of charge from the LIG film (i.e., AR ∼ 97% 0 s after voltage source disconnection vs AR ∼ 21% 90 s after disconnection) showing bacterial death as a function of delayed LIG exposure time after applied voltage disconnection. In terms of energy efficiency, this translates to an increased bacteria potency of ∼170% for the equivalent energy costs as that previously estimated. Finally, we present a mechanistic explanation for the capacitive behavior and the electricidal effects for a single plate of LIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilah D Powell
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Lakshmi Pisharody
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva84105, Israel
| | - Revital Sharon-Gojman
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Brhane A Tesfahunegn
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
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Sheheade B, Liber M, Popov M, Berger Y, Khara DC, Jopp J, Nir E. Self-Assembly of DNA Origami Heterodimers in High Yields and Analysis of the Involved Mechanisms. Small 2019; 15:e1902979. [PMID: 31755230 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient fabrication of structurally and functionally diverse nanomolecular devices and machines by organizing separately prepared DNA origami building blocks into a larger structure is limited by origami attachment yields. A general method that enables attachment of origami building blocks using 'sticky ends' at very high yields is demonstrated. Two different rectangular origami monomers are purified using agarose gel electrophoresis conducted in solute containing 100 × 10-3 m NaCl, a treatment that facilitates the dissociation of most of the incorrectly hybridized origami structures that form through blunt-end interactions during the thermal annealing process and removes these structures as well as excess strands that otherwise interfere with the desired heterodimerization reaction. Heterodimerization yields of gel-purified monomers are between 98.6% and 99.6%, considerably higher than that of monomers purified using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method (88.7-96.7%). Depending on the number of PEG purification rounds, these results correspond to about 4- to 25-fold reduction in the number of incorrect structures observed by atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, the analyses of the incorrect structures observed before and after the heterodimerization reactions and comparison of the purification methods provide valuable information on the reaction mechanisms that interfere with heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breveruos Sheheade
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Miran Liber
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Mary Popov
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Yaron Berger
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Dinesh C Khara
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Eyal Nir
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
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Arad E, Bhunia SK, Jopp J, Kolusheva S, Rapaport H, Jelinek R. Amyloid Inhibitors: Lysine-Derived Carbon Dots for Chiral Inhibition of Prion Peptide Fibril Assembly (Adv. Therap. 4/2018). Adv Therap 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201870008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nadler H, Shaulov L, Blitsman Y, Mordechai M, Jopp J, Sal-Man N, Berkovich R. Deciphering the Mechanical Properties of Type III Secretion System EspA Protein by Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy. Langmuir 2018; 34:6261-6270. [PMID: 29726683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens inject virulence factors into host cells during bacterial infections using type III secretion systems. In enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, this system contains an external filament, formed by a self-oligomerizing protein called E. coli secreted protein A (EspA). The EspA filament penetrates the thick viscous mucus layer to facilitate the attachment of the bacteria to the gut-epithelium. To do that, the EspA filament requires noteworthy mechanical endurance considering the mechanical shear stresses found within the intestinal tract. To date, the mechanical properties of the EspA filament and the structural and biophysical knowledge of monomeric EspA are very limited, mostly due to the strong tendency of the protein to self-oligomerize. To overcome this limitation, we employed a single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) technique and studied the mechanical properties of EspA. Force extension dynamic of (I91)4-EspA-(I91)4 chimera revealed two structural unfolding events occurring at low forces during EspA unfolding, thus indicating no unique mechanical stability of the monomeric protein. SMFS examination of purified monomeric EspA protein, treated by a gradually refolding protocol, exhibited similar mechanical properties as the EspA protein within the (I91)4-EspA-(I91)4 chimera. Overall, our results suggest that the mechanical integrity of the EspA filament likely originates from the interactions between EspA monomers and not from the strength of an individual monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Nadler
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Lihi Shaulov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Yossi Blitsman
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Moran Mordechai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Neta Sal-Man
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Ronen Berkovich
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 8410501 , Israel
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Arad E, Bhunia SK, Jopp J, Kolusheva S, Rapaport H, Jelinek R. Lysine-Derived Carbon Dots for Chiral Inhibition of Prion Peptide Fibril Assembly. Adv Therap 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elad Arad
- Department of Chemistry; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Susanta Kumar Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- Ilse Katz Institute (IKI) for Nanoscale Science and Technology; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Ilse Katz Institute (IKI) for Nanoscale Science and Technology; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Hanna Rapaport
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute (IKI) for Nanoscale Science and Technology; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
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Nandi S, Malishev R, Bhunia SK, Kolusheva S, Jopp J, Jelinek R. Lipid-Bilayer Dynamics Probed by a Carbon Dot-Phospholipid Conjugate. Biophys J 2017; 110:2016-25. [PMID: 27166809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the dynamic properties of membranes is important for understanding fundamental cellular processes and for shedding light on the interactions of proteins, drugs, and viruses with the cell surface. Dynamic studies of lipid bilayers have been constrained, however, by the relatively small number of pertinent molecular probes and the limited physicochemical properties of the probes. We show that a lipid conjugate comprised of a fluorescent carbon dot (C-dot) covalently attached to a phospholipid constitutes a versatile and effective vehicle for studying bilayer dynamics. The C-dot-modified phospholipids readily incorporated within biomimetic membranes, including solid-supported bilayers and small and giant vesicles, and inserted into actual cellular membranes. We employed the C-dot-phospholipid probe to elucidate the effects of polymyxin-B (a cytolytic peptide), valproic acid (a lipophilic drug), and amyloid-β (a peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease) upon bilayer fluidity and lipid dynamics through the application of various biophysical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhendu Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ravit Malishev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Safrani T, Jopp J, Golan Y. A comparative study of the structure and optical properties of copper sulfide thin films chemically deposited on various substrates. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Dvir H, Jopp J, Gottlieb M. Estimation of polymer-surface interfacial interaction strength by a contact AFM technique. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 304:58-66. [PMID: 16989851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were employed to assess polymer-surface interfacial interaction strength. The main feature of the measurement is the use of contact-mode AFM as a tool to scratch off the polymer monolayer adsorbed on the solid surface. Tapping-mode AFM was used to determine the depth of the scraped recess. Independent determination of the layer thickness obtained from optical phase interference microscopy (OPIM) confirmed the depth of the AFM scratch. The force required for the complete removal of the polymer layer with no apparent damage to the substrate surface was determined. Polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (PE), and PP-grafted-maleic anhydride (PP-g-ma) were scraped off silane-treated glass slabs, and the strength of surface interaction of the polymer layer was determined. In all cases it was determined that the magnitude of surface interaction force is of the order of van der Waals (VDW) interactions. The interaction strength is influenced either by polymer ability to wet the surface (hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions) or by hydrogen bonding between the polymer and the surface treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dvir
- Chemical Engineering Department and R. Stadler Minerva Center for Mesoscale Macromolecular Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Jopp J, Grüll H, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Wetting behavior of water droplets on hydrophobic microtextures of comparable size. Langmuir 2004; 20:10015-10019. [PMID: 15518488 DOI: 10.1021/la0497651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The wetting behavior of water droplets on periodically structured hydrophobic surfaces was investigated. The effect of structure geometry, roughness, and relative pore fraction on the contact angles was investigated experimentally for droplets of size comparable to the size of the structures. It was found that surface geometry may induce a transition from groove-filling and Wenzel-like behavior to nonfilling of surface grooves and consequential Cassie-Baxter behavior. Numerical calculations of the free energy of these systems suggest that the equilibrium behavior is in line with the experimental observations. The observations may serve as guidelines for the design of surfaces with the desired wetting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jopp
- The Ilse Katz Center for Meso- and Nanoscale Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben Gurion University in the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jopp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben Gurion University in the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Yerushalmi-Rozen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben Gurion University in the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
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