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Tan HL, Glen EA, Topf AL, Hall DH, O'Sullivan JJ, Sneddon L, Wren C, Avery P, Lewis RJ, ten Dijke P, Arthur HM, Goodship JA, Keavney BD. 132 Non-synonymous SMAD6 mutations impaired inhibition of bmp signalling in patients with congenital cardiovascular malformation. Heart 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300198.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2
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Siddle KJ, Goodship JA, Keavney B, Santibanez-Koref MF. Bases adjacent to mononucleotide repeats show an increased single nucleotide polymorphism frequency in the human genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:895-8. [PMID: 21317137 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mononucleotide repeats (MNRs) are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and exhibit a high degree of length variability due to insertion and deletion events. However, the relationship between these repeats and mutation rates in surrounding sequences has not been systematically investigated. We have analyzed the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions close to and within MNRs in the human genome. Overall, we find a 2- to 4-fold increase in the SNP frequency at positions immediately adjacent to the boundaries of MNRs, relative to that at more distant bases. This relationship exhibits a strong asymmetry between 3' and 5' ends of repeat tracts and is dependent upon the repeat motif, length and orientation of surrounding repeats. Our analysis suggests that the incorporation or exclusion of bases adjacent to the boundary of the repeat through substitutions, in which these nucleotides mutate towards or away from the base present within the repeat, respectively, may be another mechanism by which MNRs expand and contract in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Siddle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,UK.
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3
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Gennery AR, Slatter MA, Rice J, Hoefsloot LH, Barge D, McLean-Tooke A, Montgomery T, Goodship JA, Burt AD, Flood TJ, Abinun M, Cant AJ, Johnson D. Mutations in CHD7 in patients with CHARGE syndrome cause T-B + natural killer cell + severe combined immune deficiency and may cause Omenn-like syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:75-80. [PMID: 18505430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 11 genetic causes of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) have been identified, affecting development and/or function of T lymphocytes, and sometimes B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Deletion of 22q11.2 is associated with immunodeficiency, although less than 1% of cases are associated with T-B + NK + SCID phenotype. Severe immunodeficiency with CHARGE syndrome has been noted only rarely Omenn syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive form of SCID with erythroderma, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and alopecia. Hypomorphic recombination activating genes 1 and 2 mutations were first described in patients with Omenn syndrome. More recently, defects in Artemis, RMRP, IL7Ralpha and common gamma chain genes have been described. We describe four patients with mutations in CHD7, who had clinical features of CHARGE syndrome and who had T-B + NK + SCID (two patients) or clinical features consistent with Omenn syndrome (two patients). Immunodeficiency in patients with DiGeorge syndrome is well recognized--CHARGE syndrome should now be added to the causes of T-B + NK + SCID, and mutations in the CHD7 gene may be associated with Omenn-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gennery
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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4
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Fantes JA, Boland E, Ramsay J, Donnai D, Splitt M, Goodship JA, Stewart H, Whiteford M, Gautier P, Harewood L, Holloway S, Sharkey F, Maher E, van Heyningen V, Clayton-Smith J, Fitzpatrick DR, Black GCM. FISH mapping of de novo apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements identifies characteristics associated with phenotypic abnormality. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:916-26. [PMID: 18374296 PMCID: PMC2491339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping of 152, mostly de novo, apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangement (ABCR) breakpoints in 76 individuals, 30 of whom had no obvious phenotypic abnormality (control group) and 46 of whom had an associated disease (case group). The aim of this study was to identify breakpoint characteristics that could discriminate between these groups and which might be of predictive value in de novo ABCR (DN-ABCR) cases detected antenatally. We found no difference in the proportion of breakpoints that interrupted a gene, although in three cases, direct interruption or deletion of known autosomal-dominant or X-linked recessive Mendelian disease genes was diagnostic. The only significant predictor of phenotypic abnormality in the group as a whole was the localization of one or both breakpoints to an R-positive (G-negative) band with estimated predictive values of 0.69 (95% CL 0.54-0.81) and 0.90 (95% CL 0.60-0.98), respectively. R-positive bands are known to contain more genes and have a higher guanine-cytosine (GC) content than do G-positive (R-negative) bands; however, whether a gene was interrupted by the breakpoint or the GC content in the 200 kB around the breakpoint had no discriminant ability. Our results suggest that the large-scale genomic context of the breakpoint has prognostic utility and that the pathological mechanism of mapping to an R-band cannot be accounted for by direct gene inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fantes
- Medical and Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council (MRC), Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
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5
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Kavanagh D, Burgess R, Spitzer D, Richards A, Diaz-Torres ML, Goodship JA, Hourcade DE, Atkinson JP, Goodship THJ. The decay accelerating factor mutation I197V found in hemolytic uraemic syndrome does not impair complement regulation. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3162-7. [PMID: 17368771 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2006] [Revised: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is the clinical triad of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia and acute renal failure. Cases not associated with a preceding Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli are described as atypical HUS (aHUS). Approximately 50% of patients with aHUS have mutations in one of three complement regulatory proteins, Factor H (CFH), membrane cofactor protein (MCP;CD46) or factor I (IF). A common feature of these three proteins is that they regulate complement by cofactor activity. Decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) regulates the complement system by disassociating the alternative and classical pathway convertases. Like CFH and MCP, the gene for DAF lies within the regulators of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster at 1q32. In 1998, we described linkage to this region in families with aHUS which led to the discovery of mutations in CFH and MCP. We therefore genotyped DAF in a panel of 46 aHUS patients including families with linkage to the RCA cluster. A mutation, I197V, was identified in one patient with familial HUS which was not found in 100 healthy controls. Molecular modelling of this mutation shows that the I197V mutation does not reside in an area which would be predicted to be important in decay accelerating activity. The expression of I197V on EBV-transformed B lymphocytes was equivalent to that of wild type controls. There was no significant decrease in decay acceleration activity of the recombinantly produced I197V mutant compared with wild type, as measured by a complement-mediated lytic assay. In conclusion, this study, identifies only one mutation in DAF in 46 patients with aHUS. This mutation, I197V, does not impair complement regulation and cannot be implicated in the pathogenesis of aHUS in this patient. This suggests that the complement regulatory abnormality in aHUS is principally one of deficient cofactor activity rather than of decay acceleration activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kavanagh
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8045, St Louis, MO63110, USA
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6
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Crow YJ, Goodship JA, Wright C, Coady AM, Conley ME, Gennery AR. A newly recognized, likely autosomal recessive syndrome comprising agammaglobulinemia, microcephaly, craniosynostosis, severe dermatitis, and other features. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1131-5. [PMID: 16691627 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel, likely autosomal recessive, multi-system disorder seen in three siblings, two males and one female, born to nonconsanguineous parents. The disease manifests as agammaglobulinemia with marked microcephaly, significant developmental delay, craniosynostosis, a severe dermatitis, cleft palate, narrowing of the choanae, and blepharophimosis. The constellation of clinical signs seen in this family likely represents a new and recognizable form of agammaglobulinemia due to a defect in early B-cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanick Joseph Crow
- St. James's University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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7
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Kemp EJ, Strain L, Diaz-Torres ML, Goodship JA, Goodship THJ. The development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is not influenced by thrombophilia susceptibility factors. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2128-30. [PMID: 16102133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Kemp EJ, Goodship JA, Dragon-Durey MA, Strain L, Loirat C, Deng HW, Goodship THJ. The development of atypical haemolytic-uraemic syndrome is influenced by susceptibility factors in factor H and membrane cofactor protein: evidence from two independent cohorts. J Med Genet 2005; 42:852-6. [PMID: 15784724 PMCID: PMC1735946 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In both familial and sporadic atypical haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (aHUS), mutations have been reported in regulators of the alternative complement pathway including factor H (CFH), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), and the serine protease factor I (IF). A characteristic feature of both MCP and CFH associated HUS is reduced penetrance and variable inheritance; one possible explanation for this is that functional changes in complement proteins act as modifiers. OBJECTIVE To examine single nucleotide polymorphisms in both CFH and MCP genes in two large cohorts of HUS patients (Newcastle and Paris). RESULTS In both cohorts there was an association with HUS for both CFH and MCP alleles. CFH and MCP haplotypes were also significantly different in HUS patients compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that there are naturally occurring susceptibility factors in CFH and MCP for the development of atypical HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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9
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Garcia CC, Blair HJ, Seager M, Coulthard A, Tennant S, Buddles M, Curtis A, Goodship JA. Identification of a mutation in synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle protein, in a family with epilepsy. J Med Genet 2004; 41:183-6. [PMID: 14985377 PMCID: PMC1735688 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.013680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A four generation family is described in which some men of normal intelligence have epilepsy and others have various combinations of epilepsy, learning difficulties, macrocephaly, and aggressive behaviour. As the phenotype in this family is distinct from other X linked recessive disorders linkage studies were carried out. Linkage analysis was done using X chromosome microsatellite polymorphisms to define the interval containing the causative gene. Genes from within the region were considered possible candidates and one of these, SYN1, was screened for mutations by direct DNA sequencing of amplified products. Microsatellite analysis showed that the region between MAOB (Xp11.3) and DXS1275 (Xq12) segregated with the disease. Two point linkage analysis demonstrated linkage with DXS1039, lod score 4.06 at theta = 0, and DXS991, 3.63 at theta = 0. Candidate gene analysis led to identification of a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding synapsin I that was present in all affected family members and female carriers and was not present in 287 control chromosomes. Synapsin I is a synaptic vesicle associated protein involved in the regulation of synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release. The SYN1 nonsense mutation that was identified is the likely cause of the phenotype in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Garcia
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Goodship JA, O'Sullivan J, Chinnery PF, Ryan AK, Ziakas N, Hall CM, Clarke M. Dilated cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death, hypoplastic discs, and retinal detachment: a new autosomal dominant syndrome. J Med Genet 2002; 39:221-3. [PMID: 11897830 PMCID: PMC1735063 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Genes, Dominant/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Retinal Detachment/genetics
- Retinal Detachment/physiopathology
- Syndrome
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11
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Wolstenholme J, White I, Sturgiss S, Carter J, Plant N, Goodship JA. Maternal uniparental heterodisomy for chromosome 2: detection through 'atypical' maternal AFP/hCG levels, with an update on a previous case. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:813-7. [PMID: 11746120 DOI: 10.1002/pd.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of maternal uniparental disomy 2, detected through routine screening of placental karyotypes following the finding of 'atypical' AFP/hCG levels in the second trimester, with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) but otherwise normal outcome at term. Although the child remained small, subsequent early physical and mental development has also been normal. Additionally, we report long-term follow-up of an earlier case, again with relatively normal physical and mental development. The significance of atypical AFP/hCG results and the predictive value of prenatal testing for UPD2 in trisomy 2 confined placental mosaicism (CPM) cases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolstenholme
- Northern Genetics Service, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK.
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12
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Tompson SW, Ruiz-Perez VL, Wright MJ, Goodship JA. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome resulting from segmental uniparental disomy of chromosome 4. J Med Genet 2001; 38:E18. [PMID: 11389165 PMCID: PMC1734890 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.6.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Richards A, Buddles MR, Donne RL, Kaplan BS, Kirk E, Venning MC, Tielemans CL, Goodship JA, Goodship TH. Factor H mutations in hemolytic uremic syndrome cluster in exons 18-20, a domain important for host cell recognition. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:485-90. [PMID: 11170896 PMCID: PMC1235281 DOI: 10.1086/318203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2000] [Accepted: 12/12/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have established an association between abnormalities of complement factor H (FH) and the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). To identify the relative importance of mutations in FH as a cause of HUS, we have undertaken mutation screening of the FH gene in 19 familial and 31 sporadic patients with FH. Mutations were found in two familial and three sporadic patients, and these clustered in exons 18-20, a domain important for host recognition. Moreover, this study demonstrates that familial HUS is likely to be a heterogeneous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richards
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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14
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Bamford RN, Roessler E, Burdine RD, Saplakoğlu U, dela Cruz J, Splitt M, Goodship JA, Towbin J, Bowers P, Ferrero GB, Marino B, Schier AF, Shen MM, Muenke M, Casey B. Loss-of-function mutations in the EGF-CFC gene CFC1 are associated with human left-right laterality defects. Nat Genet 2000; 26:365-9. [PMID: 11062482 DOI: 10.1038/81695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrates display a characteristic asymmetry of internal organs with the cardiac apex, stomach and spleen towards the left, and the liver and gall bladder on the right. Left-right (L-R) axis abnormalities or laterality defects are common in humans (1 in 8,500 live births). Several genes (such as Nodal, Ebaf and Pitx2) have been implicated in L-R organ positioning in model organisms. In humans, relatively few genes have been associated with a small percentage of human situs defects. These include ZIC3 (ref. 5), LEFTB (formerly LEFTY2; ref. 6) and ACVR2B (encoding activin receptor IIB; ref. 7). The EGF-CFC genes, mouse Cfc1 (encoding the Cryptic protein; ref. 9) and zebrafish one-eyed pinhead (oep; refs 10, 11) are essential for the establishment of the L-R axis. EGF-CFC proteins act as co-factors for Nodal-related signals, which have also been implicated in L-R axis development. Here we identify loss-of-function mutations in human CFC1 (encoding the CRYPTIC protein) in patients with heterotaxic phenotypes (randomized organ positioning). The mutant proteins have aberrant cellular localization in transfected cells and are functionally defective in a zebrafish oep-mutant rescue assay. Our findings indicate that the essential role of EGF-CFC genes and Nodal signalling in left-right axis formation is conserved from fish to humans. Moreover, our results support a role for environmental and/or genetic modifiers in determining the ultimate phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Bamford
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Langton KP, McKie N, Curtis A, Goodship JA, Bond PM, Barker MD, Clarke M. A novel tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 mutation reveals a common molecular phenotype in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:27027-31. [PMID: 10854443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909677199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) is a dominantly inherited degenerative disease of the retina that leads to loss of vision in middle age. It has been shown to be caused by mutations in the gene for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3). Five different mutations have previously been identified, all introducing an extra cysteine residue into exon 5 (which forms part of the C-terminal domain) of the TIMP-3 molecule; however, the significance of these mutations to the disease phenotype was unknown. In this report, we describe the expression of several of these mutated genes, together with a previously unreported novel TIMP-3 mutation from a family with SFD that results in truncation of most of the C-terminal domain of the molecule. Despite these differences, all of these molecules are expressed and exhibit characteristics of the normal protein, including inhibition of metalloproteinases and binding to the extracellular matrix. However, unlike wild-type TIMP-3, they all form dimers. These observations, together with the recent finding that expression of TIMP-3 is increased, rather than decreased, in eyes from patients with SFD, provides compelling evidence that dimerized TIMP-3 plays an active role in the disease process by accumulating in the eye. Increased expression of TIMP-3 is also observed in other degenerative retinal diseases, including the more severe forms of age-related macular degeneration, the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in developed countries. We hypothesize that overexpression of TIMP-3 may prove to be a critical step in the progression of a variety of degenerative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Langton
- Division of Oncology & Cellular Pathology, Pathology Section, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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16
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Feather SA, Malcolm S, Woolf AS, Wright V, Blaydon D, Reid CJ, Flinter FA, Proesmans W, Devriendt K, Carter J, Warwicker P, Goodship TH, Goodship JA. Primary, nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux and its nephropathy is genetically heterogeneous, with a locus on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1420-5. [PMID: 10739767 PMCID: PMC1288208 DOI: 10.1086/302864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1999] [Accepted: 01/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) affects 1%-2% of whites, and reflux nephropathy (RN) causes up to 15% of end-stage renal failure in children and adults. There is a 30-50-fold increased incidence of VUR in first-degree relatives of probands, compared with the general population. We report the results of the first genomewide search of VUR and RN; we studied seven European families whose members exhibit apparently dominant inheritance. We initially typed 387 polymorphic markers spaced, on average, at 10 cM throughout the genome; we used the GENEHUNTER program to provide parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses of affected individuals. The most positive locus spanned 20 cM on 1p13 between GATA176C01 and D1S1653 and had a nonparametric LOD score (NPL) of 5.76 (P=.0002) and a parametric LOD score of 3.16. Saturation with markers at 1-cM intervals increased the NPL to 5.94 (P=.00009). Hence, VUR maps to a locus on chromosome 1. There was evidence of genetic heterogeneity at the chromosome 1 locus, and 12 additional loci were identified genomewide, with P<.05. No significant linkage was found to 6p, where a renal and ureteric malformation locus has been reported, or to PAX2, mutations of which cause VUR in renal-coloboma syndrome. Our results support the hypothesis that VUR is a genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Feather
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
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17
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18
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Warwicker P, Donne RL, Goodship JA, Goodship TH, Howie AJ, Kumararatne DS, Thompson RA, Taylor CM. Familial relapsing haemolytic uraemic syndrome and complement factor H deficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:1229-33. [PMID: 10344366 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/14.5.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a recent study of three families we have found that inherited haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) maps to a region of chromosome 1q containing the gene for complement factor H. In one of these families and also in a case of sporadic D-HUS, we have identified mutations in the factor H gene. A further family with inherited HUS has therefore been investigated. METHODS DNA extracted from the family members and DNA extracted from archival post-mortem material from a deceased family member, was studied. Review of renal biopsies and study of complement components was also undertaken. RESULTS This family demonstrates an inherited deficiency of complement factor H. Non-diarrhoeal HUS has affected at least two family members with half normal levels of factor H. CONCLUSION These findings represent further evidence of the association between factor H dysfunction and HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Warwicker
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK
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19
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Warwicker P, Goodship JA, Goodship TH. von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1368-9. [PMID: 10223877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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20
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21
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Warwicker P, Goodship TH, Donne RL, Pirson Y, Nicholls A, Ward RM, Turnpenny P, Goodship JA. Genetic studies into inherited and sporadic hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int 1998; 53:836-44. [PMID: 9551389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.1998.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in adults carries a high morbidity and mortality, and its cause remains unknown despite many theories. Although familial HUS is rare, it affords a unique opportunity to elucidate underlying mechanisms that may have relevance to acquired HUS. We have undertaken a genetic linkage study based on a candidate gene approach. A common area bounded by the markers D1S212 and D1S306, a distance of 26 cM located at 1q32 segregated with the disease (Z max 3.94). We demonstrate that the gene for factor H lies within the region. Subsequent mutation analysis of the factor H gene has revealed two mutations in patients with HUS. In an individual with the sporadic/relapsing form of the disease we have found a mutation comprising a deletion, subsequent frame shift and premature stop codon leading to half normal levels of serum factor H. In one of the three families there is a point mutation in exon 20 causing an arginine to glycine change, which is likely to alter structure and hence function of the factor H protein. Factor H is a major plasma protein that plays a critical regulatory role in the alternative pathway of complement activation. In light of these findings and previous reports of HUS in patients with factor H deficiency, we postulate that abnormalities of factor H may be involved in the etiology of HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Warwicker
- Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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Ryan AK, Goodship JA, Wilson DI, Philip N, Levy A, Seidel H, Schuffenhauer S, Oechsler H, Belohradsky B, Prieur M, Aurias A, Raymond FL, Clayton-Smith J, Hatchwell E, McKeown C, Beemer FA, Dallapiccola B, Novelli G, Hurst JA, Ignatius J, Green AJ, Winter RM, Brueton L, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Scambler PJ. Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study. J Med Genet 1997; 34:798-804. [PMID: 9350810 PMCID: PMC1051084 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.10.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We present clinical data on 558 patients with deletions within the DiGeorge syndrome critical region of chromosome 22q11. Twenty-eight percent of the cases where parents had been tested had inherited deletions, with a marked excess of maternally inherited deletions (maternal 61, paternal 18). Eight percent of the patients had died, over half of these within a month of birth and the majority within 6 months. All but one of the deaths were the result of congenital heart disease. Clinically significant immunological problems were very uncommon. Nine percent of patients had cleft palate and 32% had velopharyngeal insufficiency, 60% of patients were hypocalcaemic, 75% of patients had cardiac problems, and 36% of patients who had abdominal ultrasound had a renal abnormality. Sixty-two percent of surviving patients were developmentally normal or had only mild learning problems. The majority of patients were constitutionally small, with 36% of patients below the 3rd centile for either height or weight parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P Warwicker
- Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
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Penman Splitt M, Tsai MY, Burn J, Goodship JA. Absence of mutations in the regulatory domain of the gap junction protein connexin 43 in patients with visceroatrial heterotaxy. Heart 1997; 77:369-70. [PMID: 9155619 PMCID: PMC484734 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.77.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of mutations in the regulatory domain of the gap junction protein connexin 43 in patients with visceroatrial heterotaxy. DESIGN Mutation screening of the terminal 200 base pairs of connexin43 gene coding sequence in a series of patients from tertiary care centres. PATIENTS 48 patients with visceroatrial heterotaxy attending UK Regional Paediatric Cardiology Centres. RESULTS No changes from the published connexin43 consensus sequence were found in any of the 48 patients studied. CONCLUSIONS Germline mutations of the phosphorylation sites in teh regulatory domain of the connexin43 gene are rare in patients with visceroatrial heterotaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Penman Splitt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Webb AL, Sturgiss S, Warwicker P, Robson SC, Goodship JA, Wolstenholme J. Maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 2 in association with confined placental mosaicism for trisomy 2 and severe intrauterine growth retardation. Prenat Diagn 1996; 16:958-62. [PMID: 8938070 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199610)16:10<958::aid-pd971>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a liveborn infant with severe intrauterine growth retardation and renal failure, delivered following detection of non-mosaic trisomy 2 by chorionic villus biopsy in the first trimester. Detailed analysis post-delivery indicated apparent complete trisomy 2 of the chorionic tissues, with a chromosomally normal infant demonstrating maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Webb
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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English CJ, Goodship JA, Jackson A, Lowry M, Wolstenholme J. Trisomy 12 mosaicism in a 7 year old girl with dysmorphic features and normal mental development. J Med Genet 1994; 31:253-4. [PMID: 8014979 PMCID: PMC1049755 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.31.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of a mentally normal 7 year old girl with short stature, scoliosis, atrial septal defect, and dysmorphic features including linear pigmented streaks on the forearms and lower legs. Chromosome analysis of cultured fibroblasts showed trisomy 12 in 9% and 13% of cells from two skin biopsies. Two trisomy 12 cells were found in lymphocytes after analysis of 500 metaphases. Her clinical features are compared with those of other liveborn cases of trisomy 12 mosaicism and the problems of prenatal diagnosis of such an abnormality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J English
- Regional Genetics Service, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Bushby KM, Goodship JA, Nicholson LV, Johnson MA, Haggerty ID, Gardner-Medwin D. Variability in clinical, genetic and protein abnormalities in manifesting carriers of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 1993; 3:57-64. [PMID: 8329890 DOI: 10.1016/0960-8966(93)90042-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have analysed the results of clinical assessment, X-inactivation status, deletion screening and dystrophin analysis in eight manifesting carriers of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD). Only two had a prior family history of X-linked muscle disease, all had normal karyotypes and none were twins. Presentation varied from 2 to 25 yr and progression varied from a DMD-like severity to a very mild BMD-like course. In one girl the initial symptoms were restricted to learning difficulties. Where methods for assessing X-inactivation were informative, three patients showed an abnormal pattern. However, in one patient, the obligate carrier daughter of a BMD patient who had presented at the age of 2 yr, X-inactivation appeared normal in lymphocytes and muscle. While dystrophin analysis seems to be reliable in identifying manifesting carriers of DMD and BMD, the relationship between X-inactivation status, dystrophin analysis and phenotype is not simple.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bushby
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Abstract
Direct preparations and long-term cultures from a chorion villus biopsy, taken because of a known maternal additional marker chromosome, showed a 48,XX,+mar,+mar karyotype in all cells examined. The same karyotype was revealed in a subsequent amniotic fluid sample and in cord blood at delivery. Detailed examination of the child at delivery and at 1 year of age showed no evidence of phenotypic abnormality or developmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolstenholme
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Wilson DI, Cross IE, Goodship JA, Brown J, Scambler PJ, Bain HH, Taylor JF, Walsh K, Bankier A, Burn J. A prospective cytogenetic study of 36 cases of DiGeorge syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51:957-63. [PMID: 1415264 PMCID: PMC1682842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis was carried out in a prospective series of 36 children with DiGeorge syndrome. High-resolution banding (> 850 bands/haploid set) was achieved in 30 cases. Monosomy 22q11.21-->q11.23 was found in 9 of these 30 cases. In each of these cases monosomy 22q11.21-->q11.23 resulted from an interstitial deletion and not from a translocation. No other chromosome abnormalities were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Wilson
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Abstract
Reference range for head circumference on the Tanner charts do not go beyond age 16. In this study the head circumference and heights of 354 adults in two British centres were measured. The centile charts constructed from these measurements show that adult head circumference is related to height. The mean head circumference of a male of average height is above the 97th centile for a 16 year old on the Tanner charts. The paediatric charts are therefore inappropriate for use in adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bushby
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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Abstract
Because a locus on chromosome 22q11 is deleted in most individuals with DiGeorge and Shprintzen syndromes--conditions in which heart abnormalities are an important feature--we have looked for deletions in nine families with recurrent outflow-tract heart defects. In five families, chromosome 22 deletions were detected in all the living affected individuals studied and also in the clinically normal father of three affected children. The deletion was transmitted from parents to offspring and was associated with an increase in the severity of cardiac defects. No deletions were found in four families in which the parents were normal and affected siblings had anatomically identical defects. We propose that deletions within band q11 of chromosome 22 are an important cause of familial heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Wilson
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Scambler PJ, Kelly D, Lindsay E, Williamson R, Goldberg R, Shprintzen R, Wilson DI, Goodship JA, Cross IE, Burn J. Velo-cardio-facial syndrome associated with chromosome 22 deletions encompassing the DiGeorge locus. Lancet 1992; 339:1138-9. [PMID: 1349369 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90734-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The large clinical overlap between DiGeorge syndrome and velo-cardio-facial syndrome suggests an aetiological connection. DiGeorge syndrome is associated with microdeletions of chromosome 22q11 and is therefore likely to be caused by reduced dosage of genes within this region. We present preliminary data that velocardiofacial syndrome patients have similar chromosome deletions, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that these disorders represent part of a spectrum of abnormalities seen with monosomy for 22q11.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Scambler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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Wilson DI, Cross IE, Goodship JA, Coulthard S, Carey AH, Scambler PJ, Bain HH, Hunter AS, Carter PE, Burn J. DiGeorge syndrome with isolated aortic coarctation and isolated ventricular septal defect in three sibs with a 22q11 deletion of maternal origin. Heart 1991; 66:308-12. [PMID: 1747284 PMCID: PMC1024729 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.66.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome was diagnosed in an infant who had an interrupted aortic arch, hypoparathyroidism, and low T lymphocyte numbers. Two siblings had heart defects that are not commonly described in DiGeorge syndrome (a membranous ventricular septal defect and coarctation of the aorta respectively). These siblings did not have evidence of thymic dysfunction or hypoparathyroidism. Chromosome analysis showed that the mother, whose cardiovascular examination was normal, and her three offspring with heart defects had a 22q11 interstitial deletion, which was confirmed by molecular analysis. This family suggests that 22q11 deletions can cause apparently isolated heart defects and that the range of these defects may be wider than previously recognised. Once the genes that are deleted in this family are characterised they will be useful candidate genes in the investigation of isolated cardiac malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Wilson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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