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Alvarez-Venicio V, Castro-Beltrán R, Ramos-Ortiz G, Rodríguez M, Alba-Rosales JE, Gutiérrez-Juárez G, Santillán R, Ochoa ME, Flores-Villavicencio LL, Sabanero-López M. Red fluorescent benzothiadiazole derivative loaded in different nanoformulations: Optical properties and their use in bio-imaging. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 290:122250. [PMID: 36566533 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorophores with optimized nonlinear optical properties have become prominent as contrast labels in laser scanning microscopy (LSM). The purpose of this work is to report on a novel benzothiadiazole derivative, namely 4,7-bis(5-((9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethynyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (EFBT) and its optical performance when it is loaded into organic nanostructures intended as labels for LSM. Four different nanostructured labels were prepared: i) EFBT-loaded silica nanoparticles (SiNPs); ii) folate-bioconjugated SiNPs (SiNPs-FA); iii) EFBT-loaded PEGylated nanoparticles (NPs-PEG); and iv) EFBT-loaded folate-terminated PEGylated nanoparticles (NPs-PEG-FA). All these nanostructures are reported through a comparative study of their linear and nonlinear optical properties, including their performance as exogenous label agents in the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. This assessment of the performance of a specific fluorophore loaded into different nanostructured matrices (labels), and fairly compared under the same characterization conditions, including the LSM settings, is less common while previous reports had focused in comparing silica and PEGylated nanoparticles but loaded with different fluorophores. The results show that the internal molecular organization into each type of organic nanostructure impacted differently the properties of EFBT, where the silica matrix tend to preserve the optical performance of the fluorophore by preventing intermolecular interactions; in contrast, PEGylated nanoparticles favored molecular interactions and introduced non-radiative decay channels that degrades drastically the optical performance. Nevertheless, the use of functionalized ends entities produced a better cellular label uptake with PEGylated that with silica nanoparticles. In overall, the NPs-PEG-FA label produced the best HeLa imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alvarez-Venicio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico
| | - R Castro-Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - G Ramos-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico.
| | - M Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico.
| | - J E Alba-Rosales
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico; Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - G Gutiérrez-Juárez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - R Santillán
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 07000, Apdo. Postal. 14-740, México D.F., Mexico
| | - M E Ochoa
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 07000, Apdo. Postal. 14-740, México D.F., Mexico
| | - L L Flores-Villavicencio
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - M Sabanero-López
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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