Carbon footprint of fertilizer technologies

The work discussed the necessity to evaluate the environmental effect - i.e. carbon footprint (CF), of N-containing fertilizers when including their production, transportation and use. For that purpose, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was involved. The LCA-based CF concerned model fertilizer technology determined with the consideration of greenhouse gases assimilation during fertilizer-induced vegetation, as compared to non-treated crops system. According to the available data, the inclusion of CO₂ assimilation by plants via photosynthesis in balance sheet offsets 87.6% of the CF from the biomass consumption. Thus, the new approach to LCA along with the analysis of life cycle costs would provide more reliable determination of the fee amount charged to European fertilizer manufacturers. The approach might be further developed for various products for plant treatment. Also, the verification of similar fertilizer technologies in different installations is expected to identify bottlenecks in terms of the ecological, technical and economic evaluation.

Development and multi-center evaluation of a novel immunoadsorption method for anti-DFS70 antibodies

OBJECTIVE

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) represent a hallmark in the diagnosis of ANA-associated rheumatic diseases (AARD). However, anti-DFS70 antibodies are present in a higher portion of the healthy individuals (HI) than in patients with AARD. Consequently, we developed a novel, highly specific indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) method that blocks anti-DFS70 antibodies from binding to HEp-2 cells and to evaluate the method in a multi-center study.

METHODS

A total of 18 samples from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (SLE, n = 7) and HI (n = 11) were used for the initial development of the immunoadsorption method. For the multi-center evaluation, samples with a dense fine speckled (DFS) pattern (n = 99) were collected at three different sites based on their established IIF screening procedure at the respective laboratories. Additionally, four characterized samples with established clinically relevant IIF patterns (centromere, nucleolar, speckled, homogeneous) were blended in five different ratios (10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%) with a sample positive for anti-DFS70 antibodies, which by itself showed a dense fine speckled (DFS) IIF pattern. All samples were tested by IIF with NOVA Lite HEp-2 ANA and NOVA Lite HEp-2 Select on the NOVA View® instrument, and also tested by QUANTA Flash DFS70 chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) for confirmation of anti-DFS70 antibodies (Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA).

RESULTS

For the development of the immunoadsorption method, only 1/7 ANA-positive samples from SLE patients, but 8/10 ANA-positive samples from healthy individuals turned negative using the immunoadsorption. Subsequently, 73/99 (73.7%) of the DFS pattern samples were positive by CIA for anti-DFS70 antibodies showing a strong quantitative Spearman's correlation (rho = 0.57 (95% CI, 0.39-0.71, p < 0.0001)) between light intensity units (LIU) measured by NOVA View and CIA. Intensities measured with NOVA Lite HEp-2 and NOVA Lite HEp-2 Select demonstrated significantly lower intensity values after inhibition with DFS70 antigen (p < 0.0001). When samples were processed to mimic samples with mixed patterns (DFS + clinically relevant pattern), the new immunoadsorption method demonstrated that all clinically relevant patterns remained unchanged whereas the LIUs from NOVA View analysis significantly decreased after inhibition (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

The data showed that the NOVA Lite HEp-2 Select kit effectively inhibits anti-DFS70 antibody binding to its cellular target antigen.

Correlation between aortic pulse wave velocity and norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone and plasma renin activity in very elderly subjects and in patients with congestive heart failure

The expression of cardiovascular disease in older patients results from the interaction between age-related changes and the disease process itself. It is still unclear whether the physiologic and pathophysiologic changes that occur with advanced age accelerate or compound the factors responsible for congestive heart failure (CHF). Whether, and to what extent, arterial compliance is altered in CHF in the elderly is not clear. It is also unknown whether the plasma levels of neurohumoral factors in the healthy elderly and in CHF patients are associated with changes in arterial compliance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the aorta of elderly healthy subjects and CHF patients, and establish the correlation between PWV and plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, and renin activity. The study group consisted of 63 females aged 70-100 years (mean, 82 years) with CHF, and 15 age-matched healthy women. Aortic PWV in patients with heart failure did not differ significantly from figures in the age-matched healthy group (12.42 m/sec vs 11.86 m/sec). No statistically significant correlations were found between plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone and renin activity, and aortic compliance measured as PWV. These results suggest that age-associated arterial stiffening is a predominant factor in the development of reduced arterial compliance in elderly patients with CHF.