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Ponomarenko S, Moseev D, Stange T, Krier L, Stordiau P, Braune H, Gantenbein G, Jelonnek J, Kuleshov A, Laqua HP, Lechte C, Marsen S, Nielsen SK, Oosterbeek JW, Plaum B, Ragona R, Rasmussen J, Ruess T, Salewski M, Thumm M, Zimmermann J. Development of the 174 GHz collective Thomson scattering diagnostics at Wendelstein 7-X. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:013501. [PMID: 38180346 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the design and commissioning results of the upgraded collective Thomson scattering diagnostic at the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. The diagnostic has a new radiometer designed to operate between the second and third harmonics of the electron cyclotron emission from the plasma at 171-177 GHz, where the emission background has a minimum and is of order 10-100 eV. It allows us to receive the scattered electromagnetic field with a significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio and extends the set of possible scattering geometries compared to the case of the original instrument operated at 140 GHz. The elements of the diagnostic are a narrowband notch filter and a frequency stabilized probing gyrotron that will allow measuring scattered radiation spectra very close to the probing frequency. Here, we characterize the microwave components applied to the radiometer and demonstrate the performance of the complete system that was achieved during the latest experimental campaign, OP2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ponomarenko
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Moseev
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Stange
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Krier
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
- IHM, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Stordiau
- Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - H Braune
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Gantenbein
- IHM, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Jelonnek
- IHM, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Kuleshov
- O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics, NASU, 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - H P Laqua
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - C Lechte
- IGVP, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Marsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S K Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J W Oosterbeek
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Plaum
- IGVP, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - R Ragona
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Rasmussen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Ruess
- IHM, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Salewski
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Thumm
- IHM, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Zimmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
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Westerhof E, Hoekzema JA, Hogeweij GMD, Jaspers RJE, Schüller FC, Barth CJ, Bindslev H, Bongers WA, Donné AJH, Dumortier P, Van Der Grift AF, Kalupin D, Koslowski HR, Krämer-Flecken A, Kruijt OG, Cardozo NJL, Van Der Meiden HJ, Merkulov A, Messiaen A, Oosterbeek JW, Prins PR, Scholten J, Udintsev VS, Unterberg B, Vervier M, Van Wassenhove G. Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating on TEXTOR. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Westerhof
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - J. A. Hoekzema
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - G. M. D. Hogeweij
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - R. J. E. Jaspers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - F. C. Schüller
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - C. J. Barth
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - H. Bindslev
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
- Optics and Fluid Dynamics Department, Ass. Euratom-National Laboratory Risø, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - W. A. Bongers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - A. J. H. Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - P. Dumortier
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. F. Van Der Grift
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - D. Kalupin
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H. R. Koslowski
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A. Krämer-Flecken
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - O. G. Kruijt
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - N. J. Lopes Cardozo
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - H. J. Van Der Meiden
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - A. Merkulov
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - A. Messiaen
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. W. Oosterbeek
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - P. R. Prins
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - J. Scholten
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - V. S. Udintsev
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - B. Unterberg
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Vervier
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Van Wassenhove
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Bongers WA, Goede APH, Westerhof E, Oosterbeek JW, Doelman NJ, SchÜller FC, de Baar MR, Kasparek W, Wubie W, Wagner D, Stober J. Magnetic Island Localization for NTM Control by ECE Viewed Along the Same Optical Path of the ECCD Beam. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst09-a4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Bongers
- aFOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A. P. H. Goede
- aFOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - E. Westerhof
- aFOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - J. W. Oosterbeek
- bInstitut für Energieforschung—Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Association EURATOM-FZJ, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - N. J. Doelman
- cTNO-Institute, Stieltjesweg 1, PO Box 155, 2600 AD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - F. C. SchÜller
- aFOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. R. de Baar
- aFOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - W. Kasparek
- dInstitut für Plasmaforschung, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - W. Wubie
- dInstitut für Plasmaforschung, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D. Wagner
- eMax Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, Association EURATOM-IPP, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Stober
- eMax Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, Association EURATOM-IPP, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Krychowiak M, Adnan A, Alonso A, Andreeva T, Baldzuhn J, Barbui T, Beurskens M, Biel W, Biedermann C, Blackwell BD, Bosch HS, Bozhenkov S, Brakel R, Bräuer T, Brotas de Carvalho B, Burhenn R, Buttenschön B, Cappa A, Cseh G, Czarnecka A, Dinklage A, Drews P, Dzikowicka A, Effenberg F, Endler M, Erckmann V, Estrada T, Ford O, Fornal T, Frerichs H, Fuchert G, Geiger J, Grulke O, Harris JH, Hartfuß HJ, Hartmann D, Hathiramani D, Hirsch M, Höfel U, Jabłoński S, Jakubowski MW, Kaczmarczyk J, Klinger T, Klose S, Knauer J, Kocsis G, König R, Kornejew P, Krämer-Flecken A, Krawczyk N, Kremeyer T, Książek I, Kubkowska M, Langenberg A, Laqua HP, Laux M, Lazerson S, Liang Y, Liu SC, Lorenz A, Marchuk AO, Marsen S, Moncada V, Naujoks D, Neilson H, Neubauer O, Neuner U, Niemann H, Oosterbeek JW, Otte M, Pablant N, Pasch E, Sunn Pedersen T, Pisano F, Rahbarnia K, Ryć L, Schmitz O, Schmuck S, Schneider W, Schröder T, Schuhmacher H, Schweer B, Standley B, Stange T, Stephey L, Svensson J, Szabolics T, Szepesi T, Thomsen H, Travere JM, Trimino Mora H, Tsuchiya H, Weir GM, Wenzel U, Werner A, Wiegel B, Windisch T, Wolf R, Wurden GA, Zhang D, Zimbal A, Zoletnik S. Overview of diagnostic performance and results for the first operation phase in Wendelstein 7-X (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D304. [PMID: 27910389 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wendelstein 7-X, a superconducting optimized stellarator built in Greifswald/Germany, started its first plasmas with the last closed flux surface (LCFS) defined by 5 uncooled graphite limiters in December 2015. At the end of the 10 weeks long experimental campaign (OP1.1) more than 20 independent diagnostic systems were in operation, allowing detailed studies of many interesting plasma phenomena. For example, fast neutral gas manometers supported by video cameras (including one fast-frame camera with frame rates of tens of kHz) as well as visible cameras with different interference filters, with field of views covering all ten half-modules of the stellarator, discovered a MARFE-like radiation zone on the inboard side of machine module 4. This structure is presumably triggered by an inadvertent plasma-wall interaction in module 4 resulting in a high impurity influx that terminates some discharges by radiation cooling. The main plasma parameters achieved in OP1.1 exceeded predicted values in discharges of a length reaching 6 s. Although OP1.1 is characterized by short pulses, many of the diagnostics are already designed for quasi-steady state operation of 30 min discharges heated at 10 MW of ECRH. An overview of diagnostic performance for OP1.1 is given, including some highlights from the physics campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krychowiak
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Adnan
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Alonso
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Andreeva
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Baldzuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Barbui
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Beurskens
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - W Biel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B D Blackwell
- Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - H S Bosch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Bozhenkov
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Brakel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Bräuer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Brotas de Carvalho
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Avenue Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Burhenn
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Cappa
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Cseh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Czarnecka
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Dinklage
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Drews
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Dzikowicka
- University of Szczecin, al. Papieża Jana Pawła II 22A, Szczecin, Poland
| | - F Effenberg
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Endler
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Erckmann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Estrada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Ford
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Fornal
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Frerichs
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Fuchert
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Geiger
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J H Harris
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H J Hartfuß
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hathiramani
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Hirsch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Höfel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Jabłoński
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M W Jakubowski
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Kaczmarczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Klinger
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Klose
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Knauer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Kocsis
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R König
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Kornejew
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Krämer-Flecken
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - N Krawczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Kremeyer
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I Książek
- Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland
| | - M Kubkowska
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Langenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H P Laqua
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Laux
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Lazerson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Liang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S C Liu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Lorenz
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A O Marchuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Marsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Moncada
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - D Naujoks
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Neilson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - O Neubauer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - U Neuner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Niemann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J W Oosterbeek
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Otte
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - E Pasch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Sunn Pedersen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Pisano
- University of Cagliari, Via Università, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - K Rahbarnia
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Ryć
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - O Schmitz
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Schmuck
- Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - W Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Schröder
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Schuhmacher
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - B Schweer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B Standley
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Stange
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Stephey
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Svensson
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Szabolics
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Szepesi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Thomsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J-M Travere
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - H Trimino Mora
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Tsuchiya
- NIFS National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - G M Weir
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Wenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Werner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Wiegel
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Windisch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G A Wurden
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Zimbal
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Zoletnik
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Moseev D, Laqua HP, Marsen S, Stange T, Braune H, Erckmann V, Gellert F, Oosterbeek JW. Absolute calibration of sniffer probes on Wendelstein 7-X. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:083505. [PMID: 27587121 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the first measurements of the power levels of stray radiation in the vacuum vessel of Wendelstein 7-X using absolutely calibrated sniffer probes. The absolute calibration is achieved by using calibrated sources of stray radiation and the implicit measurement of the quality factor of the Wendelstein 7-X empty vacuum vessel. Normalized absolute calibration coefficients agree with the cross-calibration coefficients that are obtained by the direct measurements, indicating that the measured absolute calibration coefficients and stray radiation levels in the vessel are valid. Close to the launcher, the stray radiation in the empty vessel reaches power levels up to 340 kW/m(2) per MW injected beam power. Furthest away from the launcher, i.e., half a toroidal turn, still 90 kW/m(2) per MW injected beam power is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moseev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H P Laqua
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Marsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Stange
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Braune
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Erckmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Gellert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J W Oosterbeek
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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König R, Baldzuhn J, Biedermann C, Burhenn R, Bozhenkov S, Cardella A, Endler M, Hartfuss HJ, Hathiramani D, Hildebrandt D, Hirsch M, Jakubowski M, Kocsis G, Kornejev P, Krychowiak M, Laqua HP, Laux M, Oosterbeek JW, Pasch E, Richert T, Schneider W, Sunn-Pedersen T, Thomsen H, Weller A, Werner A, Wolf R, Zhang D, Zoletnik S. Diagnostics development for quasi-steady-state operation of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D730. [PMID: 23126902 DOI: 10.1063/1.4733531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The critical issues in the development of diagnostics, which need to work robust and reliable under quasi-steady state conditions for the discharge durations of 30 min and which cannot be maintained throughout the one week duration of each operation phase of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R König
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Greifswald, Germany.
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7
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Zhang D, Burhenn R, Koenig R, Giannone L, Grodzki PA, Klein B, Grosser K, Baldzuhn J, Ewert K, Erckmann V, Hirsch M, Laqua HP, Oosterbeek JW. Design criteria of the bolometer diagnostic for steady-state operation of the W7-X stellarator. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E134. [PMID: 21033996 DOI: 10.1063/1.3483194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A bolometric diagnostic system with features necessary for steady-state operation in the superconducting stellarator W7-X was designed. During a pulse length of 1800 s with an ECRH (electron cyclotron resonance heating) power of 10 MW, the components suffer not only from a large thermal load but also from stray radiation of the nonabsorbed isotropic microwaves. This paper gives an overview of the technical problems encountered during the design work and the solutions to individual problems to meet the special requirements in W7-X, e.g., component thermal protection, detector offset thermal drift suppression, as well as a microwave shielding technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhang
- Max-Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany.
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8
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König R, Baldzuhn J, Biel W, Biedermann C, Burhenn R, Bozhenkov S, Cantarini J, Dreier H, Endler M, Hartfuss HJ, Hildebrandt D, Hirsch M, Jakubowski M, Jimenez-Gomez R, Kocsis G, Kornejev P, Krychowiak M, Laqua HP, Laux M, Oosterbeek JW, Pasch E, Richert T, Schneider W, Schweer B, Svensson J, Thomsen H, Weller A, Werner A, Wolf R, Zhang D, Zoletnik S. Diagnostics design for steady-state operation of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E133. [PMID: 21033995 DOI: 10.1063/1.3483210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The status of the diagnostic developments for the quasistationary operable stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (maximum pulse length of 30 min at 10 MW ECRH heating at 140 GHz) will be reported on. Significant emphasis is being given to the issue of ECRH stray radiation shielding of in-vessel diagnostic components, which will be critical at high density operation requiring O2 and OXB heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- R König
- Max-Planck-Institute für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Greifswald D-1749, Germany.
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9
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Thoen DJ, Bongers WA, Westerhof E, Oosterbeek JW, de Baar MR, van den Berg MA, van Beveren V, Bürger A, Goede APH, Graswinckel MF, Hennen BA, Schüller FC. Development and testing of a fast Fourier transform high dynamic-range spectral diagnostics for millimeter wave characterization. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:103504. [PMID: 19895061 DOI: 10.1063/1.3244091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) based wide range millimeter wave diagnostics for spectral characterization of scattered millimeter waves in plasmas has been successfully brought into operation. The scattered millimeter waves are heterodyne downconverted and directly digitized using a fast analog-digital converter and a compact peripheral component interconnect computer. Frequency spectra are obtained by FFT in the time domain of the intermediate frequency signal. The scattered millimeter waves are generated during high power electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments on the TEXTOR tokamak and demonstrate the performance of the diagnostics and, in particular, the usability of direct digitizing and Fourier transformation of millimeter wave signals. The diagnostics is able to acquire 4 GHz wide spectra of signals in the range of 136-140 GHz. The rate of spectra is tunable and has been tested between 200,000 spectra/s with a frequency resolution of 100 MHz and 120 spectra/s with a frequency resolution of 25 kHz. The respective dynamic ranges are 52 and 88 dB. Major benefits of the new diagnostics are a tunable time and frequency resolution due to postdetection, near-real time processing of the acquired data. This diagnostics has a wider application in astrophysics, earth observation, plasma physics, and molecular spectroscopy for the detection and analysis of millimeter wave radiation, providing high-resolution spectra at high temporal resolution and large dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Thoen
- Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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10
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Westerhof E, Nielsen SK, Oosterbeek JW, Salewski M, De Baar MR, Bongers WA, Bürger A, Hennen BA, Korsholm SB, Leipold F, Moseev D, Stejner M, Thoen DJ. Strong scattering of high power millimeter waves in tokamak plasmas with tearing modes. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:125001. [PMID: 19792443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In tokamak plasmas with a tearing mode, strong scattering of high power millimeter waves, as used for heating and noninductive current drive, is shown to occur. This new wave scattering phenomenon is shown to be related to the passage of the O point of a magnetic island through the high power heating beam. The density determines the detailed phasing of the scattered radiation relative to the O-point passage. The scattering power depends strongly nonlinearly on the heating beam power.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Westerhof
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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11
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Bertschinger G, Endres CP, Lewen F, Oosterbeek JW. Dichroic filters to protect milliwatt far-infrared detectors from megawatt ECRH radiation. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10E709. [PMID: 19044527 DOI: 10.1063/1.2965777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dichroic filters have been used to shield effectively the far infrared (FIR) detectors at the interferometer/polarimeter on TEXTOR. The filters consist of metal foils with regular holes, the hole diameter, the mutual spacing and the thickness of the foils are chosen to transmit radiation at the design frequency with transmission >90%. The attenuation at the low frequency end of the bandpass filter is about 30 dB per octave, the high frequency transmission is between 20% and 40%. The filters have been used to block the stray radiation from the megawatt microwave heating beam to the detectors of the FIR interferometer, operating with power on the detector in the milliwatt range. If required, the low frequency attenuation can be still enhanced, without compromising the transmission in the passband. The FIR interferometer used for plasma density and position control is no longer disturbed by electromagnetic waves used for plasma heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bertschinger
- Institut für Energieforschung-Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Association EURATOM-FZJ, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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12
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Oosterbeek JW, Bürger A, Westerhof E, de Baar MR, van den Berg MA, Bongers WA, Graswinckel MF, Hennen BA, Kruijt OG, Thoen J, Heidinger R, Korsholm SB, Leipold F, Nielsen SK. A line-of-sight electron cyclotron emission receiver for electron cyclotron resonance heating feedback control of tearing modes. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:093503. [PMID: 19044409 DOI: 10.1063/1.2976665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An electron cyclotron emission (ECE) receiver inside the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) transmission line has been brought into operation. The ECE is extracted by placing a quartz plate acting as a Fabry-Perot interferometer under an angle inside the electron cyclotron wave (ECW) beam. ECE measurements are obtained during high power ECRH operation. This demonstrates the successful operation of the diagnostic and, in particular, a sufficient suppression of the gyrotron component preventing it from interfering with ECE measurements. When integrated into a feedback system for the control of plasma instabilities this line-of-sight ECE diagnostic removes the need to localize the instabilities in absolute coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Oosterbeek
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energieforschung-Plasmaphysik,Association EURATOM-FZJ, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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13
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Nielsen SK, Bindslev H, Porte L, Hoekzema JA, Korsholm SB, Leipold F, Meo F, Michelsen PK, Michelsen S, Oosterbeek JW, Tsakadze EL, Van Wassenhove G, Westerhof E, Woskov P. Temporal evolution of confined fast-ion velocity distributions measured by collective Thomson scattering in TEXTOR. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2008; 77:016407. [PMID: 18351944 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.016407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fast ions created in the fusion processes will provide up to 70% of the heating in ITER. To optimize heating and current drive in magnetically confined plasmas insight into fast-ion dynamics is important. First measurements of such dynamics by collective Thomson scattering (CTS) were recently reported [Bindslev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 205005 2006]. Here we extend the discussion of these results which were obtained at the TEXTOR tokamak. The fast ions are generated by neutral-beam injection and ion-cyclotron resonance heating. The CTS system uses 100-150kW of 110-GHz gyrotron probing radiation which scatters off the collective plasma fluctuations driven by the fast-ion motion. The technique measures the projected one-dimensional velocity distribution of confined fast ions in the scattering volume where the probe and receiver beams cross. By shifting the scattering volume a number of scattering locations and different resolved velocity components can be measured. The temporal resolution is 4ms while the spatial resolution is approximately 10cm depending on the scattering geometry. Fast-ion velocity distributions in a variety of scenarios are measured, including the evolution of the velocity distribution after turnoff of the ion heating. These results are in close agreement with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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14
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Bindslev H, Nielsen SK, Porte L, Hoekzema JA, Korsholm SB, Meo F, Michelsen PK, Michelsen S, Oosterbeek JW, Tsakadze EL, Westerhof E, Woskov P. Fast-ion dynamics in the TEXTOR tokamak measured by collective Thomson scattering. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:205005. [PMID: 17155690 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.205005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the first measurements by collective Thomson scattering of the evolution of fast-ion populations in a magnetically confined fusion plasma. 150 kW and 110 Ghz radiation from a gyrotron were scattered in the TEXTOR tokamak plasma with energetic ions generated by neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating. The temporal behavior of the spatially resolved fast-ion velocity distribution is inferred from the received scattered radiation. The fast-ion dynamics at sawteeth and the slowdown after switch off of auxiliary heating is resolved in time. The latter is shown to be in close agreement with modeling results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bindslev
- EURATOM-Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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