Koopmans B, Pouwer F, de Bie RA, Leusink GL, Denollet JKL, Pop VJM. Associations between vascular co-morbidities and depression in insulin-naive diabetes patients: the DIAZOB Primary Care Diabetes study.
Diabetologia 2009;
52:2056-63. [PMID:
19669635 PMCID:
PMC2744805 DOI:
10.1007/s00125-009-1460-2]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of depression in insulin-naive diabetes patients and to investigate the associations between different forms of vascular co-morbidity and depression.
METHODS
Cross-sectional data were used from a primary-care sample of 1,269 insulin-naive (i.e. not using insulin therapy) diabetes patients participating in the DIAZOB Primary Care Diabetes study. Demographics, vascular co-morbidities, clinical and lifestyle characteristics, and psychosocial factors were assessed. Depression symptoms were measured with the Edinburgh Depression Scale, with a score >11 defined as depression. The chi (2) and Student's t tests were used to compare groups with and without vascular co-morbidities. Rates and odds ratios of depression were calculated for each vascular co-morbidity, with diabetes only as the reference group, correcting for age and sex. Single and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to test a more comprehensive model regarding the likelihood of depression in diabetes.
RESULTS
The prevalence of depression was 11% in the total sample with little difference between the groups with and without any vascular co-morbidity (11.2% vs 10.0%). Single vascular co-morbidities were not associated with increased rates of depression. The final model predicting depression included: having multiple vascular co-morbidities compared with none; having less social support; having experienced a recent stressful life event; female sex; and being a smoker.
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
Rates of depression in those with one additional vascular co-morbidity did not differ from patients with diabetes only. Vascular co-morbidities were only associated with higher depression scores in case of multiple co-morbidities.
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