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McGee AE, Alibegashvili T, Elfgren K, Frey B, Grigore M, Heinonen A, Jach R, Jariene K, Kesic V, Küppers V, Kyrgiou M, Leeson S, Louwers J, Mazurec M, Mergui J, Pedro A, Šavrova A, Siegler E, Tabuica U, Trojnarska D, Trzeszcz M, Turyna R, Volodko N, Cruickshank ME. European consensus statement on expert colposcopy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 290:27-37. [PMID: 37716200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.08.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the publication of the European consensus statement on standards for essential colposcopy in 2020, the need for standards relating to more complex and challenging colposcopy practice was recognised. These standards relate to colposcopy undertaken in patients identified through cervical screening and tertiary referrals from colposcopists who undertake standard colposcopy only. This set of recommendations provides a review of the current literature and agreement on care for recognised complex cases. With good uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation, we anticipate a marked reduction in cervical disease over the next decade. Still, the expert colposcopist will continue to be vital in managing complex cases, including previous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)/complex screening histories and multi-zonal disease. AIMS To provide expert guidance on complex colposcopy cases through published evidence and expert consensus. MATERIAL & METHODS Members of the EFC and ESGO formed a working group to identify topics considered to be the remit of the expert rather than the standard colposcopy service. These were presented at the EFC satellite meeting, Helsinki 2021, for broader discussion and finalisation of the topics. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The agreed standards included colposcopy in pregnancy and post-menopause, investigation and management of glandular abnormalities, persistent high-risk HPV+ with normal/low-grade cytology, colposcopy management of type 3 transformation zones (TZ), high-grade cytology and normal colposcopy, colposcopy adjuncts, follow-up after treatment with CIN next to TZ margins and follow-up after treatment with CIN with persistent HPV+, and more. These standards are under review to create a final paper of consensus standards for dissemination to all EFC and ESGO members.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E McGee
- Aberdeen Centre for Women's Health Research (ACWHR), University of Aberdeen, UK.
| | - T Alibegashvili
- Department of Gynaecology, Georgian National Screening Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - K Elfgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Frey
- Frauenklinik Baselland, Switzerland
| | - M Grigore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa" Iasi, Romania
| | - A Heinonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital
| | - R Jach
- Institute of Nursing and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Jariene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - V Kesic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Küppers
- Frauenheilkunde & Geburtshilfe, Zytologisches Labor, Dysplasie-Sprechstunde, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Kyrgiou
- IRDB, MDR & Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - S Leeson
- West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Imperial College NHS Trust, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - J Louwers
- Diakonessenhuis, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Mazurec
- Corfamed Woman's Health Center, Kluczborska, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Pathology and Clinical Cytology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Mergui
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Pedro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CUF Sintra Hospital, Sintra, Portugal
| | - A Šavrova
- Gynaecology Centre, North Estonia Medical Centre, Estonia
| | - E Siegler
- The Israeli Society of Colposcopy and Cervical and Vulvar Pathology, Peretz Berenstein St, Haifa, Israel
| | - U Tabuica
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Referral Center of Colposcopy, Chisinau, Moldavia
| | - D Trojnarska
- Institute of Nursing and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Trzeszcz
- Corfamed Woman's Health Center, Kluczborska, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Pathology and Clinical Cytology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland
| | - R Turyna
- Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Institute of Postgraduate Education in Health Care - IPVZ, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - N Volodko
- Department of Oncology and Radiology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv national medical university, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - M E Cruickshank
- Aberdeen Centre for Women's Health Research (ACWHR), University of Aberdeen, UK
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Algera M, van Driel W, Slangen B, Kruitwagen R, Wouters M, Ten Cate A, Aalders A, van der Kolk A, Kruse A, Jong AVHD, van de Swaluw A, Visschers B, Buis C, Gerestein C, Smeets C, Boll D, van de Laar R, Ngo D, Davelaar E, Ooms E, van Dorst E, Schmeink C, van Es E, Roes E, Ten Cate F, Rijcken F, Dunné FRV, Fons G, Jansen G, Verhoeve H, Nagel H, Keizer H, Smedts H, Ebisch I, van de Lande J, Louwers J, Briet J, De Waard J, Diepstraten J, Vollebergh J, Van der Avoort I, Van Dijk J, Lange J, Mens J, Gaarenstroom K, Overmars K, De Vries L, Hofman L, Bartelink L, Huisman M, Verbruggen M, Vos M, Huisman M, Kleppe M, van den Hende M, van der Aa M, Wust M, Baas M, Engelen M, Scheers E, Moonen-Delarue M, Tjiong M, Leffers N, Reesink N, Timmers P, Kolk P, Vencken P, Yigit R, Smit R, Westenberg S, Coppus S, Stam T, Schukken T, van Baal W, Minderhoud-Bassie W, Van der Plas-Koning Y, van Ham M. Impact of the COVID-19-pandemic on patients with gynecological malignancies undergoing surgery: A Dutch population-based study using data from the 'Dutch Gynecological Oncology Audit'. Gynecol Oncol 2022; 165:330-338. [PMID: 35221132 PMCID: PMC8860632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19-pandemic caused drastic healthcare changes worldwide. To date, the impact of these changes on gynecological cancer healthcare is relatively unknown. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19-pandemic on surgical gynecological-oncology healthcare. METHODS This population-based cohort study included all surgical procedures with curative intent for gynecological malignancies, registered in the Dutch Gynecological Oncology Audit, in 2018-2020. Four periods were identified based on COVID-19 hospital admission rates: 'Pre-COVID-19', 'First wave', 'Interim period', and 'Second wave'. Surgical volume, perioperative care processes, and postoperative outcomes from 2020 were compared with 2018-2019. RESULTS A total of 11,488 surgical procedures were analyzed. For cervical cancer, surgical volume decreased by 17.2% in 2020 compared to 2018-2019 (mean 2018-2019: n = 542.5, 2020: n = 449). At nadir (interim period), only 51% of the expected cervical cancer procedures were performed. For ovarian, vulvar, and endometrial cancer, volumes remained stable. Patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer more frequently received neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 2020 compared to 2018-2019 (67.7% (n = 432) vs. 61.8% (n = 783), p = 0.011). Median time to first treatment was significantly shorter in all four malignancies in 2020. For vulvar and endometrial cancer, the length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in 2020. No significant differences in complicated course and 30-day-mortality were observed. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19-pandemic impacted surgical gynecological-oncology healthcare: in 2020, surgical volume for cervical cancer dropped considerably, waiting time was significantly shorter for all malignancies, while neoadjuvant chemotherapy administration for advanced-stage ovarian cancer increased. The safety of perioperative healthcare was not negatively impacted by the pandemic, as complications and 30-day-mortality remained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Algera
- Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht, the Netherlands,GROW- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing (DICA), Scientific Bureau, Leiden, the Netherlands,Corresponding author at: Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing, Rijnsburgerweg 10, 2333 AA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W.J. van Driel
- Center for Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Gynecology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B.F.M. Slangen
- Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht, the Netherlands,GROW- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R.F.P.M. Kruitwagen
- Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht, the Netherlands,GROW- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M.W.J.M. Wouters
- Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing (DICA), Scientific Bureau, Leiden, the Netherlands,Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - the participants of the Dutch Gynecological Oncology Collaborator groupBaalbergenA.1Ten CateA.D.2AaldersA.L.3van der KolkA.4KruseA.J.5JongA.M.L.D. Van Haaften-de6van de SwaluwA.M.G.7VisschersB.A.J.T.8BuisC.C.N.9GeresteinC.G.1017SmeetsC.M.W.H.11BollD.12van de LaarR.13NgoD.H.14DavelaarE.15OomsE.A.16van DorstE.B.L.17SchmeinkC.E.18van EsE.J.M.19RoesE.M.20Ten CateF.A.21RijckenF.E.M.22DunnéF.M.R. Rosier-van23FonsG.24JansenG.H.25VerhoeveH.R.26NagelH.T.C.27KeizerH.H.28SmedtsH.P.M.29EbischI.M.W.30van de LandeJ.2LouwersJ.A.31BrietJ.32De WaardJ.33DiepstratenJ.4VolleberghJ.H.A.34Van der AvoortI.A.M.35Van DijkJ.E.W.36LangeJ.G.37MensJ.W.M.20GaarenstroomK.N.69OvermarsK.38De VriesL.C.39HofmanL.N.40BartelinkL.R.41HuismanM.A.42VerbruggenM.B.43VosM.C.44HuismanM.45KleppeM.46van den HendeM.47van der AaM.48WustM.D.49BaasM.I.50EngelenM.J.A.51ScheersE.C.A.H.52Moonen-DelarueM.W.G.53TjiongM.Y.54LeffersN.55ReesinkN.56TimmersP.J.57KolkP.58VenckenP.M.L.H.59YigitR.60SmitR.A.61WestenbergS.M.62CoppusS.F.P.J.63StamT.C.27SchukkenT.K.64van BaalW.M.65Minderhoud-BassieW.66Van der Plas-KoningY.W.C.M.67van HamM.A.P..C.68Reinier de Graaf Groep, Delft, the NetherlandsSpaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the NetherlandsRijnstate Ziekenhuis, Arnhem, the NetherlandsStichting Olijf, the NetherlandsIsala Klinieken, Zwolle, the NetherlandsHagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, the NetherlandsDijklander Ziekenhuis, Hoorn, the NetherlandsStichting Zorgsaam Zeeuws Vlaanderen, Terneuzen, the NetherlandsNij Smellinghe, Drachten, the NetherlandsMeander Medisch Centrum, Amersfoort, the NetherlandsSlingeland Ziekenhuis, Doetinchem, the NetherlandsCatharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, the NetherlandsVieCuri Medisch Centrum, Venlo, the NetherlandsElkerliek Ziekenhuis, Helmond, the NetherlandsLangeland Ziekenhuis, Zoetermeer, the NetherlandsRode Kruis Ziekenhuis, Beverwijk, the NetherlandsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the NetherlandsSint Anna Ziekenhuis, Geldrop, the NetherlandsSint Jansgasthuis, Weert, the NetherlandsErasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsBovenij Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsAlrijne Zorggroep, Leiderdorp, the NetherlandsTer Gooi Ziekenhuis, Hilversum, the NetherlandsAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsTjongerschans Ziekenhuis, Heereveen, the NetherlandsOnze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsHaaglanden Medical Center, the Hague, the NetherlandsMedisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the NetherlandsAmphia Ziekenhuis, Breda, the NetherlandsCanisius Wilhelmina ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDiakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the NetherlandsZiekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the NetherlandsFranciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsBernhoven Ziekenhuis, Uden, the NetherlandsIkazia Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsStreekziekenhuis Koningin Beatrix, Winterswijk, the NetherlandsSint Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwengein, the NetherlandsAmstelland Ziekenhuis, Amstelveen, the NetherlandsTreant Zorggroep, Hoogeveen, the NetherlandsAlbert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, Dordrecht, the NetherlandsGelderse Vallei, Ede, the NetherlandsDeventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the NetherlandsZaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the NetherlandsElisabeth- TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the NetherlandsGelre Ziekenhuis, Apeldoorn, the NetherlandsMartini Ziekenhuis, Groningen, the NetherlandsIJsselland Ziekenhuis, Capelle aan de IJssel, the NetherlandsNetherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (NCCN), the NetherlandsSaxenburgh Medisch Centrum, Hardenberg, the NetherlandsZiekenhuis Rivierenland, Tiel, the NetherlandsZuyderland Medisch Centrum, Heerlen, the NetherlandsWilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Assen, the NetherlandsLaurentius Ziekenhuis, Roermond, the NetherlandsVrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsOmmelander Ziekenhuis, Scheemda, the NetherlandsMedisch Centrum Twente, Enschede, the NetherlandsMaasstad Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsGroene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, the NetherlandsBravis Ziekenhuis, Roosendaal, the NetherlandsUniversity Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the NetherlandsJeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the NetherlandsNoordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the NetherlandsMaxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, the NetherlandsAntonius Ziekenhuis, Sneek, the NetherlandsFlevoziekenhuis, Almere, the NetherlandsSint Jansdal Ziekenhuis, Harderwijk, the NetherlandsAdmiraal de Ruyter Ziekenhuis, Vlissingen, the NetherlandsRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Louwers J, Zaal A, Kocken M, Berkhof J, Papagiannakis E, Snijders P, Meijer C, Verheijen R. The performance of Dynamic Spectral Imaging colposcopy depends on indication for referrals. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 139:452-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Patients with fear of blushing as the predominant complaint (N = 31) were randomly assigned to (1) exposure in vivo (EXP), or (2) task concentration training (TCT), in order to test the effect of redirecting attention above exposure only. In addition, it was investigated whether treatment reduced actual blush behavior; therefore, physiological parameters of blushing were measured during two behavioral tests. Half of the patients served as waiting-list controls first. Assessments were held before and after treatment, at 6-weeks, and at 1-year follow-up. Both treatments appeared to be effective in reducing fear of blushing and realizing cognitive change. Yet, at posttest, TCT tended to produce better results with respect to fear of blushing. At 6-weeks follow-up, TCT produced significantly more cognitive change. At 1-year follow-up, patients further improved, while differential effects had disappeared. The reduction in fear of blushing was not paralleled by a reduction in actual blush behavior during the behavioral assessments. Thus, it seems that fear of blushing reflects a fearful preoccupation, irrespective of actual facial coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mulken
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Klein G, Hallmann C, Casas IA, Abad J, Louwers J, Reuter G. Exclusion of vanA, vanB and vanC type glycopeptide resistance in strains of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus used as probiotics by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization methods. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 89:815-24. [PMID: 11119156 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lact. rhamnosus are used as probiotics in man and animal. The aim of this study was to determine whether the glycopeptide resistance in these lactobacilli has a similar genetic basis as in enterococci. Five Lact. reuteri strains and one Lact. rhamnosus, as well as four Enterococcus control strains, were probed for the vanA gene cluster, the vanB gene and the vanC gene by PCR and Southern hybridization, and DNA/DNA hybridization. Their resistance and plasmid patterns were also investigated. All Lactobacillus strains were resistant to vancomycin but susceptible to a broad range of antibiotics. Four of the Lactobacillus strains (including the Lact. rhamnosus strain) did not harbour any plasmid and two of them contained five and 6 plasmid bands respectively. None of the Lactobacillus strains possessed the vanA, vanB or vanC gene. These findings indicate that the glycopeptide resistance of the Lactobacillus strains analysed is different from the enterococcal type. The study provides reassurance on the safety of the Lactobacillus strains used as probiotics with regard to their vancomycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Klein
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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Klein G, Zill E, Schindler R, Louwers J. Peritonitis associated with vancomycin-resistant Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient: organism identification, antibiotic therapy, and case report. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1781-3. [PMID: 9620421 PMCID: PMC104921 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.6.1781-1783.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of Lactobacillus rhamnosus-associated peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is reported. The patient was treated with vancomycin after isolation of glycopeptide-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci. After a skin rash developed, vancomycin was discontinued and replaced with teicoplanin. Seven weeks after the glycopeptide therapy was discontinued, a Lactobacillus strain was isolated in pure cultures. The isolate was identified first incorrectly as L. acidophilus but later correctly as L. rhamnosus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the isolate was resistant to glycopeptides but susceptible to several other antibiotics. The antibiotic treatment was then switched to imipenem and was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Klein
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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Klein G, Louwers J. [Microbiological quality of fresh and stored ground meat from commercial production]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1994; 107:361-7. [PMID: 7872944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last quarter of 1993 we investigated 295 samples of minced meat on 59 days of production (5 samples each day). EC-regulations (88/657/EEC, changed by 92/110/EEC) were considered. We looked for the total aerobic count, E. coli, Staph. aureus and Salmonella. Factors that could influence the results were examined as day of sampling, storage under defined conditions, ph-value etc. Most important for the microbiological quality of the product was the quality of the processed meat. In most cases samples fulfilled the strict microbiological requirements of the EC-regulation. After storage for 2 days at 2 degrees C there was no detectable alteration of the microflora of minced meat. Beginning with the third day total aerobic count increased significantly explainable by the increase of pseudomonads. There were problems with minced meat produced from beef, that was of lower quality and not fresh. EC-regulations can be fulfilled and are reasonable in case of industrial production when considering the quality of the processed meat and seasonal differences. Therefore microbiological quality control is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Klein
- Institut für Fleischhygiene und -technologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin
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Louwers J, Klein G. [Suitability of sampling methods for environmental studies in meat rendering and processing plants with European Community licenses]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1994; 107:367-73. [PMID: 7872945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In EC-licensed meat rendering and processing plants microbiological test results obtained through contact slides and a highly precise swab method were compared. It was revealed that when using contact slides the absolute cfu can be determined only after prior verification with a reference method. The key provided by the manufacturer for data interpretation does not always match with results obtained by swab technique. Nevertheless, contact plates are suitable to determine the microbiological status. However, their technical deficiencies must be compensated. A simple swab method is well suited for use in meat rendering and processing plants. It is very economical due to low material costs and easy to apply by plant hygienists. The use of a seven step scale listing results up to 10(3) cfu/cm2 enables even non-experts to interpret their results reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Louwers
- Institut für Fleischhygiene und -technologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin
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