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McElroy CS, Min E, Huang J, Loader JE, Hendry-Hofer TB, Garlick RB, Rioux JS, Veress LA, Smith R, Osborne C, Anderson DR, Holmes WW, Paradiso DC, White CW, Day BJ. From the Cover: Catalytic Antioxidant Rescue of Inhaled Sulfur Mustard Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:341-353. [PMID: 27605419 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (bis 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, SM) is a powerful bi-functional vesicating chemical warfare agent. SM tissue injury is partially mediated by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress. We hypothesized that using a catalytic antioxidant (AEOL 10150) to alleviate oxidative stress and secondary inflammation following exposure to SM would attenuate the toxic effects of SM inhalation. Adult male rats were intubated and exposed to SM (1.4 mg/kg), a dose that produces an LD50 at approximately 24 h. Rats were randomized and treated via subcutaneous injection with either sterile PBS or AEOL 10150 (5 mg/kg, sc, every 4 h) beginning 1 h post-SM exposure. Rats were euthanized between 6 and 48 h after exposure to SM and survival and markers of injury were determined. Catalytic antioxidant treatment improved survival after SM inhalation in a dose-dependent manner, up to 52% over SM PBS at 48 h post-exposure. This improvement was sustained for at least 72 h after SM exposure when treatments were stopped after 48 h. Non-invasive monitoring throughout the duration of the studies also revealed blood oxygen saturations were improved by 10% and clinical scores were reduced by 57% after SM exposure in the catalytic antioxidant treatment group. Tissue analysis showed catalytic antioxidant therapy was able to decrease airway cast formation by 69% at 48 h post-exposure. To investigate antioxidant induced changes at the peak of injury, several biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated at 24 h post-exposure. AEOL 10150 attenuated SM-mediated lung lipid oxidation, nitrosative stress and many proinflammatory cytokines. The findings indicate that catalytic antioxidants may be useful medical countermeasure against inhaled SM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S McElroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Joan E Loader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | | | - Rhonda B Garlick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Jackie S Rioux
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Livia A Veress
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Russell Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Chris Osborne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Dana R Anderson
- Analytical Toxicology Division, Proving Grounds United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD), Aberdeen, Maryland 21010
| | - Wesley W Holmes
- Analytical Toxicology Division, Proving Grounds United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD), Aberdeen, Maryland 21010
| | - Danielle C Paradiso
- Analytical Toxicology Division, Proving Grounds United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD), Aberdeen, Maryland 21010
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045 .,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
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