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Waanders L, van der Donk LEH, Ates LS, Maaskant J, van Hamme JL, Eldering E, van Bruggen JAC, Rietveld JM, Bitter W, Geijtenbeek TBH, Kuijl CP. Ectopic expression of cGAS in Salmonella typhimurium enhances STING-mediated IFN-β response in human macrophages and dendritic cells. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-005839. [PMID: 37072345 PMCID: PMC10124277 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN)-β induction via activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has shown promising results in tumor models. STING is activated by cyclic dinucleotides such as cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotides with phosphodiester linkages 2'-5' and 3'-5' (cGAMPs), that are produced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase (cGAS). However, delivery of STING pathway agonists to the tumor site is a challenge. Bacterial vaccine strains have the ability to specifically colonize hypoxic tumor tissues and could therefore be modified to overcome this challenge. Combining high STING-mediated IFN-β levels with the immunostimulatory properties of Salmonella typhimurium could have potential to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. METHODS We have engineered S. typhimurium to produce cGAMP by expression of cGAS. The ability of cGAMP to induce IFN-β and its IFN-stimulating genes was addressed in infection assays of THP-I macrophages and human primary dendritic cells (DCs). Expression of catalytically inactive cGAS is used as a control. DC maturation and cytotoxic T-cell cytokine and cytotoxicity assays were conducted to assess the potential antitumor response in vitro. Finally, by making use of different S. typhimurium type III secretion (T3S) mutants, the mode of cGAMP transport was elucidated. RESULTS Expression of cGAS in S. typhimurium results in a 87-fold stronger IFN-β response in THP-I macrophages. This effect was mediated by cGAMP production and is STING dependent. Interestingly, the needle-like structure of the T3S system was necessary for IFN-β induction in epithelial cells. DC activation included upregulation of maturation markers and induction of type I IFN response. Coculture of challenged DCs with cytotoxic T cells revealed an improved cGAMP-mediated IFN-γ response. In addition, coculture of cytotoxic T cells with challenged DCs led to improved immune-mediated tumor B-cell killing. CONCLUSION S. typhimurium can be engineered to produce cGAMPs that activate the STING pathway in vitro. Furthermore, they enhanced the cytotoxic T-cell response by improving IFN-γ release and tumor cell killing. Thus, the immune response triggered by S. typhimurium can be enhanced by ectopic cGAS expression. These data show the potential of S. typhimurium-cGAS in vitro and provides rationale for further research in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Waanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieve E H van der Donk
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis S Ates
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Maaskant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L van Hamme
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- The Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco A C van Bruggen
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Rietveld
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad P Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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van Bruggen JAC, Martens AWJ, Tonino SH, Kater AP. Overcoming the Hurdles of Autologous T-Cell-Based Therapies in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123837. [PMID: 33353234 PMCID: PMC7765898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The activity of novel therapies that utilize patient’s own T-cells to induce remission of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), is still suboptimal. In this review, we summarize the clinical efficacy of T-cell-based therapies in B-NHL and provide a biologic rationale for the observed (lack of) responses. We describe and compare the acquired T-cell dysfunctions that occur in the different subtypes of B-NHL. Furthermore, we discuss new insights that could enhance the efficacy of T-cell-based therapies for B-NHL and CLL. Abstract The next frontier towards a cure for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL) is autologous cellular immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. While highly successful in various solid malignancies and in aggressive B-cell leukemia, this clinical success is often not matched in B-NHL. T-cell subset skewing, exhaustion, expansion of regulatory T-cell subsets, or other yet to be defined mechanisms may underlie the lack of efficacy of these treatment modalities. In this review, a systematic overview of results from clinical trials is given and is accompanied by reported data on T-cell dysfunction. From these results, we distill the underlying pathways that might be responsible for the observed differences in clinical responses towards autologous T-cell-based cellular immunotherapy modalities between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). By integration of the clinical and biological findings, we postulate strategies that might enhance the efficacy of autologous-based cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of B-NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco A. C. van Bruggen
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.A.C.v.B.); (A.W.J.M.); (S.H.T.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne W. J. Martens
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.A.C.v.B.); (A.W.J.M.); (S.H.T.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H. Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.A.C.v.B.); (A.W.J.M.); (S.H.T.)
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.A.C.v.B.); (A.W.J.M.); (S.H.T.)
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Hofland T, Martens AWJ, van Bruggen JAC, de Boer R, Schetters S, Remmerswaal EBM, Bemelman FJ, Levin MD, Bins AD, Eldering E, Kater AP, Tonino SH. Human CXCR5 + PD-1 + CD8 T cells in healthy individuals and patients with hematologic malignancies. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:703-713. [PMID: 33098668 PMCID: PMC7984320 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer therapy, but varying response rates illustrate the need for biomarkers of response. Studies in mice have identified a subset of CD8 T cells that is essential for response to PD‐1 ICB. These CD8 T cells co‐express CXCR5, PD‐1 and Tcf1, and provide effector T cells upon PD‐1 ICB. It is unknown whether similar T cells play a role in PD‐1 ICB in humans. We studied human peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LNs) for the frequency, phenotype, and functionality of CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells. We find that CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells are memory‐like cells, express Tcf1, and lack expression of effector molecules. CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells produce cytokines upon stimulation, but have limited proliferative capacity. We studied patients with hematologic malignancies with varying response rates to PD‐1 ICB. Specifically in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which PD‐1 ICB does not induce clinical responses, CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells show loss of the memory phenotype and increased effector differentiation. In conclusion, we identified CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells in human peripheral blood and LN, which could play a similar role during PD‐1 ICB. Future studies should analyze CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells during PD‐1 ICB and their importance for therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hofland
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne W J Martens
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco A C van Bruggen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Schetters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike J Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Schoot JMS, Fennemann FL, Valente M, Dolen Y, Hagemans IM, Becker AMD, Le Gall CM, van Dalen D, Cevirgel A, van Bruggen JAC, Engelfriet M, Caval T, Bentlage AEH, Fransen MF, Nederend M, Leusen JHW, Heck AJR, Vidarsson G, Figdor CG, Verdoes M, Scheeren FA. Functional diversification of hybridoma-produced antibodies by CRISPR/HDR genomic engineering. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw1822. [PMID: 31489367 PMCID: PMC6713500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybridoma technology is instrumental for the development of novel antibody therapeutics and diagnostics. Recent preclinical and clinical studies highlight the importance of antibody isotype for therapeutic efficacy. However, since the sequence encoding the constant domains is fixed, tuning antibody function in hybridomas has been restricted. Here, we demonstrate a versatile CRISPR/HDR platform to rapidly engineer the constant immunoglobulin domains to obtain recombinant hybridomas, which secrete antibodies in the preferred format, species, and isotype. Using this platform, we obtained recombinant hybridomas secreting Fab' fragments, isotype-switched chimeric antibodies, and Fc-silent mutants. These antibody products are stable, retain their antigen specificity, and display their intrinsic Fc-effector functions in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we can site-specifically attach cargo to these antibody products via chemoenzymatic modification. We believe that this versatile platform facilitates antibody engineering for the entire scientific community, empowering preclinical antibody research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M. S. van der Schoot
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Felix L. Fennemann
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Valente
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dolen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Hagemans
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. D. Becker
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Camille M. Le Gall
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Duco van Dalen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alper Cevirgel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaco A. C. van Bruggen
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Engelfriet
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomislav Caval
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E. H. Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Marieke F. Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ferenc A. Scheeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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van Attekum MHA, van Bruggen JAC, Slinger E, Lebre MC, Reinen E, Kersting S, Eldering E, Kater AP. CD40 signaling instructs chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to attract monocytes via the CCR2 axis. Haematologica 2017; 102:2069-2076. [PMID: 28971904 PMCID: PMC5709106 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.157206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are provided with essential survival and proliferative signals in the lymph node microenvironment. Here, CLL cells engage in various interactions with bystander cells such as T cells and macrophages. Phenotypically distinct types of tumor infiltrating macrophages can either be tumor supportive (M2) or play a role in tumor immune surveillance (M1). Although recent in vitro findings suggest a protective role for macrophages in CLL, the actual balance between these macrophage subsets in CLL lymphoid tissue is still unclear. Furthermore, the mechanism of recruitment of monocytes towards the CLL lymph node is currently unknown. Both questions are addressed in this paper. Immunofluorescence staining of lymph node samples showed macrophage skewing towards an M2 tumor-promoting phenotype. This polarization likely results from CLL-secreted soluble factors, as both patient serum and CLL-conditioned medium recapitulated the skewing effect. Considering that CLL cell cytokine secretion is affected by adjacent T cells, we next studied CLL-mediated monocyte recruitment in the presence or absence of T-cell signals. While unstimulated CLL cells were inactive, T cell-stimulated CLL cells actively recruited monocytes. This correlated with secretion of various chemokines such as C-C-motif-ligand-2,3,4,5,7,24, C-X-C-motif-ligand-5,10, and Interleukin-10. We also identified CD40L as the responsible T-cell factor that mediated recruitment, and showed that recruitment critically depended on the C-C-motif-chemokine-receptor-2 axis. These studies show that the shaping of a tumor supportive microenvironment depends on cytokinome alterations (including C-C-motif-ligand-2) that occur after interactions between CLL, T cells and monocytes. Therefore, targeted inhibition of CD40L or C-C-motif-chemokine-receptor-2 may be relevant therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H A van Attekum
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Jaco A C van Bruggen
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Erik Slinger
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Lebre
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Emilie Reinen
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Sabina Kersting
- Department of Hematology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Hematology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), the Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; the Netherlands .,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), the Netherlands
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