1
|
Bhalla S, Baggio JA, Sahu RK, Kahil T, Tarhouni J, Brini R, Wildemeersch M. The role of interacting social and institutional norms in stressed groundwater systems. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120389. [PMID: 38484593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater resources play an important role for irrigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where groundwater depletion poses a critical threat to agricultural production and associated local livelihoods. However, the relationship between groundwater use, farming, and poverty, particularly with regards to informal mechanisms of resources management, remains poorly understood. Here, we assess this relationship by developing a behavioural model of groundwater user groups, empirically grounded in the politically fragile context of Tunisia. The model integrates biophysical aquifer dynamics, institutional governance, and farmer decision-making, all of which are co-occurring under conditions of aquifer depletion and illicit groundwater extraction. The paper examines how community-level norms drive distributional outcomes of farmer behaviours and traces pathways of local system collapse - whether hydrogeological or financial. Through this model, we explore how varying levels of trust and leadership, ecological conditions, and agricultural strategies can delay or avoid collapse of the social-ecological system. Results indicate limits to collective action under path-dependent aquifer depletion, which ultimately leads to the hydrogeological collapse of groundwater user groups independent of social and institutional norms. Despite this inevitable hydrogeological collapse of user groups, the most common cause of water user group failure is bankruptcy, which is linked to the erosion of social norms regarding fee payment. Social and institutional norms, however, can serve to delay the financial collapse of user groups. In the politically fragile system of Tunisia, low levels of trust in government result in low social penalties for illicit water withdrawals. In the absence of alternative irrigation sources, this serves as a temporary buffer against income-poverty. These results highlight the need for polycentric coordination at the aquifer-level as well as income diversification beyond agriculture to sustain local livelihoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bhalla
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Jacopo A Baggio
- School of Politics, Security and International Affairs, University of Central Florida, USA; National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Reetik-Kumar Sahu
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Taher Kahil
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Rahma Brini
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT), Tunisia
| | - Matthias Wildemeersch
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiu J, Zhao H, Chang NB, Wardropper CB, Campbell C, Baggio JA, Guan Z, Kohl P, Newell J, Wu J. Scale up urban agriculture to leverage transformative food systems change, advance social-ecological resilience and improve sustainability. Nat Food 2024; 5:83-92. [PMID: 38168783 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Scaling up urban agriculture could leverage transformative change, to build and maintain resilient and sustainable urban systems. Current understanding of drivers, processes and pathways for scaling up urban agriculture, however, remains fragmentary and largely siloed in disparate disciplines and sectors. Here we draw on multiple disciplinary domains to present an integrated conceptual framework of urban agriculture and synthesize literature to reveal its social-ecological effects across scales. We demonstrate plausible multi-phase developmental pathways, including dynamics, accelerators and feedback associated with scaling up urban agriculture. Finally, we discuss key considerations for scaling up urban agriculture, including diversity, heterogeneity, connectivity, spatial synergies and trade-offs, nonlinearity, scale and polycentricity. Our framework provides a transdisciplinary roadmap for policy, planning and collaborative engagement to scale up urban agriculture and catalyse transformative change towards more robust urban resilience and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxiao Qiu
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ni-Bin Chang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chloe B Wardropper
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Campbell
- Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacopo A Baggio
- School of Politics, Security, and International Affairs and National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhengfei Guan
- Food and Resource Economics Department, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patrice Kohl
- Department of Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Newell
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baggio JA, Freeman J, Coyle TR, Anderies JM. Harnessing the benefits of diversity to address socio-environmental governance challenges. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263399. [PMID: 35947612 PMCID: PMC9365146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solving complex problems, from biodiversity conservation to reducing inequality, requires large scale collective action among diverse stakeholders to achieve a common goal. Research relevant to meeting this challenge must model the interaction of stakeholders with diverse cognitive capabilities and the complexity of the problem faced by stakeholders to predict the success of collective action in various contexts. Here, we build a model from first principles of cognitive abilities, diversity, and socio-environmental complexity to identify the sets of conditions under which groups most effectively engage in collective action to solve governance problems. We then fit the model to small groups, U.S. states, and countries. Our model illustrates the fundamental importance of understanding the interaction between cognitive abilities, diversity, and the complexity of socio-environmental challenges faced by stakeholders today. Our results shed light on the ability of groups to solve complex problems and open new avenues of research into the interrelationship between cognition, institutions, and the environments in which they co-evolve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo A. Baggio
- School of Politics, Security, and International Affairs, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Anthropology Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Coyle
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - John M. Anderies
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Felipe-Lucia MR, Guerrero AM, Alexander SM, Ashander J, Baggio JA, Barnes ML, Bodin Ö, Bonn A, Fortin MJ, Friedman RS, Gephart JA, Helmstedt KJ, Keyes AA, Kroetz K, Massol F, Pocock MJO, Sayles J, Thompson RM, Wood SA, Dee LE. Conceptualizing ecosystem services using social-ecological networks. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:211-222. [PMID: 34969536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Social-ecological networks (SENs) represent the complex relationships between ecological and social systems and are a useful tool for analyzing and managing ecosystem services. However, mainstreaming the application of SENs in ecosystem service research has been hindered by a lack of clarity about how to match research questions to ecosystem service conceptualizations in SEN (i.e., as nodes, links, attributes, or emergent properties). Building from different disciplines, we propose a typology to represent ecosystem service in SENs and identify opportunities and challenges of using SENs in ecosystem service research. Our typology provides guidance for this growing field to improve research design and increase the breadth of questions that can be addressed with SEN to understand human-nature interdependencies in a changing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María R Felipe-Lucia
- Department Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela M Guerrero
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steven M Alexander
- Environmental Change and Governance Group, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jaime Ashander
- Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Jacopo A Baggio
- School of Politics, Security and International Affairs, National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, 4297 Andromeda Loop N, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Michele L Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Örjan Bodin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aletta Bonn
- Department Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Institute for Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions, Australian National University College of Science, Building 141, Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Kate J Helmstedt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Aislyn A Keyes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Ramaley Biology, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Kailin Kroetz
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University and Resources for the Future, PO Box 875502, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA
| | - François Massol
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Jesse Sayles
- ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow Appointed with the US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Ross M Thompson
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Spencer A Wood
- College of the Environment, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Laura E Dee
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University and Resources for the Future, PO Box 875502, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Young JK, Coppock DL, Baggio JA, Rood KA, Yirga G. Linking Human Perceptions and Spotted Hyena Behavior in Urban Areas of Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2400. [PMID: 33333939 PMCID: PMC7765435 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have shaped carnivore behavior since at least the Middle Paleolithic period, about 42,000 years ago. In more recent times, spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Ethiopia have adapted to living in urban areas, while humans have adapted to living with hyenas. Yet, relationships between coexisting humans and carnivores are rarely addressed beyond mitigating conflicts. We provided a case study for how to broadly think about coexistence and how to study it when measuring if humans and carnivores affect one another. We collected data in four Ethiopian cities: Mekelle, Harar, Addis Ababa, and Arba Minch. We held focus groups and key informant interviews that incorporated feedback from 163 people, representing a wide array of religious, economic, and educational backgrounds. We also determined how many hyenas resided in these cities, hyena behavioral responses to humans using a flight initiation test, and problem-solving abilities via puzzle box trials. We found that in three of the cities, hyenas and humans coexist at high densities and frequently encounter each other. While all participants recognized the importance of hyenas as scavengers to maintain a clean environment, there was pronounced variation in cultural perspectives across cities. For example, while the people of Harar revere hyenas in spiritual terms, in Arba Minch hyenas were regarded as nuisance animals. Hyenas were universally respected as a formidable predator across cities but reports of attacks on livestock and humans were few. Flight initiation tests revealed hyenas fled at significantly closer distances in Harar and Addis Ababa than in Mekelle. Hyenas succeeded at solving a puzzle box in Harar but not in Mekelle. These variable behavior in hyenas correlated to different human perceptions. Our case study results suggest that the hyena-human dynamic is highly variable across these locations. We conclude by exploring the implications of these findings for how humans and hyenas can shape one another's behavior. Developing studies to link human perceptions and animal behavior could advance wildlife conservation, especially in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Young
- USDA-National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Research Facility, Millville, UT 84326, USA
| | - D. Layne Coppock
- Department of Environment and Society, Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, 5215 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA;
| | - Jacopo A. Baggio
- School of Politics, Security, and International Affairs, National Center for Integrated Coastal Research (UCF Coastal), University of Central Florida, 4297 Andromeda Loop N. Howard Phillips Hall, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Kerry A. Rood
- Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA;
| | - Gidey Yirga
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sayles JS, Mancilla Garcia M, Hamilton M, Alexander SM, Baggio JA, Fischer AP, Ingold K, Meredith GR, Pittman J. Social-ecological network analysis for sustainability sciences: a systematic review and innovative research agenda for the future. Environ Res Lett 2019; 14:1-18. [PMID: 35340667 PMCID: PMC8943837 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Social-ecological network (SEN) concepts and tools are increasingly used in human-environment and sustainability sciences. We take stock of this budding research area to further show the strength of SEN analysis for complex human-environment settings, identify future synergies between SEN and wider human-environment research, and provide guidance about when to use different kinds of SEN approaches and models. We characterize SEN research along a spectrum specifying the degree of explicit network representation of system components and dynamics. We then systematically review one end of this spectrum, what we term "fully articulated SEN" studies, which specifically model unique social and ecological units and relationships. Results show more focus on methodological advancement and applied ends. While there has been some development and testing of theories, this remains an area for future work and would help develop SENs as a unique field of research, not just a method. Authors have studied diverse systems, while mainly focused on the problem of social-ecological fit alongside a scattering of other topics. There is strong potential, however, to engage other issues central to human-environment studies. Analyzing the simultaneous effects of multiple social, environmental, and coupled processes, change over time, and linking network structures to outcomes are also areas for future advancement. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of (fully articulated) SEN research, a necessary step that can help scholars develop comparable cases and fill research gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Sayles
- ORISE Fellow Appointed with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - M Mancilla Garcia
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hamilton
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Alexander
- Environmental Change and Governance Group, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Baggio
- Department of Political Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Sustainable Coastal Systems Cluster, National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - A P Fischer
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Ingold
- Institute of Political Science and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag, Aquatic Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - G R Meredith
- Department of Environment and Society, Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - J Pittman
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Friesen SK, Martone R, Rubidge E, Baggio JA, Ban NC. An approach to incorporating inferred connectivity of adult movement into marine protected area design with limited data. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01890. [PMID: 30929286 PMCID: PMC6850429 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important conservation tools that can support the resilience of marine ecosystems. Many countries, including Canada, have committed to protecting at least 10% of their marine areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11, which includes connectivity as a key aspect. Connectivity, the movement of individuals among habitats, can enhance population stability and resilience within and among MPAs. However, little is known about regional spatial patterns of marine ecological connectivity, particularly adult movement. We developed a method to assess and design MPA networks that maximize inferred connectivity within habitat types for adult movement when ecological data are limited. We used the Northern Shelf Bioregion in British Columbia, Canada, to explore two different approaches: (1) evaluating sites important for inferred regional connectivity (termed hotspots) and (2) assessing MPA network configurations based on their overlap with connectivity hotspots and interconnectedness between MPAs. To assess inferred connectivity via adult movement, we used two different threshold distances (15 and 50 km) to capture moderate home ranges, which are most appropriate to consider in MPA design. We applied graph theory to assess inferred connectivity within 16 habitat and depth categories (proxies for distinct ecological communities), and used novel multiplex network methodologies to perform an aggregated assessment of inferred connectivity. We evaluated inferred regional connectivity hotspots based on betweenness and eigenvector centrality metrics, finding that the existing MPA network overlapped a moderate proportion of these regional hotspots and identified key areas to be considered as candidate MPAs. Network density among existing MPAs was low within the individual habitat networks, as well as the multiplex. This work informs an ongoing MPA planning process, and approaches for incorporating connectivity into MPA design when data are limited, with lessons for other contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Friesen
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Rebecca Martone
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Province of British ColumbiaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W 9N1Canada
| | - Emily Rubidge
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSidneyBritish ColumbiaV8L 4B2Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Jacopo A. Baggio
- Department of Political ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida32816USA
- Sustainable Coastal Systems ClusterNational Center for Integrated Coastal ResearchUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida32816USA
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W 2Y2Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- J. Camilo Fagua
- RS/GIS Laboratory Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
- CIAF Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi Bogotá Distrito Capital Colombia
| | - Jacopo A. Baggio
- Department of Political University of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816 USA
- Sustainable Coastal Systems Cluster National Center for Integrated Coastal Research University of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - R. Douglas Ramsey
- RS/GIS Laboratory Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Freeman J, Baggio JA, Robinson E, Byers DA, Gayo E, Finley JB, Meyer JA, Kelly RL, Anderies JM. Synchronization of energy consumption by human societies throughout the Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9962-9967. [PMID: 30224487 PMCID: PMC6176593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802859115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conduct a global comparison of the consumption of energy by human populations throughout the Holocene and statistically quantify coincident changes in the consumption of energy over space and time-an ecological phenomenon known as synchrony. When populations synchronize, adverse changes in ecosystems and social systems may cascade from society to society. Thus, to develop policies that favor the sustained use of resources, we must understand the processes that cause the synchrony of human populations. To date, it is not clear whether human societies display long-term synchrony or, if they do, the potential causes. Our analysis begins to fill this knowledge gap by quantifying the long-term synchrony of human societies, and we hypothesize that the synchrony of human populations results from (i) the creation of social ties that couple populations over smaller scales and (ii) much larger scale, globally convergent trajectories of cultural evolution toward more energy-consuming political economies with higher carrying capacities. Our results suggest that the process of globalization is a natural consequence of evolutionary trajectories that increase the carrying capacities of human societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Freeman
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Jacopo A Baggio
- Department of Political Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
- Sustainable Coastal Cluster, National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Erick Robinson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - David A Byers
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Eugenia Gayo
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago 8370449, Chile
| | - Judson Byrd Finley
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Jack A Meyer
- Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis, CA 95618
| | - Robert L Kelly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - John M Anderies
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sayles JS, Baggio JA. Who collaborates and why: Assessment and diagnostic of governance network integration for salmon restoration in Puget Sound, USA. J Environ Manage 2017; 186:64-78. [PMID: 27832929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Governance silos are settings in which different organizations work in isolation and avoid sharing information and strategies. Siloes are a fundamental challenge for environmental planning and problem solving, which generally requires collaboration. Siloes can be overcome by creating governance networks. Studying the structure and function of these networks is important for understanding how to create institutional arrangements that can respond to the biophysical dynamics of a specific natural resource system (i.e., social-ecological, or institutional fit). Using the case of salmon restoration in a sub-basin of Puget Sound, USA, we assess network integration, considering three different reasons for network collaborations (i.e., mandated, funded, and shared interest relationships) and analyze how these different collaboration types relate to productivity based on practitioner's assessments. We also illustrate how specific and targeted network interventions might enhance the network. To do so, we use a mixed methods approach that combines quantitative social network analysis (SNA) and qualitative interview analysis. Overall, the sub-basin's governance network is fairly well integrated, but several concerning gaps exist. Funded, mandated, and shared interest relationships lead to different network patterns. Mandated relationships are associated with lower productivity than shared interest relationships, highlighting the benefit of genuine collaboration in collaborative watershed governance. Lastly, quantitative and qualitative data comparisons strengthen recent calls to incorporate geographic space and the role of individual actors versus organizational culture into natural resource governance research using SNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Sayles
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Geography, McGill University, Canada.
| | - Jacopo A Baggio
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, USA; Center for Behavior, Institutions and the Environment, Arizona State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Baggio JA, BurnSilver SB, Arenas A, Magdanz JS, Kofinas GP, De Domenico M. Multiplex social ecological network analysis reveals how social changes affect community robustness more than resource depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13708-13713. [PMID: 27856752 PMCID: PMC5137762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604401113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Network analysis provides a powerful tool to analyze complex influences of social and ecological structures on community and household dynamics. Most network studies of social-ecological systems use simple, undirected, unweighted networks. We analyze multiplex, directed, and weighted networks of subsistence food flows collected in three small indigenous communities in Arctic Alaska potentially facing substantial economic and ecological changes. Our analysis of plausible future scenarios suggests that changes to social relations and key households have greater effects on community robustness than changes to specific wild food resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo A Baggio
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University Logan, UT 84322
| | - Shauna B BurnSilver
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University Phoenix, AZ 85287
| | - Alex Arenas
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - James S Magdanz
- School of Natural Resources and Extension, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
| | - Gary P Kofinas
- School of Natural Resources and Extension, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
| | - Manlio De Domenico
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Abstract
Online communities are becoming increasingly important as platforms for large-scale human cooperation. These communities allow users seeking and sharing professional skills to solve problems collaboratively. To investigate how users cooperate to complete a large number of knowledge-producing tasks, we analyze Stack Exchange, one of the largest question and answer systems in the world. We construct attention networks to model the growth of 110 communities in the Stack Exchange system and quantify individual answering strategies using the linking dynamics on attention networks. We identify two answering strategies. Strategy A aims at performing maintenance by doing simple tasks, whereas strategy B aims at investing time in doing challenging tasks. Both strategies are important: empirical evidence shows that strategy A decreases the median waiting time for answers and strategy B increases the acceptance rate of answers. In investigating the strategic persistence of users, we find that users tends to stick on the same strategy over time in a community, but switch from one strategy to the other across communities. This finding reveals the different sets of knowledge and skills between users. A balance between the population of users taking A and B strategies that approximates 2:1, is found to be optimal to the sustainable growth of communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Wu
- Center for Behavior, Institutions and the Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacopo A. Baggio
- Center for Behavior, Institutions and the Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States of America
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, 84322, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Janssen
- Center for Behavior, Institutions and the Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States of America
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|