Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract and xanthorrhizol ameliorate cancer-induced adipose wasting in CT26-bearing mice by regulating lipid metabolism and adipose tissue browning

Background

Cancer cachexia-characterized by anorexia, body weight loss, skeletal muscle atrophy, and fat loss-affects nearly 80% of cancer patients and accounts for 20% of cancer deaths. Curcuma xanthorrhiza, known as Java turmeric, and its active compound xanthorrhizol (XAN) exhibit anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, the ameliorative effects of C. xanthorrhiza extract (CXE) and XAN on cancer-associated adipose atrophy remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of CXE and XAN on cancer cachexia-induced adipose tissue wasting in CT26 tumor-bearing mice.

Methods

CT26 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of BALB/c mice to establish a cancer cachexia model. To evaluate the inhibitory effects of CXE and XAN on cancer cachexia, 50 and 100 mg/kg CXE and 15 mg/kg XAN were administered orally every day for 1 week.

Results

CXE and XAN administration significantly attenuated the loss of body weight and epidydimal fat mass by cancer cachexia. In epididymal adipose tissues, administration of CXE or XAN inhibited white adipose tissue browning by repressing expression of the thermogenic genes. Simultaneously, CXE or XAN attenuated fat catabolism through the downregulation of lipolytic genes. The administration of CXE or XAN induced the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related genes. Moreover, CXE or XAN treatment was associated with maintaining metabolic homeostasis; regulating the expression of adipokines and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).

Conclusions

CXE and XAN mitigate cancer-induced adipose tissue atrophy, primarily by modulating lipid metabolism and WAT browning, indicating their therapeutic potential for cachectic cancer patients.

Bioavailability of xanthorrhizol following oral administration of a supercritical extract of Java turmeric

Although xanthorrhizol, a sesquiterpenoid oil obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., known as Java turmeric, has many pharmacological effects, its pharmacokinetics remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of xanthorrhizol in mice and rats. Xanthorrhizol was administered intravenously and orally to mice, while xanthorrhizol and a Java turmeric supercritical extract were administered orally to rats. The terminal half-life (t1/2), clearance, and absolute bioavailability (BA) of xanthorrhizol in mice were almost 8 h, 6.5 L/h/kg, and 10.2%, respectively. In comparison, the clearance of xanthorrhizol was 3-fold higher in rats than mice. The absolute BAs of xanthorrhizol in rats were 12.9% and 13.4% after oral administration of xanthorrhizol and a supercritical extract, respectively. Our results regarding the pharmacokinetics of xanthorrhizol could guide the conversion of intravenous and oral doses, and help identify the optimal maintenance doses of xanthorrhizol and the extract for desirable pharmacodynamic effects.

Inhibitory Effects of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) Extract and Its Active Compound Isochlorogenic Acid A on Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia, age-related muscle atrophy, weakening muscle strength, and exercise capacity, generally accompany imbalances in protein metabolism. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. extract (CME) and its active compound, isochlo-rogenic acid A (IcA), have been reported to have anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects. However, the roles of CME and IcA in the regulation of muscle protein turnover-related signaling pathways to attenuate sarcopenia have not been explored. In this study, we investigated CME and IcA based regulation of protein turnover in synthesizing muscle in vitro and in vivo. At the molecular level, CME and IcA promoted phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathways, which stimulate synthesis of muscle proteins, and suppressed FoxO3a and E3 ubiquitin ligases during protein degrada-tion. In vivo, CME and IcA increased grip strength, exercise capacity, muscle mass and volume, and cross-sectional area of myofibers in middle-aged C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that CME and IcA may have roles as functional food supplements for delaying sarcopenia by enhancing muscle mass recovery and function.

Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

Muscle atrophy, characterized by a reduced number and size of myofibers, occurs due to immobilization, aging, and several chronic diseases. Leonurus japonicus, belonging to the Labiatae family, is widely used as a traditional medicine in Korea, China, and Japan. Previous studies have reported that L. japonicus has various physiological activities, such as anti-bacteria, anti-cancer, and liver protection. Leonurine, which is a major bioactive in L. japonicas, is known to possess biological effects including anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-diabetes. However, the preventive effects of L. japonicas and leonurine on muscle have not been reported. The current study aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of standardized L. japonicus extract (LJE) and leonurine on muscle atrophy by clarifying their underlying molecular mechanisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated L6 myotubes. LJE and leonurine stimulated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway that was reduced by TNF-α treatment. LJE and leonurine not only increased the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway for protein anabolism but also decreased the mRNA expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases by blocking the translocation of Forkhead box O, which is closely linked with proteolysis. Additionally, LJE and leonurine alleviated inflammatory responses by downregulating TNF-α and interleukin-6 mRNA expression and reducing the protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B, a major transcriptional factor of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, LJE and leonurine have potential as therapeutic candidates for inhibiting the development of skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and reducing inflammatory responses.

The food-grade antimicrobial xanthorrhizol targets the enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) in Escherichia coli

Xanthorrhizol, isolated from the Indonesian Java turmeric Curcuma xanthorrhiza, displays broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. We report herein the evidence that mechanism of action of xanthorrhizol may involve FabI, an enoyl-(ACP) reductase, inhibition. The predicted Y156V substitution in the FabI enzyme promoted xanthorrhizol resistance, while the G93V mutation originally known for triclosan resistance was not effective against xanthorrhizol. Two other mutations, F203L and F203V, conferred FabI enzyme resistance to both xanthorrhizol and triclosan. These results showed that xanthorrhizol is a food-grade antimicrobial compound targeting FabI but with a different mode of binding from triclosan.

Flavonoids: nutraceutical potential for counteracting muscle atrophy

Skeletal muscle plays a vital role in the conversion of chemical energy into physical force. Muscle atrophy, characterized by a reduction in muscle mass, is a symptom of chronic disease (cachexia), aging (sarcopenia), and muscle disuse (inactivity). To date, several trials have been conducted to prevent and inhibit muscle atrophy development; however, few interventions are currently available for muscle atrophy. Recently, food ingredients, plant extracts, and phytochemicals have received attention as treatment sources to prevent muscle wasting. Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenol compounds found in foods and plants. They possess diverse biological activities, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The effects of flavonoids on muscle atrophy have been investigated by monitoring molecular mechanisms involved in protein turnover, mitochondrial activity, and myogenesis. This review summarizes the reported effects of flavonoids on sarcopenia, cachexia, and disuse muscle atrophy, thus, providing an insight into the understanding of the associated molecular mechanisms.

The 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone Suppresses Sarcopenia by Regulating Protein Turnover and Mitochondria Biogenesis-Related Pathways

Sarcopenia is a muscle disease featured by the loss of muscle mass and dysfunction with advancing age. The 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), a major flavone found in Kaempferia parviflora, has biological activities, including anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation. However, its anti-sarcopenic effect remains to be elucidated. This current study investigated the inhibitory activity of DMF on sarcopenia. Eighteen-month-old mice were orally administered DMF at the dose of 25 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ or 50 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ for 8 weeks. DMF not only stimulated grip strength and exercise endurance but also increased muscle mass and volume. Besides, DMF stimulated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway, consequently activating the mammalian target of rapamycin-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1-70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase pathway for protein synthesis. DMF reduced the mRNA expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase- and autophagy-lysosomal-related genes involved in proteolysis via the phosphorylation of Forkhead box O3. DMF upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A along with the increase of relative mitochondrial DNA content. DMF alleviated inflammatory responses by reducing the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 serum and mRNA levels. Collectively, DMF can be used as a natural agent to inhibit sarcopenia via improving protein turnover and mitochondria function.

Estimation of an Appropriate Human Dose of Boesenbergia pandurata Extracts Based on Allometric Scaling Data of Panduratin A in Mice, Rats, and Dogs

It can be difficult to identify health/functional foods that exert therapeutic benefits for alleviating gingivitis and periodontitis. Recently, extracts of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.), which is a tropical plant, have shown promising inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis. As a result, a clinical trial is being planned to assess utility of B. pandurata (Roxb.) extracts for promoting oral health; this study was designed to determine an appropriate human dose of the extracts for the trial. Pharmacokinetic studies of panduratin A, which is an active substance in fingerroot, were carried out in mice, rats, and dogs after oral administration of the extracts. The clearance data for each species were used to estimate clearance in humans through allometric scaling based on the maximum lifespan potential, and a daily dose providing sufficient anti-periodontitis activity was estimated for use in the clinical trial. The findings indicated that allometric scaling is a reasonable approach that is relatively free of safety issues and can be used to determine doses of substances for incorporation into health/functional foods appropriate for humans.

High hydrostatic pressure extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis inhibits adipogenesis through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

St. Paul's Wort (Siegesbeckia orientalis L.) confers anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-infertility, and immunosuppressive properties. Here, we elucidated whether high hydrostatic pressure extract of St. Paul's Wort (SPW-HHPE) had anti-adipogenic activity. SPW-HHPE inhibited adipogenesis by reducing intracellular lipid accumulation. SPW-HHPE reduced the mRNA and protein expression of adipogenic regulatory factors [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c]. In addition, SPW-HHPE decreased the mRNA expression levels of lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase) as well as adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin). The inhibitory effect of SPW-HHPE on adipogenesis was mainly attributed to the enhancement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. When β-catenin siRNA was transfected into 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the mRNA expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα was upregulated; however, their expression was attenuated by SPW-HHPE. These results suggest that SPW-HHPE suppresses adipogenesis by stimulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Agastache rugosa Kuntze Attenuates UVB-Induced Photoaging in Hairless Mice through the Regulation of MAPK/AP-1 and TGF-β/ Smad Pathways

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, regarded as a major cause of extrinsic aging or photoaging characterized by wrinkle formation and skin dehydration, exerts adverse effects on skin by causing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Agastache rugosa Kuntze, known as Korean mint, possesses a wide spectrum of biological properties including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-atherosclerosis. Previous studies have reported that A. rugosa protected human keratinocytes against UVB irradiation by restoring the anti-oxidant defense system. However, the anti-photoaging effect of A. rugosa extract (ARE) in animal models has not yet been evaluated. ARE was orally administered to hairless mice at doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg/day along with UVB exposure for 12 weeks. ARE histologically improved UVB-induced wrinkle formation, epidermal thickening, erythema, and hyperpigmentation. In addition, ARE recovered skin moisture by improving skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Along with this, ARE increased hyaluronic acid levels by upregulating HA synthase genes. ARE markedly increased the density of collagen and the amounts of hydroxypoline via two pathways. First, ARE significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases responsible for collagen degradation by inactivating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein 1 pathway. Second, ARE stimulated the transforming growth factor beta/Smad signaling, consequently raising the mRNA levels of collagen-related genes. In addition, ARE not only increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes but also decreased inflammatory cytokines by blocking the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B. Collectively, our findings suggest that A. rugosa may be a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for photoaging.

Anti-Photoaging Effect of Korean Mint (Agastache rugosa Kuntze) Extract on UVB-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced photoaging leads to wrinkles, dryness, and skin roughness. UVB irradiation activates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathway, which promotes expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory cytokines. The current study aimed to assess the anti-photoaging activity of Agastache rugosa extract (ARE) on UVB-treated human dermal fibroblasts. ARE treatment reduced the overproduction of ROS and promoted mRNA expression of anti-oxidant enzymes. ARE treatment significantly inactivated the MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway, which downregulated the expression of MMPs. Moreover, ARE promoted the production of type-I procollagen and upregulated mRNA expression of collagen genes. Additionally, ARE suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, by preventing expression of nuclear factor-kappa B. Collectively, our findings show that ARE could be a potential candidate for anti-photoaging treatment.

Red Bean Extract Inhibits Immobilization-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C57BL/6N Mice

Muscle atrophy, which is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass, function, and protein content, can be caused by aging, disease, and physical inactivity. Red bean or Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) has been consumed as an edible legume. Red bean possesses various functional properties, such as antidiabetes, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. However, little is known about its potential inhibitory effect on muscle atrophy. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of red bean extract (RBE) on muscle atrophy in an immobilized hindlimb muscle of C57BL/6J mice. RBE dose-dependently increased grip strength, exercise endurance, muscle weight, and myofiber area. At the molecular level, RBE significantly reduced the mRNA expression of proteolysis-related genes, such as muscle ring finger and muscle atrophy F-box by preventing the translocation of Forkhead box 3. RBE also activated the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway, subsequently stimulating the mammalian target of rapamycin/70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 pathway involved in protein synthesis. Overall, red bean could be used as a functional food ingredient or therapeutic agent to inhibit muscle atrophy.

Fermentation-Mediated Enhancement of Ginseng's Anti-Allergic Activity against IgE-Mediated Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis In Vivo and In Vitro

Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng Meyer) fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum has been found to attenuate allergic responses in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Ginseng has been reported to also possess various biological functions including anti-inflammatory activity. The present study was aimed at comparing the anti-allergic effect of ginseng and fermented ginseng extracts on IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vitro in a murine cell line and in vivo in mice. Fermented ginseng extract (FPG) showed higher inhibitory effect against in vitro and in vivo allergic responses when compared with ginseng extract (PG). The secretion of β-hexosaminidase and interleukin (IL)-4 from the IgE-DNP-stimulated RBH-2H3 mast cells were significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by FPG treatment, and this effect was concentration-dependent. Further, MKK4 activation and subsequent JNK phosphorylation were attenuated by FPG treatment. The inhibitory effect of FPG on the in vitro allergic response was verified in vivo against IgE-DNP-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in a mouse model. These data indicated that the fermentation of ginseng with L. plantarum enhanced its anti-allergic effects both in vitro and in vivo. We predict that compositional changes in the ginsenosides caused by the fermentation may contribute to the change in the anti-allergic effects of ginseng. The results of our study highlight the potential of the use of FPG as a potential anti-allergic agent.

Inhibitory Effects of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Supercritical Extract and Xanthorrhizol on LPS-Induced Inflammation in HGF-1 Cells and RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 Cells

Periodontal disease is triggered by the host immune response to pathogens in the microbial biofilm. Worsening of periodontal disease destroys the tooth-supporting tissues and alveolar bone. As oral inflammation can induce systemic diseases in humans, it is important to prevent periodontal disease. In this study, we demonstrated that Curcuma xanthorrhiza supercritical extract (CXS) and its active compound, xanthorrhizol (XAN), exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human gingival fibroblast-1 cells and anti-osteoclastic effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells. LPS-upregulated inflammatory factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B p65 and interleukin-1β, were prominently reduced by CXS and XAN. In addition, RANKL-induced osteoclastic factors, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K, were decreased in the presence of CXS and XAN. CXS and XAN inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathway. Collectively, these results provide evidence that CXS and XAN suppress LPS-induced inflammation and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the MAPK/AP-1 pathway.

Inhibitory Effects of Boesenbergia pandurata on Age-Related Periodontal Inflammation and Alveolar Bone Loss in Fischer 344 Rats

Periodontitis, an infective disease caused by oral pathogens and the intrinsic aging process, results in the destruction of periodontal tissues and the loss of alveolar bone. This study investigated whether Boesenbergia pandurata extract (BPE) standardized with panduratin A exerted anti-periodontitis effects, using an aging model representative of naturally occurring periodontitis. In aged rats, the oral administration of BPE (200 mg·kg^-1·day^-1) for 8 weeks significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of interleukin-1β, nuclear factor-kappa B, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-8 in gingival tissues (p < 0.01). In alveolar bone, histological analysis with staining and micro-computed tomography revealed the attenuation of alveolar bone resorption in the BPE-treated aged group, which led to a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K (p < 0.01). BPE not only increased the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, such as alkaline phosphate, and collagen type I (COL1A1), but also increased the ratio of osteoprotegerin to RANKL. Collectively, the results strongly suggested that BPE is a natural resource for the prevention or treatment of periodontal diseases.

Kidney Transplantation Using Expanded-Criteria Deceased Donors: A Comparison With Ideal Deceased Donors and Non-Expanded-Criteria Deceased Donors

PURPOSE

The use of expanded-criteria deceased-donor (ECD) kidneys must be evaluated within the objective perspective of critical organ shortage and graft function and survival. In this study, we aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of ECD reliance with concurrent use of ideal-criteria deceased donors (IDDs) and non-ECDs in adult renal transplantation.

METHODS

Between February 2000 and December 2015, we analyzed 405 deceased-donor renal transplants, specifically 129 grafts (31.9%) from ECDs, 233 grafts (57.5%) from non-ECDs, and 43 grafts (10.6%) from IDDs. ECDs were classified according to the United Network for Organ Sharing guidelines, while an IDD was defined as a younger person (10-39 years of age) with no medical risk factors who died from a traumatic head injury. Donor and recipient risk factors were separately analyzed and correlated with recipient graft function, and survival was evaluated.

RESULTS

ECDs were older (56.8 ± 6.3 years); showed increased incidence of hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular brain death; and had a higher pre-retrieval serum creatinine level than the other groups. ECD kidney recipients were also older (50.6 ± 9.8 years), had a shorter waiting time (P = .031), and demonstrated a low frequency of re-transplantation (P = .028). Long-term renal function followed longitudinally was lower in ECD kidney recipients until five years after transplantation, while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) level at 7 and 10 years did not differ significantly among the groups (P = .074 and .262, respectively). There were no significant differences in terms of graft survival (P = .394) or patient survival (P = .737) among the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the long-term renal function followed longitudinally was lower in ECD kidney recipients, the use of renal grafts from ECDs is an acceptable method to resolve the disparity of critical organ shortage. However, the classification of the high-risk group should be updated with consideration given to differences in regional characteristics.

The anti-photoaging and moisturizing effects of Bouea macrophylla extract in UVB-irradiated hairless mice

Ultraviolet (UV) light, a main cause of photoaging, leads to collapse of skin structure, resulting in wrinkle formation and dehydration. The present study assessed the anti-photoaging and moisturizing effects of Bouea macrophylla extract (BRE). UVB-irradiated hairless mice were orally administered with BME (300 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. BME ameliorated wrinkle formation, skin thickening, and inelasticity. BME upregulated COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, and COL7A1 mRNA levels through activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway, thereby recovering the content of collagen reduced by UVB. Further, BME suppressed UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 expression and inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity by mediating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/activator protein-1 (AP-1). BME improved moisture content by stimulating the expression of cornified envelope proteins and filaggrin-processing enzymes. Overall, the results show that BME prevents photoaging and promotes moisturization in UVB-irradiated hairless mice, suggesting its potential as a nutraceutical candidate for anti-photoaging and moisturizing effects.

Protective Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum LA12 in an Alcohol-Induced Rat Model of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex multifaceted disease that involves oxidative stress and inflammation as the key mediators. Despite decades of intensive research, there are no FDA-approved therapies, and/or no effective cure is yet available. Probiotics have received increasing attention in the past few years due to their well-documented gastrointestinal health-promoting effects. Interestingly, emerging studies have suggested that certain probiotics may offer benefits beyond the gut. Lactobacillus fermentum LA12 has been previously demonstrated to play a role in inflammatory-related disease. However, the possible protective effect of L. fermentum LA12 on ALD still remain to be explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of L. fermentum LA12 on alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and liver damage in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). Daily oral administration of L. fermentum LA12 in rat model of ASH for four weeks was shown to significantly reduced intestinal nitric oxide production and hyperpermeability. Moreover, small intestinal histological- and qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that L. fermentum LA12 treatment was capable of up-regulating the mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins, thereby stimulating the restitution of barrier structure and function. Serum and hepatic analyses also revealed that the restoration of epithelial barrier function may prevent the leakage of endotoxin into the blood, subsequently improve liver function and hepatic steatosis in the L. fermentum LA12-treated rats. Altogether, results in this study suggest that L. fermentum LA12 may be used as a dietary adjunct for the prevention and treatment of ASH.

Effects of Fermented Milk with Mixed Strains as a Probiotic on the Inhibition of Loperamide-Induced Constipation

To investigate the effects of a single bacterium and a mixture of bacteria as probiotics in loperamide-treated animal models, loperamide (3 mg/kg) was administered to SD rats to induce constipation. The individual lactic acid bacterial doses, Enterococcus faecium (EF), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB), Bifidobacterium lactis (BL), Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP), and a mixture of the bacteria were orally administered to loperamide-induced constipated rats at a concentration of 10⁸ CFU/kg for 14 days. The weights and water contents of their stools were found to be significantly higher in PP, CKDB (mixture of 5 strains except PP), and CKDBP (CKDB+PP) groups than in the normal (constipation not induced) and the control (constipation-induced) groups (p<0.05). The intestinal transit ratio was significantly higher in all probiotic-treated groups than in the control group, and was the highest in the CKDBP group (p<0.05). The mucosal length and mucus secretion were significantly improved in all probiotic-treated-groups, as compared to that in the control group, and the CKDBP group was found to be the most effective according to immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and total short chain fatty acid content analysis (p<0.05). Lastly, PP, CKDB, and CKDBP showed relatively higher Lactobacillus sp. ratios of 61.94%, 60.31% and 51.94%, respectively, compared to the other groups, based on metagenomic analysis.

Whole grain cereal attenuates obesity-induced muscle atrophy by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in obese C57BL/6N mice

Whole grain comprises starchy endosperm, germ, and bran tissues, which contain fibers, minerals, vitamins, and several phytochemicals. Whole grain cereal (WGC)-based food products supply beneficial nutrients (essential for health care) and macronutrients (essential for body maintenance and support). The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of WGC on obesity-induced muscle atrophy in obese C57BL/6N mice. WGC attenuated the body weight gain, fat pad mass, adipocyte size, food efficiency ratio, serum lipid profile, and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Furthermore, WGC increased muscle mass and muscle strength by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Accordingly, WGC up-regulated the expression of factors that regulate muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis, whereas it down-regulated the atrophy-related factors. Overall, these results demonstrate that WGC effectively attenuates obesity-induced muscle atrophy as well as overall obesity, suggesting that WGC can be used as a functional food.

Standardized Kaempferia parviflora Extract Enhances Exercise Performance Through Activation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Exercise enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. Increased mitochondrial function and content can contribute to the improvement in skeletal muscle function and the benefits of exercise by increasing the response to energy demands. The effect of standardized Kaempferia parviflora extract (KPE) on exercise performance was accessed in L6 myotubes and C57BL/6J mice. KPE significantly activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and increased mitochondrial density in L6 myotubes. KPE also upregulated the expression of transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis (estrogen-related receptor-α [ERRα], nuclear respiratory factor-1 [NRF-1], and mitochondrial transcription factor A [Tfam]) through activation of PGC-1α in L6 myotubes. In vivo models including normal diet mice and high-fat diet obese mice showed that KPE effectively enhanced running endurance and increased the skeletal muscle weight/body weight ratio. Furthermore, these observations were associated with a significant upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory genes in skeletal muscle tissue. KPE enhanced the protein expression of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/PGC-1α/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) signaling pathway components in vitro and in vivo, acting as an exercise metabolism regulator. These results suggest that KPE has the potential to enhance exercise performance through mitochondrial biogenesis and the SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α/PPARδ signaling pathways.

Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid after Intravenous Administration of Mycophenolate Mofetil to Healthy Cats

Background

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA), is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative immunosuppressant in feline medicine. Pharmacokinetic information is not available for cats.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine whether MMF is biotransformed into the active metabolite MPA and to evaluate the disposition of MPA after a 2‐hour constant rate intravenous (IV) infusion of MMF in healthy cats.

Animals

Healthy cats (n = 6).

Methods

This was a prospective pilot study. All cats were administered MMF at 20 mg/kg every 12 hours over a 2‐hour constant rate infusion for 1 day. The concentrations of MPA and its derivatives in blood were determined using a validated UHPLC–UV method.

Results

All cats biotransformed MMF into MPA. The mean AUC_0‐14 h ranged from 6 to 50 h*mg/L after IV dosing of MMF. Transient large bowel diarrhea was recorded in 2 of 6 cats after medication administration.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

The disposition of MPA in plasma was highly variable, which could result in high interindividual variability in the safety and efficacy of treatment with MMF in cats.

Fucosterol inhibits adipogenesis through the activation of AMPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

Fucosterol is a sterol constituent primarily derived from brown algae. Recently, the antiadipogenic effect of fucosterol has been reported; however, its molecular mechanism remains to be studied. Fucosterol effectively upregulated the phosphorylations of both adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and downregulated the expression levels of lipogenesis-related factors. Moreover, fucosterol activated the major components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, disheveled 2 (DVL2), and cyclin D1 (CCND1), whereas it inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) by stimulating its phosphorylation. In the presence or absence of fucosterol, the adipogenic transcriptional factors [peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c)] were upregulated by the inhibition of AMPK by compound C or the knockdown of β-catenin by siRNA. Overall, these data demonstrate that fucosterol prevents adipogenesis by mediating both AMPK- and Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathways.

Establishment of reference ranges and evaluation of in vitro concentration-dependent platelet inhibition by acetylsalicylic acid for multiple electrode impedance aggregometry in healthy dogs

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) is an antiplatelet medication used for prevention of thromboembolism. Effects of ASA appear to vary widely between dogs, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. The Multiplate analyzer is a newer form of whole-blood impedance aggregometry recently validated for use in healthy dogs. A method utilizing this instrument to measure ASA effects on platelet function has not been established. The goals of this study were to establish reference ranges for the Multiplate in healthy dogs and secondly, to develop a technique to determine the in vitro concentration of ASA needed to cause 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation (IC50). Reference ranges established from 40 dogs at multiple test times for three agonists were consistent with previously published values. In vitro IC50 values were calculated using the sigmoid E_max model in 20 healthy dogs on two occasions to determine individual repeatability. Calculated in vitro IC50 demonstrated four ASA response groups: responder (n = 16), poor responder (n = 1), variable responder (n = 2), and nonresponder (n = 1). Multiplate within-assay variability was  <10% for area under the curve (AUC), and between-assay baseline AUC variability was  <15%. The described technique allowed for determination of an in vitro IC50 for ASA in dogs using a multiple electrode impedance aggregometer.

Formalin Instillation for Hemorrhagic Radiation Proctitis

Although formalin instillation has been proven to be an effective treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis, different tech niques with varying success rates have been reported. The aim of this study was to assess our experience with formalin instillation for the treatment of radiation proctitis. After Institutional Review Board approval, all patients who presented with radiation proctitis and were treated with 4% formalin instillation were identified from a prospective database. Techniques of instillation were as follows: a formalin-soaked sponge stick was applied via a proctoscope (SS) and placed at each quadrant with a mean contact of 2.5 minutes (range, 0.5-3 minutes), or the formalin solution was introduced through a proctoscope in aliquots for a total of 350 to 400 mL irrigation (IR), with a mean contact time of 30 seconds in each aliquot. The patients were divided into two groups according to the method of formalin instillation and their outcomes were compared. Between March 1995 and September 2003, 21 patients who underwent formalin treatment were identified: 17 patients were in the SS and 4 patients were in the IR group. The mean age was 74.8 6.4 years and 70.5 6.8 years and the male/female ratio was 16:1 and 3:1 in the SS and IR groups, respectively. Indications for radiation therapy were prostate cancer in 19 patients: 16 (95.1%) SS patients and 3 (75%) IR patients. Four (23.5%) patients in the SS group were receiving anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications before the procedure. The mean duration of bleeding before formalin instillation was 11.7 months (range, 2-48 months) in the SS and 10.5 months (range, 7-12 months) in the IR group. Sixteen (94.1%) patients in the SS and 4 (100%) in the IR group had previous treatments for radiation proctitis, including hydrocortisone enema, 5-aminosalicylate mesalamine, and endoscopic coagulation. Eight (47.1%) patients in the SS and 2 (50%) in the IR group received a preprocedural blood transfusion, and 1 patient in the SS group required a blood transfusion after the formalin instillation. This patient subsequently underwent restorative proctosigmoidectomy because of persistent bleeding. The mean length of the procedure was 27.1 10.8 minutes in the SS group and 22.5 6.5 minutes in the IR group. The bleeding was successfully stopped on the first attempt in 14 patients (82.4%) in the SS group and 3 (75%) in the IR group. The instillation was repeated in 1 patient (5.9%) in the SS group and in 1 (25%) in the IR group. Four patients (23.5%) in the SS group experienced rectal pain after the procedure. One patient (5.9%) developed a new onset of fecal incontinence, while another (5.9%) had anococcygeal pain accompanied by worsening of fecal incontinence. One patient (25%) in the IR group developed acute colitis consistent with formalin instillation, which was managed by intravenous antibiotics. The patients were followed for a mean of 10 months (range, 1 to 38 months). Formalin instillation is effective in controlling refractory hemorrhage secondary to radiation proctitis.

Escherichia coli ASKA Clone Library Harboring tRNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminase (tadA) Reveals Resistance towards Xanthorrhizol

Xanthorrhizol is a potent antimicrobial compound isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. However, the mechanism of xanthorrhizol action is unknown. To screen for probable target(s), we introduced the ASKA pooled-plasmid library into Escherichia coli W3110 imp4213 and enriched the library for resistant clones with increasing concentrations of xanthorrhizol. After three rounds of enrichment, we found nine genes that increased xanthorrhizol resistance. The resistant clones were able to grow in LB medium containing 256 µg/mL xanthorrhizol, representing a 16-fold increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration. Subsequent DNA sequence analysis revealed that overexpression of tadA, galU, fucU, ydeA, ydaC, soxS, nrdH, yiiD, and mltF genes conferred increased resistance towards xanthorrhizol. Among these nine genes, tadA is the only essential gene. tadA encodes a tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase. Overexpression of E. coli W3110 imp4213 (pCA24N-tadA) conferred resistance to xanthorrhizol up to 128 µg/mL. Moreover, overexpression of two tadA mutant enzymes (A143V and F149G) led to a twofold increase in the MIC. These results suggest that the targets of xanthorrhizol may include tadA, which has never before been explored as an antibiotic target.

Effect of Standardized Boesenbergia pandurata Extract and Its Active Compound Panduratin A on Skin Hydration and Barrier Function in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

The skin plays a key role in protecting the body from the environment and from water loss. Cornified envelope (CE) and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) are considered as the primary regulators of skin hydration and barrier function. The CE prevents loss of water from the body and is formed by cross-linking of several proteins. Among these proteins, filaggrin is an important protein because NMF is produced by the degradation of filaggrin. Proteases, including matriptase and prostasin, stimulate the generation of filaggrin from profilaggrin and caspase-14 plays a role in the degradation of filaggrin. This study elucidated the effects of an ethanol extract of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., known as fingerroot, and its active compound panduratin A on CE formation and filaggrin processing in HaCaT, human epidermal keratinocytes. B. pandurata extract (BPE) and panduratin A significantly stimulated not only CE formation but also the expression of CE proteins, such as loricrin, involucrin, and transglutaminase, which were associated with PPARα expression. The mRNA and protein levels of filaggrin and filaggrin-related enzymes, such as matriptase, prostasin, and caspase-14 were also up-regulated by BPE and panduratin A treatment. These results suggest that BPE and panduratin A are potential nutraceuticals which can enhance skin hydration and barrier function based on their CE formation and filaggrin processing.

Anti-photoaging effect of aaptamine in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes sunburn, inflammatory responses, skin cancer, and photoaging. Photoaging, in particular, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and transcription factors. UV irradiation also activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and inactivates collagen synthesis. Aaptamine, a marine alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge, has been reported to have antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. However, the photo-protective effects of aaptamine have not been elucidated. In this study, our data demonstrated that aaptamine deactivated UVB-induced MAPK and activator protein-1 signaling by suppressing ROS, resulting in attenuating the expression of MMPs in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. Aaptamine also decreased proinflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and nuclear factor-kappa B subunits in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. In conclusion, we suggest that aaptamine represents a novel and effective strategy for treatment and prevention of photoaging.

The early protective effect of glutamine pretreatment and ischemia preconditioning in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat

BACKGROUND

Heat shock proteins (HSP) play an important role in protecting cells against stress.

METHODS

Using a rat model, we tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with glutamine (Gln) and ischemia preconditioning (IPC) increase the expression of HSP resulting in attenuation of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups [group I, Gln injection (+), IPC (+); group II, Gln injection (+), IPC (-); group III, saline injection (+), IPC (+); group IV, saline injection (+), IPC (-)]. Renal HSP70 expression was determined by Western blotting and kidney function was assessed by blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Renal cross-sections were microscopically examined for tubular necrosis, exfoliation of tubular epithelial cells, cast formation, and monocyte infiltration.

RESULTS

Gln pretreatment increased intrarenal HSP expression (P = .031). In group I, tubulointerstitial abnormalities were clearly slighter compared with the other groups (P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Our experiments suggest that (1) a single dose of Gln could induce HSP expression and (2) IPC could relieve renal I/R injury. In addition, IPC combined with Gln pretreatment had a synergic protective effect against renal I/R injury.

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in the early period after kidney transplantation

Our objective was to evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3-D) contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to assess renal parenchyma, arterial inflow stenosis, and peritransplant fluid collections in the early period after kidney transplantation (KT). Between January 2010 and April 2011, we examined a consecutive series of 144 renal transplants using 3-D CE MRA at 14 days after KT. MRA showed parenchyma infarctions (n = 17, 11.8%), arterial inflow stenoses (n = 23, 16%), lymphoceles (n = 14, 9.7%), and hematomas (n = 6, 4.2%). The degree of renal transplant artery inflow stenosis was graded qualitatively based on diameter criterion; <50% = mild, 50% to 70% = moderate, and >70% = severe in 10 (6.9%), 5 (3.5%), and 8 (5.6%) subjects, respectively. The study recipients were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of renal artery inflow stenosis (group I: normal; group II: mild and moderate, <70%; group III: severe, >70%). Among group III patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography, 5 had percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting performed after 1 month. Their mean resume creatinine levels at 1, 6, and 12 months after transplantation were not significantly different from those in the other groups (P = .391, .447, .110). The prevalence of graft loss (n = 2) was high in group III (P = .012), although the frequency of acute rejection episodes was not different among the groups (P = .890). The incidences of renal parenchyma infarction, peritransplant fluid collection and arterial inflow stenosis were unexpectedly high in the early period after KT. Thus, 3-D CE MRA provided a rapid global assessment of the renal parenchyma, transplant arterial system, and peritransplant fluid collection that can be helpful to detect or exclude many causes of renal transplant dysfunction.

Glechoma hederacea Suppresses RANKL-mediated Osteoclastogenesis

Glechoma hederacea (GH), commonly known as ground-ivy or gill-over-the-ground, has been extensively used in folk remedies for relieving symptoms of inflammatory disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of GH are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that GH constituents inhibit osteoclastogenesis by abrogating receptor activator of nuclear κ-B ligand (RANKL)-induced free cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) oscillations. To evaluate the effect of GH on osteoclastogenesis, we assessed the formation of multi-nucleated cells (MNCs), enzymatic activity of tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP), expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), and [Ca(2+)]i alterations in response to treatment with GH ethanol extract (GHE) in primarily cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Treatment of RANKL-stimulated or non-stimulated BMMs with GHE markedly suppressed MNC formation, TRAP activity, and NFATc1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GHE treatment induced a large transient elevation in [Ca(2+)]i while suppressing RANKL-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations, which are essential for NFATc1 activation. GHE-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)]i was dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and was inhibited by 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP), inhibitor of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs), but was independent of store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Notably, after transient [Ca(2+)] elevation, treatment with GHE desensitized the VGCCs, resulting in an abrogation of RANKL-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations and MNC formation. These findings demonstrate that treatment of BMMs with GHE suppresses RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by activating and then desensitizing DHP-sensitive VGCCs, suggesting potential applications of GH in the treatment of bone disorders, such as periodontitis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Protective effect of the standardized green tea seed extract on UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation on skin can induce production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation. Thus, chronic exposure of skin to UVB irradiation leads to histological changes consistent with aging, such as wrinkling, abnormal pigmentation, and loss of elasticity. We investigated the protective effect of the standardized green tea seed extract (GSE) on UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Skin photoaging was induced by UVB irradiation on the back of Skh-1 hairless mice three times per week and UVB irradiation was performed for 10 weeks. Mice were divided into six groups; normal control, UVB irradiated control group, positive control (UVB + dietary supplement of vitamin C 100 mg/kg), GSE 10 mg/kg (UVB + dietary supplement of GSE 10 mg/kg), GSE 100 mg/kg (UVB + dietary supplement of GSE 100 mg/kg), and GSE 200 mg/kg (UVB + dietary supplement of GSE 200 mg/kg).

RESULTS

The dietary supplement GSE attenuated UVB irradiation-induced wrinkle formation and the decrease in density of dermal collagen fiber. In addition, results of the antioxidant analysis showed that GSE induced a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity compared with the UVB irradiation control group. Dietary supplementation with GSE 200 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and an increase in expression of TIMP and type-1 collagen.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings of this study suggest that dietary supplement GSE could be useful in attenuation of UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging and wrinkle formation due to regulation of antioxidant defense systems and MMPs expression.

The Tissue Distribution of Lutein in Laying Hens Fed Lutein Fortified Chlorella and Production of Chicken Eggs Enriched with Lutein

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the dietary effects of conventional or lutein fortified chlorella on lutein absorptions, the tissue distributions and the changes in lutein content of eggs in laying hens. In Exp 1, a total of one hundred and fifty, 70 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were divided into three groups with five replicates and fed with each experiment diet (control diet, diet with 1% conventional chlorella or lutein fortified chlorella) for 2 wk, respectively. The egg production in groups fed diets containing both chlorella powders were higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). With chlorella supplementations, the yolk color significantly increased, although there were no significant differences in the eggshell qualities. The lutein contents of serum, liver and growing oocytes were greatly increased by feeding conventional or lutein fortified chlorella (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of ninety 60 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were assigned into three groups with three replicates per group (10 birds per replicate). The birds were fed with one of three experimental diets (0, 0.1 or 0.2% lutein fortified chlorella) for 2 wk, respectively. The egg production was not affected by dietary treatments. The egg weight in the group fed with diet containing 0.2% of lutein fortified chlorella was higher than that of the control (p<0.05). As the dietary chlorella levels increased, the daily egg mass linearly increased, although not significantly. The yolk colors in groups fed diets containing lutein fortified chlorella were dramatically increased as compared to the control (p<0.001). The lutein in chicken eggs significantly increased when fed with 0.2% of lutein fortified chlorella (p<0.01). These results suggested that the dietary lutein derived from chlorella was readily absorbed into the serum and absorbed by the liver with growing oocyte for commercial laying hens. Particularly, the lutein fortified chlorella was a valuable natural source for the production of lutein enriched chicken eggs.

The natural history of arteriovenous access and risk factors associated with access thrombosis after successful kidney transplantation

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to determine the natural history of arteriovenous (AV) access after successful kidney transplantation (KT) and to identify the risk factors of spontaneous access closure in kidney transplant recipients.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of 115 patients who underwent KT with functioning access from June 2010 to July 2012. AV access patency was checked and recorded daily during the hospital stay and at every visit to the outpatient clinic. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the patency of access, and risk factors of access thrombosis were assessed. Access patency was followed up until patency was lost or the study was closed.

RESULTS

At the end of follow-up, 18 (15.7%) AV accesses had spontaneously closed. Mean time to closure was 119 ± 163 days, and 12 of 18 were closed within 90 days after KT. AV access spontaneously closed in 8.5% of male patients, compared with 27.3% of female patients (P = .007), 12.2% of cases with native access compared with 35.3% of cases with artificial access (P = .016), and 11.3% of cases with wrist access compared with 25.7% of cases with elbow access (P = .049). Spontaneously closed AV accesses tended to have a lower mean access flow compared with functioning accesses (P = .019). On multivariate analysis, female sex and AV access flow volume affected spontaneous AV access closure (odds ratio 4.749, 95% confidence interval 1.919-35.383, P = .008; odds ratio 0.998, 95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999, P = .010, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that AV access thrombosis occurs more frequently during the early postoperative period, particularly in female patients or patients with low flow access, whereas it is a rare event in male patients or patients with high access flow, especially in the late postoperative period.