Correlating Salivary Levels of Immunoglobin E and Human Eosinophil Cationic Protein in the Aseer Cohort with Recurrent Apthous Stomatitis

Background

Repeated Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is the most prevalent inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa, characterized by recurrent emergence of single or numerous painful ulcers. RAS usually affects healthy people without systemic illnesses. There is evidence linking atopy to the progression of this illness. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and human eosinophil cationic protein (HECP) levels in the saliva of individuals with aphthous stomatitis were assessed as allergy-related indicators.

Materials and Methods

Sixty people were assessed for this study. 30 patients with RAS were included in the patient group, while 30 healthy individuals made up for the control group. Sixty participants' non-stimulated saliva was taken and IgE and HECP were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed in SPSS 20 through the Mann-Whitney test and p<0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The salivary level of HECP was significantly (p 0.05) higher among cases (0.83 0.70) compared to controls (0.170 0.15), whereas the salivary level of IgE was not significantly (p = 0.41) higher among cases (35.60 11.19) compared to controls (67.42 18.34).

Conclusion

Even though this study found a positive correlation between elevated HECP levels and RAS, additional research with larger sample sizes is required to identify the biological mechanisms responsible for the observed associations and to include salivary HECP levels in the RAS patient's evaluation.

Modulation of oral cancer and periodontitis using chemotherapeutic agents - A narrative review

Periodontitis, an inflammatory condition, is linked to a higher risk of developing oral cancer. Periodontitis may be a precipitating factor for tumorigenesis and the aggressiveness of specific cancer variants. Although genetics is considered the primary etiologic factor for the development of most cancers, many factors have come to be recognized in the initiation and progression of oral cancer. Consecutively, it is suggestive that periodontitis and oral cancer are distinct disease entities but share common pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms are among the most researched mechanisms responsible for initiating apoptotic mechanisms implicated in periodontitis and oral cancer. Current research aims to formulate therapeutic agents to intercede in these mechanisms via host modulation therapy and epigenetic therapy. These advances can revolutionize the treatment of periodontitis and oral cancer. This review aims to shed light on the common pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases and the various host modulation agents that could be beneficial in their treatment.

Advancement in therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated oral diseases

BACKGROUND

Immune-mediated diseases are a diverse group of conditions characterized by alteration of cellular homeostasis and inflammation triggered by dysregulation of the normal immune response. Several immune-mediated diseases exhibit oral signs and symptoms. Traditionally, these conditions are treated with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents, including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and thalidomide. Recent research into the developmental pathways of these diseases has led to the exploration of novel approaches in treatment. This review examines newer treatment modalities for the management of immune-mediated diseases with oral presentations. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus have been employed successfully in managing oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris. Biologic agents, comprising monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, and recombinant cytokines, can provide targeted therapy with fewer adverse effects. Neutraceutical agents comprising aloe vera, curcumin, and honey are commonly used in traditional medicine and offer a holistic approach. They may have a place as adjuvants to current standard therapeutic protocols. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) utilize a specific wavelength of light to achieve desired cellular change. While the use of PDT in immune-mediated diseases is contentious, LLLT has shown positive results. Newer therapeutic modalities involve kinase inhibitors, S1P₁ receptor modulators, MSCs, and iRNA providing targeted treatment of specific diseases.

Identification of oral immune disorders- A review and a diagnostic algorithm

Immunological disorders are observed in various clinical presentations in the oral cavity. The pathophysiology of these disorders include but are not limited to primary oral auto-immune disease, systemic disease with oral findings, malignancies, hypersensitivity reactions, drug-induced, and infection-related. Many of these disorders have overlapping oral features, making it difficult for the clinician to diagnose and treat the disorder. There is a need to provide a simple and practical decision-making algorithm to the clinicians and provide them guidance on laboratory investigations. The present review provides a diagnostic algorithm that might minimize outpatient process delays and lead to early management. This is crucial in many cases where oral findings may be the first sign of the disorder, and early treatment can preclude dissemination and complications of the disorder.

Evaluating Time-Dependent Extraction of Exfoliated Oral Mucosal Cells from Used Toothbrushes and Miswak

An integral part of forensic work is DNA quantification and profiling, which necessitates many highquality samples for good results. Oral mucosal cells have become an essential source of genomic DNA in epidemiological studies. The time of collecting DNA samples is a critical factor in forensic science. To compares the time-dependent extraction of DNA yield and purity from exfoliated oral epithelial cells from toothbrushes and miswak used for time intervals up to 5 months. Thirty healthy volunteers were given toothbrushes and miswak to use for six days. The used toothbrushes and miswak were collected, stored at room temperature, and analyzed immediately and at the end of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth months. Comparisons between the two independent groups of toothbrush and miswak were done by an independent two-sample t-test. The changes over time for each outcome were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. DNA yield of the exfoliated oral epithelial cell samples was higher from female samples, while DNA purity was higher in the male samples. The Miswak contained a sufficient amount of DNA similar to toothbrushes. The yield and purity are not significantly altered by storing them for at least five months at room temperature.

Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Oral Diseases: Applications and Pitfalls

Background: Machine learning (ML) is a key component of artificial intelligence (AI). The terms machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are erroneously used interchangeably as they appear as monolithic nebulous entities. This technology offers immense possibilities and opportunities to advance diagnostics in the field of medicine and dentistry. This necessitates a deep understanding of AI and its essential components, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANN), and deep learning (DP). Aim: This review aims to enlighten clinicians regarding AI and its applications in the diagnosis of oral diseases, along with the prospects and challenges involved. Review results: AI has been used in the diagnosis of various oral diseases, such as dental caries, maxillary sinus diseases, periodontal diseases, salivary gland diseases, TMJ disorders, and oral cancer through clinical data and diagnostic images. Larger data sets would enable AI to predict the occurrence of precancerous conditions. They can aid in population-wide surveillance and decide on referrals to specialists. AI can efficiently detect microfeatures beyond the human eye and augment its predictive power in critical diagnosis. Conclusion: Although studies have recognized the benefit of AI, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning has not been integrated into routine dentistry. AI is still in the research phase. The coming decade will see immense changes in diagnosis and healthcare built on the back of this research. Clinical significance: This paper reviews the various applications of AI in dentistry and illuminates the shortcomings faced while dealing with AI research and suggests ways to tackle them. Overcoming these pitfalls will aid in integrating AI seamlessly into dentistry.

Structural Changes in Primary Teeth of Diabetic Children: Composition and Ultrastructure Analysis

Diabetes affects the developing enamel by altering the mineralization process, which can have a detrimental effect on oral health. The objectives of this study were to examine the ultrastructure and composition of surface enamel in primary teeth of diabetic children and its clinical implications. Hundred extracted primary teeth from diabetic children (Test group: n = 50) and healthy children (Control group: n = 50), between 6 and 12 years of age, were subjected to scanning electron microscopy to qualitatively examine the enamel surface. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed to investigate the mass percentage of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) in the surface enamel. Ultrastructural aberrations of surface enamel were observed in the test group teeth. Additionally, prism perforations were seen at the junction of rod and inter-rod enamel and the prisms were loosely packed. An even aprismatic layer of surface enamel was evident in the control group teeth. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) of Ca and P mass percentage between the test and control group teeth. The mean mass percentage rates of Ca and P were 33.75% and 16.76%, respectively. A poor surface characteristic and elemental composition of the enamel surface of primary teeth is observed in diabetic children. Therefore, appropriate caries preventive measures are mandatory to maintain the structural integrity of the tooth in these patients.

COVID-19 and cardiovascular system-a comprehensive review

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mystified cryptic virus has challenged the mankind that has brought life to a standstill. Catastrophic loss of life, perplexed healthcare system and the downfall of global economy are some of the outcomes of this pandemic. Humans are raging a war with an unknown enemy. Infections, irrespective of age and gender, and more so in comorbidities are escalating at an alarming rate. Cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of death globally with an estimate of 31% of deaths worldwide out of which nearly 85% are due to heart attacks and stroke. Theoretically and practically, researchers have observed that persons with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions are comparatively more vulnerable to the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, they have studied the data between less severe and more severe cases, survivors and non survivors, intensive care unit (ICU) patients and non ICU patients, to analyse the relationship and the influence of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health of an individual, further the risk of susceptibility to submit to the virus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the possible effects, either direct or indirect, of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular heath of an individual.

Recombinant Human Adenovirus-p53 Therapy for the Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Oral cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the world and oral leukoplakia is an oral potentially malignant disorder that could develop into oral cancer. This systematic review focusses on randomized clinical trials for recombinant adenovirus p-53 (rAD-p53) therapy for the treatment of oral leukoplakia and cancer. Materials and Methods: We searched for research articles on various databases such as Pubmed/Medline, Embase, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infra-structure), Springerlink, cochrane and Web of sciences from 2003 to 2020. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were used for the search. Inclusion criteria included original research, randomized clinical trials and articles only in English language. Exclusion criteria were any articles that were not research articles, not randomized trials, non-human studies, etc. The articles were further graded on the Jadad scale. Results: 578 articles were assessed from various databases; only 3 articles were found to be appropriate for this review. Thus, meta-analysis was not performed because of heterogeneity and lack of data. In the three studies, whether rAD-p53 was used as a standalone therapy or with other therapies, there was a beneficial effect of the therapy. Furthermore, there were no serious adverse events and the only adverse events reported were fever, pain at the local injection site, flu-like symptoms and lowered WBC count. Conclusions: Thus, we can conclude that this therapy has a potential for beneficial therapeutic effects and further clinical trials with more patients need to be performed to get better understanding of the effect of rAD-p53 therapy, which probably will pave the way to its approval in other parts of the world.

Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) inhibits oral cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis and attenuating epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Background

Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) has been applied successfully as an anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and even as an anti-cancer agent. Yet, to date, the application of Giloy has not been explored concerning oral cancer.

Objectives

To assess the effect of T cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) extract (TcE) on an oral cancer cell line.

Methods

AW13516 (oral cancer cell line) cells were treated with the prepared aqueous extract of TcE for 24 h at various concentrations ranging between 5 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml and compared with control (cells without treatment). Thee effect of the extracts on apoptosis was assessed by through Annexin V flow cytometry assay and Luminometry based assessment of Caspase 8, 9 and caspase 3/7 activity. RNA was isolated from treated cells and gene expression of selected metastatic genes (MMP1, MMP10, and CXCL8); epithelial-mesenchymal stem cell genes (TWIST1, SNAIL, ZEB1, Oct4) and stemness related genses (Nanog, Sox2) were analyzed by using a quantitative real-time PCR system. The experiments were performed in triplicates.

Results

Aqueous extract of TcE was found to induce apoptosis inducer in AW13516 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and was potent even at a low concentration of 5 μg/ml. The apoptosis induction was confirmed with the caspase activity assay. Treatment of the cells with the extract for 24 h exhibited a significant decrease in the expression of EMT genes in a dose-dependent manner without an effect on the metastatic genes.

Conclusion

Aqueous extract of TcE induces apoptosis-mediated cell death in the oral cancer cell line AW13516 while attenuating its potential for epithelial mesenchymal transition.

Role of matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts in bio-mineralization

Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular membrane-bound vesicles of about ~ 50-200 nm in diameter that play a role in the bio-mineralization process of hard tissue formation. The present review is based on the empirical phenomenon of primary mineralization process via matrix vesicle-mediated mechanism with special reference to crystal ghosts as well as the mechanism on the organic-inorganic relationship between matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts, and the transformation that these structures undergo during bio-mineralization.

Proteomic profiling of various human dental stem cells - a systematic review

BACKGROUND

The proteomic signature or profile best describes the functional component of a cell during its routine metabolic and survival activities. Additional complexity in differentiation and maturation is observed in stem/progenitor cells. The role of functional proteins at the cellular level has long been attributed to anatomical niches, and stem cells do not deflect from this attribution. Human dental stem cells (hDSCs), on the whole, are a combination of mesenchymal and epithelial coordinates observed throughout craniofacial bones to pulp.

AIM

To specify the proteomic profile and compare each type of hDSC with other mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of various niches. Furthermore, we analyzed the characteristics of the microenvironment and preconditioning changes associated with the proteomic profile of hDSCs and their influence on committed lineage differentiation.

METHODS

Literature searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, from January 1990 to December 2018. An extra inquiry of the grey literature was completed on Google Scholar, ProQuest, and OpenGrey. Relevant MeSH terms (PubMed) and keywords related to dental stem cells were used independently and in combination.

RESULTS

The initial search resulted in 134 articles. Of the 134 full-texts assessed, 96 articles were excluded and 38 articles that met the eligibility criteria were reviewed. The overall assessment of hDSCs and other MSCs suggests that differences in the proteomic profile can be due to stem cellular complexity acquired from varied tissue sources during embryonic development. However, our comparison of the proteomic profile suffered inconsistencies due to the heterogeneity of various hDSCs. We believe that the existence of a heterogeneous population of stem cells at a given niche determines the modalities of regeneration or tissue repair. Added prominences to the differences present between various hDSCs have been reasoned out.

CONCLUSION

Systematic review on proteomic studies of various hDSCs are promising as an eye-opener for revisiting the proteomic profile and in-depth analysis to elucidate more refined mechanisms of hDSC functionalities.

High altitude as a possible factor for dysbiosis of salivary microbiome in orthodontic patients

BACKGROUND

External stressors such as high altitude and low oxygen are known to affect the human microbiome, and in light of the increased occurrence of dental caries and periodontitis in orthodontic patients, the effect of high altitude and the altered oral environment in orthodontic patients on the oral salivary microbiome was researched.

MATERIALS & METHODS

31 orthodontic patients from high altitude, Aseer region and 25 orthodontic patients, residing at sea level, as controls were included. DNA isolation was done from the saliva collected from the study participants. V3 area of 16s RNA was targeted by universal primers through PCR to decipher the salivary microbiome in both the groups.

RESULTS

A total of 11 genera belonging to 4 phyla of bacteria were identified in both groups. The most abundant microbiome at the phylum level was: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. The salivary microbiome was more diverse in sea level controls compared to that of the orthodontic patients at high altitude wherein the presence of only two main phyla: Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were seen. The controls revealed Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the study suggest that the biodiversity of the salivary microbiome is severely perturbed under the cumulative influences of high altitude and presence of fixed orthodontic appliance. Under these circumstances, a strict and meticulous oral hygiene regimen should be recommended and followed to avoid harmful effects on the periodontal tissues.

Diminishing reactive adipogenesis leads to disease progression of oral submucous fibrosis

Oral fibroblasts, similar to dermal fibroblasts, have the potential to resist the local insults like trauma to the oral mucosa by differentiating into adipocytes and secreting antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (Camp) and this physiologic process in known as reactive adipogenesis. We hypothesize that in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), due to constant secretion and up-streaming of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β), oral fibroblast lose their adipogenic differentiation potential and Camp production, which leads to progressive fibrosis in OSF. The implication of this hypothesis could open some promising vistas on still unexplored innate immune systems harboured by oral mucosa. Restoring and maintaining the adipogenic and protective potential of oral fibroblasts by inhibiting TGF- β receptors could hinder the disease progression of OSF.

Face Validity and Psychometric Evaluation of the Available Oral Health-related Quality of Life Instruments: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE

A growing recognition of the importance of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) has led to the development of several instruments to measure their relationship with health. The objective of this review was to update the knowledge on the general and psychometric characteristics of the instruments to measure the quality of life (QoL) related to oral health that emerged after publication in 1997 of the results of the conference 'Measuring Oral Health and QoL'.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A bibliographic search was carried out to identify publications published in January from 1998 to June 2018, using EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science databases. Specific criteria were established based on international reference frameworks for the inclusion, collection, and analysis of general and psychometric properties of the instruments.

RESULTS

233 articles were identified, of which 10 met the eligibility criteria and were included. All the instruments were multidimensional, presented psychometric properties and were mostly based on prior measurement tools and the classification of impairments and disabilities. All studies presented information on the internal consistency of their instruments. Validity to discriminate was also rated positively in all of the instruments except OHRQoL-UK instrument. Among the instruments, the criterion that was found to be least was a response to change, as only three instruments met the criteria. Reliability and construct validity criteria were also present in most of the studies.

CONCLUSION

The dental profession has shown great progress towards a more comprehensive measurement of the oral health needs of the population, it is necessary to move from focusing on sick patients and theories of disabilities to incorporating healthy patients and resource-based theories and capacities in their measurements of OHRQoL, that would improve patient safety, quality of care and risk management, and improve clinical decision making for healthcare professionals.

Novel therapies in the management of oral cancer: An update

An estimated 4% of all cancers are of the oral cavity or oropharyngeal. Presently, management of the oral cancers mainly includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy either alone or in combination depending on the individual case. Each of these techniques has their advantages and disadvantages. Surgery demands removal of cancerous tissue causing disfigurement and functional impairment. Radiotherapy has significant side effects like mucositis, myelosuppression, xerostomia and dental caries. With the advent of newer treatment methods like the targeted therapy, immune therapy and gene therapy, treatment outcomes are better with fewer side effects. This has generally improved survival rates and quality of life of cancer patients.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Comparative Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Expression of p16 with p16 Microsatellite Marker by PCR in Surgical Margins of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is most common oral cancer with multifactorial etiology. Surgical therapy is treatment of choice but known to have recurrence. The main reason for recurrence is associated with surgical margins which need to be tumor free. Changes at genetic level cannot be ascertained only through routine light microscopy in surgical margins, even though they are tumor free. Detection of early marker like p16 can help in predicting the risk of recurrence. Hence study aimed to detect p16 microsatellite marker (D9s1747) in surgical margins of oral squamous cell carcinoma and compare the same with p16 marker through immunohistochemistry. Total of 40 paraffin embedded tissue samples diagnosed and surgically treated cases of OSCC were included. From each sample one tumor proper and one surgical margin was obtained. From paraffin embedded tissue sample 2 sections of 4 µm thick was obtained from tumor proper and tumor margin. One section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and other section was stained immunohistochemically using p16 antibody. DNA extraction was done for tumor proper and surgical margin tissue and PCR analysis was carried for p16 microsatellite marker (D91747). Out of 40 cases 37 cases showed positivity in tumor proper for p16 with IHC. Out of 37 cases 23 cases showed positivity for both tumor proper and surgical margin. There were 3 cases negative for tumor proper. Out of these 3 cases, 1 (33.3%) case was positive for surgical margin. Out of 40 cases 27 cases showed positivity for tumor proper with p16 microsatellite marker. Out of 27 cases 16 cases showed positivity for both tumor proper and surgical margin. There were 13 cases negative for tumor proper. However there were 8 (61.5%) cases negative which were in tumor proper but showed positivity for surgical margin. Other 5 cases were negative in both tumor proper and surgical margin. Our study reveals that surgical margins of OSCC exhibit alteration in p16 markers both by IHC and PCR techniques. p16 and p16 microsatellite marker detection in margins indicates field change. Further studies with larger sample size comparing expression with clinical and histological parameter and follow up has to be done to substantiate our findings.

Photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results.

OBJECTIVES

We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies.

SEARCH CRITERIA

We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect.

RESULTS

We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I² 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Comparison of microvessel density using CD34 and CD105 in oral submucous fibrosis and its correlation with clinicopathological features: An immunohistochemical study

Objectives

To compare immunohistochemical expression of CD34 and CD105 in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and normal oral mucosa (NOM) and correlate with clinicopathological features of OSF.

Materials and Methods

Total of thirty clinically diagnosed and histologically confirmed cases of OSF and 15 NOM were included in the study. Tissues sections were immunostained using CD34 and CD105 antibodies.

Results

Twenty-eight cases (93.33%) were positive for CD34, and only 12 cases (40%) were positive for CD105 in OSF. In NOM all cases were positive for CD34 and only one case was positive for CD105. CD34 and CD105 significantly expressed in moderately advanced OSF when compared to very early, early, and advanced cases. It was found that the microvessel density (MVD) in NOM was significantly higher as compared to OSF and MVD decreased with advanced OSF. MVD was higher in CD34 when compared to CD105. MVD decreased with disease progression in OSF using both the markers.

Conclusion

The role of CD34 in determining the premalignant nature of OSF could not be ascertained, since all endothelial cells were positive for CD34, whereas CD105 appeared to be more specific as it is associated with hypoxia-induced angiogenesis which is occurring in OSF due to hyalinization suggesting, CD105 to be more specific marker to determine neoangiogenesis in OSF. Thus further follow-up study of the cases positive for CD105 is required to determine the true nature of angiogenesis in OSF patients.

Comparison of immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD105 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Its correlation with prognosis

Objectives

Compare and correlate immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD105 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and correlate its expression with the prognosis of the patient.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study was carried out on total of 49 cases of OSCC. Detailed demographic and clinical data were obtained, and tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to grade the tumor. Later each case was subjected for immunohistochemical analysis of CD105 and VEGF.

Results

All the cases showed positivity for both CD105 and VEGF but high expression was noted with CD105 compared to VEGF. Average microvascular density for CD105 was higher (69.5) in moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC) when compared to well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC) (52.16). When expression of CD105 and VEGF was compared in WDSCC and MDSCC, it was statistically insignificant. However when expression of CD105 and VEGF was compared with survival of the patient, survival rate was <2 years in CD105 and was statistically significant, but VEGF did not show any significant difference with survival rate.

Conclusion

CD105 immunoexpression in OSCC predicts a poor outcome than VEGF. So it can be postulated that endoglin may have a particular role in the development of cancer and might be relatively more specific than commonly used endothelial markers for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.

Comparison of palatal rugae pattern among Indian and Tibetan population

INTRODUCTION

Palatoscopy is the study of palatal rugae pattern to establish the identity of a person. The palatal rugae are permanent and unique to each person and can establish identity through discrimination (via casts, tracings, or digitized rugae patterns). In addition, rugae pattern may be specific to racial groups facilitating population identification (which may require postdisasters). Hence, they can be used in postmortem identification provided an antemortem record exists.

AIM

To determine the palatal rugae pattern and to assess the predominant palatal rugae pattern in Indian and Tibetan (in Mundgod Taluka, Karnataka) populations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The impressions of the maxillary arch were made for a total of one hundred adults comprising fifty Indian and fifty Tibetan populations aged between 20 and 40 years, and the dental cast was made using dental stone. The rugae were highlighted by a sharp graphite pencil on the cast under adequate light and a magnification lens. Rugae patterns were assessed using Thomas and Kotze and Kapali et al. classification.

RESULTS

Total number of palatal rugae in Indian population (461) was more than Tibetan population (351). Moreover, Indian population showed predominantly wavy (43.60%) rugae pattern, whereas Tibetan showed curved (38.2%) rugae pattern.

CONCLUSION

This suggests that there is a difference in the rugae pattern between Indian and Tibetan populations. Hence, palatal rugae pattern can be used as one of the methods in determining the ethnicity.

Do the presence of Barr bodies in male jail inmates indicates criminality: A pilot study

Background:

Cytogenetic studies from past decades have shown that interphase cells of female cats contain a densely stained chromatin mass in their nuclei called as Barr bodies (BBs) named after the scientist Murray Barr. BBs are unique chromatin structures formed due to the condensation of the X-chromosome. Many psychopathic disorders originate from defective genes including the multiple X syndromes. Males with extra X-chromosome generally present with severe personality disorder. The present study was conducted to determine the presence of extra X-chromosome in male jail inmates through the detection of BB in peripheral blood and buccal smear.

Materials and Methods:

Study included 100 male subjects (fifty jail inmates and fifty controls), after obtaining the consent, peripheral blood smears (PBS) and buccal smears (BS) were prepared and stained using Leishman's and cresyl violet stain respectively. One hundred neutrophils in PBS and epithelial cells in BS were screened for detection of the BB; accumulated data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using t-test and Chi-square test.

Results:

60% of cases in PBS and 36% in BS showed positivity for the presence of BB in jail inmates as compared to 14% of cases in PBS and none in BS were positive for BB in controls.

Conclusion:

Presence of BB in male suggests increased likelihood of criminal tendencies. Further studies are to be carried out to compare the results with karyotyping.

Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Biofilm-associated Oral Diseases

Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms naturally on the surfaces of exposed teeth and other areas of the oral cavity. It is the primary etiological factor for the most frequently occurring oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Specific, nonspecific, and ecologic plaque hypothesis explains the causation of dental and associated diseases. Adequate control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of prevention of periodontitis and dental caries. Mechanical plaque control is the mainstay for prevention of oral diseases, but it requires patient cooperation and motivation; therefore, chemical plaque control agents act as useful adjuvants for achieving the desired results. Hence, it is imperative for the clinicians to update their knowledge in chemical antiplaque agents and other developments for the effective management of plaque biofilm-associated diseases. This article explores the critical analysis of various chemical plaque control strategies and the current trends in the control and prevention of dental plaque biofilm.

HSP70 induces TLR4 signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study

OBJECTIVES

Toll like receptors play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Heat shock proteins play a significant role in cell proliferation, differentiation and oncogenesis. HSP70 acts as one of the ligands of TLR4 and binds to it in a CD14 dependent fashion to bring about proinflammatory cytokine production leading to an anti-tumor response. On the contrary, TLR4 has been implicated in carcinogenesis by secretion of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus the aim of this study was to compare and correlate the association of HSP70 and TLR4 in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

STUDY DESIGN

Twenty-seven cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were considered. Ten cases each of well-differentiated (WDSCC) and moderately differentiated (MDSCC), 7 cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDSCC) were considered. Sections were stained for HSP70 and TLR4 and were evaluated for staining degree and intensity.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Positive expression of both HSP70 and TLR4 was found in all cases of WDSCC and MDSCC, whereas in PDSCC out of 7 cases only 6 showed positivity for TLR4 and 4 cases showed positivity for HSP70. Those cases that were positive for TLR4, also showed positivity for HSP70. HSP70 acts as a ligand and binds to TLR4 thus activating the My88 pathway resulting in production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors etc., enhancing anti-cancer immunity in the early stages of disease. In later stages, TLRs expressed on cancer cells can produce anti-apoptotic proteins contributing to carcinogenesis and cancer cell proliferation.

Immunohistochemical expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in various grades of oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, and their roles in tumor progression: a pilot study

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity. TLRs are expressed in B-lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and epithelial cells. We examined the immunohistochemical expressions of TLR4 and TLR9 in various grades of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa (NOM) to determine the association between TLR4 and TLR9 in the progression of lesions from dysplasia to carcinoma. Expressions of TLR4 and TLR9 were assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin embedded tissue blocks of various grades of OED (28 cases), OSCC (27 cases) and NOM (10 cases). Expression of TLR4 was high in all grades of OED and OSCC. Expression of TLR9 was high in well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, and moderate to low in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Although expression was high in case of TLR4, it was not statistically significant. Expression of TLR9 was statistically significant. In OED, expression of TLR9 was less than that of TLR4. Our results indicated that the pattern of expression of TLR4 and TLR9 increased significantly from mild to severe dysplasia compared to controls. Expression of TLR4 and TLR9 reflects progression of OED to OSCC, which suggests that TLR may play a role in tumorigenesis and that it could be used as a target for OSCC prevention and therapy in the future.