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Hassan A, Maki R, Aljawad M, Alzayer A, Habeeb A, Alzaher A, Alawami A, Alaithan F, Adnan J. Beyond pulmonary embolism: Alternative diagnosis and incidental findings on CT pulmonary angiography in sickle cell disease. Emerg Radiol 2024:10.1007/s10140-024-02229-x. [PMID: 38619803 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-024-02229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic hematological disorder associated with severe complications, such as vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome (ACS), and an increased risk of thromboembolic events, including pulmonary embolism (PE). The diagnosis of PE in SCD patients presents challenges due to the overlapping symptoms with other pulmonary conditions. Our previous study revealed that nearly 96% of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scans in SCD patients were negative for PE, highlighting a gap in understanding the significance of CTPA findings when PE is absent. METHODS In this retrospective follow-up study conducted at the Salmaniya Medical Complex in Bahrain, we examined SCD patients with HbSS genotypes who underwent CTPA from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021, for suspected PE, but the results were negative. The aim of this study was to identify alternative diagnoses and incidental findings from CTPA scans. Experienced radiologists reviewed the CTPA images and reports to assess potential alternative diagnoses and incidental findings, incorporating an additional analysis of chest X-rays to evaluate the diagnostic value of CTPA. Incidental findings were classified based on their location and clinical significance. RESULTS Among the 230 evaluated SCD patients (average age 39.7 years; 53% male) who were CTPA negative for PE, 142 (61.7%) had identifiable alternative diagnoses, primarily pneumonia (49.1%). Notably, 88.0% of these alternative diagnoses had been previously suggested by chest radiographs. Furthermore, incidental findings were noted in 164 (71.3%) patients, with 11.0% deemed clinically significant, necessitating immediate action, and 87.8% considered potentially significant, requiring further assessment. Notable incidental findings included thoracic abnormalities such as cardiomegaly (12.2%) and an enlarged pulmonary artery (11.3%), as well as upper abdominal pathologies such as hepatomegaly (19.6%), splenomegaly (20.9%), and gallstones (10.4%). CONCLUSION This study underscores the limited additional diagnostic yield of CTPA for identifying alternative diagnoses to PE in SCD patients, with the majority of diagnoses, such as pneumonia, already suggested by chest radiographs. The frequent incidental findings, most of which necessitate further evaluation, highlight the need for a cautious and tailored approach to using CTPA in the SCD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hassan
- Radiology Department, Governmental Hospitals, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Reem Maki
- Radiology Department, Governmental Hospitals, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mahdi Aljawad
- Radiology Department, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alzayer
- Radiology Department, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Habeeb
- Radiology Department, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel Alzaher
- Radiology Department, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Alawami
- Radiology Department, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alaithan
- Radiology Department, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jalila Adnan
- Radiology Department, Governmental Hospitals, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
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Kiddle SJ, Steves CJ, Mehta M, Simmons A, Xu X, Newhouse S, Sattlecker M, Ashton NJ, Bazenet C, Killick R, Adnan J, Westman E, Nelson S, Soininen H, Kloszewska I, Mecocci P, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Curtis C, Breen G, Williams SCR, Lovestone S, Spector TD, Dobson RJB. Plasma protein biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease endophenotypes in asymptomatic older twins: early cognitive decline and regional brain volumes. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e584. [PMID: 26080319 PMCID: PMC4490288 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in blood-based markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in its pre-symptomatic stages. Therefore, we aimed to identify plasma proteins whose levels associate with potential markers of pre-symptomatic AD. We also aimed to characterise confounding by genetics and the effect of genetics on blood proteins in general. Panel-based proteomics was performed using SOMAscan on plasma samples from TwinsUK subjects who are asymptomatic for AD, measuring the level of 1129 proteins. Protein levels were compared with 10-year change in CANTAB-paired associates learning (PAL; n = 195), and regional brain volumes (n = 34). Replication of proteins associated with regional brain volumes was performed in 254 individuals from the AddNeuroMed cohort. Across all the proteins measured, genetic factors were found to explain ~26% of the variability in blood protein levels on average. The plasma level of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MAPKAPK5 protein was found to positively associate with the 10-year change in CANTAB-PAL in both the individual and twin difference context. The plasma level of protein MAP2K4 was found to suggestively associate negatively (Q < 0.1) with the volume of the left entorhinal cortex. Future studies will be needed to assess the specificity of MAPKAPK5 and MAP2K4 to eventual conversion to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kiddle
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Box P092, SGDP Building, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail: or
| | - C J Steves
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Mehta
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Simmons
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - X Xu
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - S Newhouse
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - M Sattlecker
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - N J Ashton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Bazenet
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Killick
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Adnan
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - H Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I Kloszewska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - P Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - B Vellas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, INSERM University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - C Curtis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - G Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - S C R Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - T D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R J B Dobson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Box P092, SGDP Building, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail: or
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