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Emmerson J, Brown JM. Understanding Survival Analysis in Clinical Trials. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2020; 33:12-14. [PMID: 32788065 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Emmerson
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - J M Brown
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Edelman S, Belton A, Down S, Alzaid A, Capehorn M, Gamerman V, Nagel F, Lee J, Emmerson J, Polonsky WH. Physician-patient communication at prescription of an additional oral drug for type 2 diabetes and its links to patient outcomes - New findings from the global IntroDia® study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 149:89-97. [PMID: 30685350 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate experiences of people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at the clinic visit when an additional oral antidiabetes drug (OAD) is prescribed, and how this affects their quality of life, self-management and key outcomes. METHODS We surveyed adults with T2DM from a large multinational study of patient-physician communication during early T2DM treatment (IntroDia®). We examined their experiences when an additional OAD is prescribed ("add-on") after initial OAD monotherapy, focusing on 24 key conversational elements, overall patient-perceived communication quality (PPCQ), and associations with current patient-reported outcomes. The links between PPCQ and people's efforts to delay add-on therapy were also assessed. RESULTS 4235 people with T2DM prescribed an additional OAD, or a combination of two, were analysed. Exploratory factor analyses of the conversational elements during add-on yielded three coherent, meaningful factors: Encouraging (Cronbach's α = 0.62), Collaborative (α = 0.81), and Discouraging (α = 0.81). PPCQ was positively associated with Encouraging (β = +1.252, p < 0.001) and Collaborative (β = +1.206, p < 0.001), but negatively associated with Discouraging (β = -0.895, p < 0.001). Better PPCQ at add-on was associated with less diabetes distress, greater well-being and better self-care at the present time. Approximately 20% of people bargained (two-thirds successfully) with their physician to delay additional medication. Non-bargaining individuals reported significantly better mean PPCQ, diabetes distress, well-being and self-care than those who bargained. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging and patient-inclusive conversations at add-on moments may improve patient well-being and self-care outcomes. People with T2DM who attempted to delay additional medication reported poorer PPCQ and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Edelman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Anne Belton
- The Michener Institute of Education at UHN, 222 St. Patrick Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1V4, Canada.
| | - Susan Down
- Somerset Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, 2nd Floor, Mallard Court, Express Park, Bristol Road, Bridgwater, Somerset TA6 4RN, United Kingdom.
| | - Aus Alzaid
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, PO Box 7897, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Matthew Capehorn
- Rotherham Institute for Obesity, and Clifton Medical Centre, Doncaster Gate, Rotherham, South Yorkshire S65 1DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Victoria Gamerman
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
| | - Friederike Nagel
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - James Emmerson
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - William H Polonsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Behavioral Diabetes Institute, 5405 Oberlin Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Down S, Alzaid A, Polonsky WH, Belton A, Edelman S, Gamerman V, Nagel F, Lee J, Emmerson J, Capehorn M. Physician experiences when discussing the need for additional oral medication with type 2 diabetes patients: Insights from the cross-national IntroDia® study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 148:179-188. [PMID: 30641173 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Physician-patient communication when discussing the need for additional oral medication for type 2 diabetes (add-on) may affect the self-care of people with this condition. We aimed to investigate physicians' recalled experiences of the add-on consultation. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of physicians treating people with type 2 diabetes in 26 countries, as part of a large cross-national study of physician-patient communication during early treatment of type 2 diabetes (IntroDia®). The survey battery included novel questions about physician experiences at add-on and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. RESULTS Of 9247 eligible physicians, 6753 responded (73.0% response rate). Most (82%) agreed that physician-patient discussions at add-on strongly influence patients' disease acceptance and treatment adherence. Half the physicians reported ≥1 challenge in most or all add-on conversations, with a significant inverse relationship between frequency of challenges and Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy score (standardised β coefficient: -0.313; p < 0.001). Physicians estimated that only around half their patients with type 2 diabetes follow their self-care advice. Exploratory factor analysis of physician beliefs about why their patients did not follow recommendations yielded two distinct dimensions: psychosocial barriers (e.g. depressed mood) and personal failings of the patient (e.g. not enough willpower) (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Physicians' empathy and beliefs about their patients may play a significant role in their success with the add-on conversation and, consequently, promotion of patient engagement and self-care. Although the study was limited by its retrospective, cross-sectional nature, the findings from IntroDia® may inform efforts to improve diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Down
- Somerset Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Parkgate House, East Reach, Taunton, Somerset TA1 3ES, United Kingdom.
| | - Aus Alzaid
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, PO Box 7897, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia.
| | - William H Polonsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Behavioral Diabetes Institute, 5405 Oberlin Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Anne Belton
- The Michener Institute of Education at UHN, 222 St. Patrick Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1V4, Canada.
| | - Steven Edelman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Victoria Gamerman
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
| | - Friederike Nagel
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - James Emmerson
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Matthew Capehorn
- Rotherham Institute for Obesity, and Clifton Medical Centre, Doncaster Gate, Rotherham, South Yorkshire S65 1DA, United Kingdom.
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Emmerson J, Gunputrao A, Hawkswell J, Dexter A, Sykes R, Searle S, Cross A, Nathan PM. Sampling for vaginal candidosis: how good is it? Int J STD AIDS 1994; 5:356-8. [PMID: 7819355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In defined patient populations attending a genitourinary medicine department, screening for vaginal candidosis resulted in 26.3% positive rate. Microscopy using Gram-stained slide was useful in early diagnosis and resulted in the detection of 64.8% of symptomatic cases. Samples from the anterior fornix proved most sensitive for culture diagnosis while the left lateral vaginal wall proved least sensitive (positive predictive value 0.88 cf 0.81).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emmerson
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Retford Hospital, UK
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Yates MS, Bowmer CJ, Emmerson J. Effect of acute renal failure on the clearance and biliary excretion of indocyanine green in perfused rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33:1695-6. [PMID: 6732839 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(84)90297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yates MS, Bowmer CJ, Emmerson J. The plasma clearance of indocyanine green in rats with acute renal failure: effect of dose and route of administration. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:3109-14. [PMID: 6639679 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of various doses (1-7.5 mg/kg i.v.) of indocyanine green (ICG) have been studied in control rats and rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF). The pharmacokinetic changes seen at a dose of 1 mg/kg, after jugular vein administration, were significant decreases in uraemic rats in the rate of entry of ICG into the liver (k12) and in the rate of movement of dye from liver to plasma (k21). Greater and more numerous changes in pharmacokinetic parameters were recorded in experiments conducted using 4.0 and 7.5 mg/kg ICG. The results from these experiments showed that in addition to significant decreases in k12 and k21 there was a significant reduction in the rate constant for transfer of dye from liver to bile (k23). These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in plasma clearance. In a separate series of experiments steps were taken to reduce the degree of uraemia produced by glycerol injection. The findings from these experiments showed no significant pharmacokinetic differences between control and mildly uraemic animals after administration of a dose of 7.5 mg/kg ICG. This suggests that the kinetic changes described above were a consequence of renal failure and not a direct hepato-toxic effect of glycerol.
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Bowmer CJ, Emmerson J, Yates MS. Delayed biliary excretion of indocyanine green in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:1641-2. [PMID: 6860349 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yates MS, Emmerson J, Bowmer CJ. Hepatic clearance of indocyanine green during the course of glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1983; 35:335-8. [PMID: 6134810 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
1 The quantitative model for functional antagonism and synergism has been tested by studying its ability to fit data obtained from the functional antagonism of (-)-isoprenaline by muscarinic agonists on guinea-pig isolated atria. 2 The general form of the null equation has been shown to fit the experimental curves satisfactorily. 3 Functional interaction between (-)-isoprenaline and muscarinic agonists on atria has been shown to be type I although there does seem to be a discrepancy between values of the functional affinity constants, KA1F and KA2F, estimated in two different ways. 4 The affinity constants, KA, of the muscarinic agonists for their receptors have been estimated by use of the selective irreversible antagonist propylbenzilylcholine mustard. The discrepancy between KAF (i.e. both KA1F and KA2F) and KA is small for pentyltrimethylammonium which is an agonist of low intrinsic efficacy. By contrast the discrepancy between KAF and KA is much greater for methylfurmethide and oxotremorine both of which have much higher intrinsic efficacies. These results are as predicted by the model. 5 It is suggested that the discrepancy between KA1F and KA2F may be due to the limited ability of the equation l/S omega = aI + bI/S alpha to describe quantitatively the relation between sequential stimuli. However, it is concluded that this complication need not interfere with the use of the model to study mechanisms and possible sites of functional interaction.
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Emmerson J, Korsgaard B, Petersen I. Dose response kinetics of serum vitellogenin, liver DNA, RNA, protein and lipid after induction by estradiol-17 beta in male flounders (Platichthys flesus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B 1979; 63:1-6. [PMID: 95687 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Male flounders receiving 100 micrograms estradiol each second day were fully induced to vitellogenin synthesis within 11 days, while fishes given 5 micrograms doses continued to accumulate vitellogenin in the serum at a progressive rate through 17 days. 2. Liver DNA per unit fish remained constant, while RNA per unit fish in flounders given 100 and 5 micrograms doses attained values 80 and 25% respectively, above the values found in control animals. 3. Liver RNA per unit DNA increased at maximal rate within 6 days in fishes receiving 100 micrograms doses. RNA synthesis continued at a progressive rate through 17 days in fishes given 5 micrograms doses of estradiol. 4. Liver protein per unit DNA elevated at a plateau 60% above control within 6 days with 100 micrograms doses. Doses of 5 micrograms had only little effect on liver protein. 5. Estradiol had a lipogenic effect on the liver. Cellular lipid rose 120 and 60% above control after treatment with 100 and 5 micrograms respectively. 6. Liver dry weight per unit DNA increased 60 and 55% above control with 100 and 5 micrograms doses respectively. Cellular hypertrophy in fishes receiving the smaller dose was primarily associated with an increase in lipid concentration, while protein and lipid contributed almost equally to cellular growth in fishes receiving the high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emmerson
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Odense University, Denmark
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