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Robinson JI, Md Yusof MY, Davies V, Wild D, Morgan M, Taylor JC, El-Sherbiny Y, Morris DL, Liu L, Rawstron AC, Buch MH, Plant D, Cordell HJ, Isaacs JD, Bruce IN, Emery P, Barton A, Vyse TJ, Barrett JH, Vital EM, Morgan AW. Comprehensive genetic and functional analyses of Fc gamma receptors influence on response to rituximab therapy for autoimmunity. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104343. [PMID: 36371989 PMCID: PMC9663864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rituximab is widely used to treat autoimmunity but clinical response varies. Efficacy is determined by the efficiency of B-cell depletion, which may depend on various Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-dependent mechanisms. Study of FcγR is challenging due to the complexity of the FCGR genetic locus. We sought to assess the effect of FCGR variants on clinical response, B-cell depletion and NK-cell-mediated killing in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A longitudinal cohort study was conducted in 835 patients [RA = 573; SLE = 262]. Clinical outcome measures were two-component disease activity score in 28-joints (2C-DAS28CRP) for RA and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG)-2004 major clinical response (MCR) for SLE at 6 months. B-cells were evaluated by highly-sensitive flow cytometry. Single nucleotide polymorphism and copy number variation for genes encoding five FcγRs were measured using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Ex vivo studies assessed NK-cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and FcγR expression. FINDINGS In RA, carriage of FCGR3A-158V and increased FCGR3A-158V copies were associated with greater 2C-DAS28CRP response (adjusted for baseline 2C-DAS28CRP). In SLE, MCR was associated with increased FCGR3A-158V, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.12-2.41) and FCGR2C-ORF OR 1.93 (95% CI 1.09-3.40) copies. 236/413 (57%) patients with B-cell data achieved complete depletion. Homozygosity for FCGR3A-158V and increased FCGR3A-158V copies were associated with complete depletion in combined analyses. FCGR3A genotype was associated with rituximab-induced ADCC, and increased NK-cell FcγRIIIa expression was associated with improved clinical response and depletion in vivo. Furthermore, disease status and concomitant therapies impacted both NK-cell FcγRIIIa expression and ADCC. INTERPRETATION FcγRIIIa is the major low affinity FcγR associated with rituximab response. Increased copies of the FCGR3A-158V allele (higher affinity for IgG1), influences clinical and biological responses to rituximab in autoimmunity. Enhancing FcγR-effector functions could improve the next generation of CD20-depleting therapies and genotyping may stratify patients for optimal treatment protocols. FUNDING Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Versus Arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Robinson
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Vinny Davies
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dawn Wild
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Michael Morgan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John C Taylor
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Yasser El-Sherbiny
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Andy C Rawstron
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Maya H Buch
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Darren Plant
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Paul Emery
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; NIHR Leeds Medtech and In vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Edward M Vital
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Ann W Morgan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; NIHR Leeds Medtech and In vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
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Yusof MYM, Robinson JI, Davies V, Wild D, Morgan M, Taylor JC, El-Sherbiny Y, Morris DL, Liu L, Rawstron AC, Buch MH, Plant D, Cordell H, Isaacs JD, Bruce IN, Emery P, Barton A, Vyse TJ, Barrett JH, Vital EM, Morgan AW. OA13 Comprehensive genetic and functional analyses of Fc gamma receptors explain response to rituximab therapy for autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac132.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Aims
Rituximab is widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but clinical response varies. Efficacy is determined by the efficiency of depletion, which may depend on a variety of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-dependent mechanisms. Previous research was limited by complexity of the FCGR locus, not integrating copy number variation with functional SNP, and small sample size. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of the full range of FcγRs variants on depletion, clinical response and functional effect on NK-cell-mediated killing in two rheumatic diseases with a view to personalised B-cell depleting therapies.
Methods
A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 873 patients (RA = 611; SLE=262) from four cohorts (BSRBR-RA, BILAG-BR, Leeds RA and Leeds SLE Biologics). For RA, the outcome measures were 3C-DAS28CRP and 2C-DAS28CRP at 6 (+/-3) months post-rituximab (adjusted for baseline DAS28). For SLE, major clinical response (MCR) was defined as improvement of active BILAG-2004 domains to grade C/better at 6 months. B-cell depletion was evaluated by highly-sensitive flow cytometry. Qualitative and quantitative polymorphisms for five major FcγRs were measured using a commercial multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Median NK cell FcγRIIIa expression (CD3-CD56+CD16+) and NK-cell degranulation (CD107a) in the presence of rituximab-coated Daudi/Raji B-cell lines were assessed using flow cytometry.
Results
In RA, for FCGR3A, carriage of V allele (coefficient -0.25 [SE 0.11]; p = 0.02) and increased copies of V allele (-0.20 [0.09]; p = 0.02) were associated with better 2C-DAS28 response. Irrespective of FCGR3A genotype, increased gene copies were associated with a better response. In SLE, 177/262 (67.6%) achieved BILAG response (MCR=34.4%; Partial=33.2%). MCR was associated with increased copies of FCGR3A-158V allele, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.12-2.41) and FCGR2C-ORF allele 1.93 (1.09-3.40). Of patients with B-cells data in the combined cohort, 236/413 (57%) achieved complete depletion post-rituximab. Only homozygosity for V allele and higher copies of FCGR3A V allele were associated with increased odds of depletion. Patients with complete depletion had higher NK cell FcγRIIIa expression at rituximab initiation than those with incomplete depletion (p = 0.04) and this higher expression was associated with improved EULAR response in RA. Moreover, for FCGR3A, degranulation activity was increased in V allele carriers vs FF genotype in the combined cohort; p = 0.02.
Conclusion
FcγRIIIa is the major low affinity FcγR and increased copies of the FCGR3A-158V allele, encoding the allotype with a higher affinity for IgG1, was associated with clinical and biological responses to rituximab in two autoimmune diseases. This was supported by functional data on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In SLE, increased copies of the FCGR2C-ORF allele was also associated with improved response. Our findings indicate that enhancing FcγR-effector functions could improve the next generation of CD20-depleting therapies and genotyping could stratify patients for optimal treatment protocols.
Disclosure
M. Md Yusof: None. J. Robinson: None. V. Davies: None. D. Wild: None. M. Morgan: None. J. Taylor: None. Y. El-Sherbiny: None. D. Morris: None. L. Liu: None. A. Rawstron: None. M. Buch: None. D. Plant: None. H. Cordell: None. J. Isaacs: None. I. Bruce: None. P. Emery: Grants/research support; PE has received consultancy fees and funding for research from Roche within the last 3 years. A. Barton: None. T. Vyse: None. J. Barrett: None. E. Vital: Grants/research support; EMV has received consultancy fees and funding for research from Roche within the last 3 years. A. Morgan: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - James I Robinson
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Vinny Davies
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Dawn Wild
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Michael Morgan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - John C Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Yasser El-Sherbiny
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andy C Rawstron
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Maya H Buch
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Darren Plant
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Heather Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Anne Barton
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Edward M Vital
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ann W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
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Baxter EW, Graham AE, Re NA, Carr IM, Robinson JI, Mackie SL, Morgan AW. Standardized protocols for differentiation of THP-1 cells to macrophages with distinct M(IFNγ+LPS), M(IL-4) and M(IL-10) phenotypes. J Immunol Methods 2020; 478:112721. [PMID: 32033786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of differing macrophage functions are useful since human monocyte-derived macrophages are short-lived, finite and vary from donor to donor. Published protocols using the promonocytic cell line THP-1 have tended to result in cells that closely resemble classically-activated macrophages, differentiated in IFNγ and LPS. However, no protocol, to date, has fully recapitulated polarization of THP-1 to the M(IL-4) or M(IL-10) macrophage phenotypes seen when human monocyte-derived macrophages are exposed to each cytokine. Here we present protocols that can be used to prepare M(IL-4) polarized THP-1 that transcribe CCL17, CCL26, CD200R and MRC1 and M(IL-10) cells which transcribe CD163, C1QA and SEPP1. We show that the inhibitory Fcγ Receptor IIb is preferentially expressed on the surface of M(IL-4) cells, altering the balance of activating to inhibitory Fcγ Receptors. Adoption of standardized experimental conditions for macrophage polarization will make it easier to compare downstream effector functions of different macrophage polarization states, where the impact of PMA exposure is minimized and rest periods and cytokine exposure have been optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Baxter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - A E Graham
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - N A Re
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - I M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J I Robinson
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - S L Mackie
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
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Carmona FD, Vaglio A, Mackie SL, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Monach PA, Castañeda S, Solans R, Morado IC, Narváez J, Ramentol-Sintas M, Pease CT, Dasgupta B, Watts R, Khalidi N, Langford CA, Ytterberg S, Boiardi L, Beretta L, Govoni M, Emmi G, Bonatti F, Cimmino MA, Witte T, Neumann T, Holle J, Schönau V, Sailler L, Papo T, Haroche J, Mahr A, Mouthon L, Molberg Ø, Diamantopoulos AP, Voskuyl A, Brouwer E, Daikeler T, Berger CT, Molloy ES, O’Neill L, Blockmans D, Lie BA, Mclaren P, Vyse TJ, Wijmenga C, Allanore Y, Koeleman BP, Barrett JH, Cid MC, Salvarani C, Merkel PA, Morgan AW, González-Gay MA, Martín J, Callejas JL, Caminal-Montero L, Corbera-Bellalta M, de Miguel E, López JBD, García-Villanueva MJ, Gómez-Vaquero C, Guijarro-Rojas M, Hidalgo-Conde A, Marí-Alfonso B, Berriochoa AM, Zapico AM, Martínez-Taboada VM, Miranda-Filloy JA, Monfort J, Ortego-Centeno N, Pérez-Conesa M, Prieto-González S, Raya E, Fernández RR, Sánchez-Martín J, Sopeña B, Tío L, Unzurrunzaga A, Gough A, Isaacs JD, Green M, McHugh N, Hordon L, Kamath S, Nisar M, Patel Y, Yee CS, Stevens R, Nandi P, Nandagudi A, Jarrett S, Li C, Levy S, Mollan S, Salih A, Wordsworth O, Sanders E, Roads E, Gill A, Carr L, Routledge C, Culfear K, Nugaliyadde A, James L, Spimpolo J, Kempa A, Mackenzie F, Fong R, Peters G, Rowbotham B, Masqood Z, Hollywood J, Gondo P, Wood R, Martin S, Rashid LH, Robinson JI, Morgan M, Sorensen L, Taylor J, Carette S, Chung S, Cuthbertson D, Forbess LJ, Gewurz-Singer O, Hoffman GS, Koening CL, Maksimowicz-McKinnon KM, McAlear CA, Moreland LW, Pagnoux C, Seo P, Specks U, Spiera RF, Sreih A, Warrington KJ, Weisman M. A Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Risk Alleles in Plasminogen and P4HA2 Associated with Giant Cell Arteritis. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:64-74. [PMID: 28041642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common form of vasculitis in individuals older than 50 years in Western countries. To shed light onto the genetic background influencing susceptibility for GCA, we performed a genome-wide association screening in a well-powered study cohort. After imputation, 1,844,133 genetic variants were analyzed in 2,134 case subjects and 9,125 unaffected individuals from ten independent populations of European ancestry. Our data confirmed HLA class II as the strongest associated region (independent signals: rs9268905, p = 1.94 × 10-54, per-allele OR = 1.79; and rs9275592, p = 1.14 × 10-40, OR = 2.08). Additionally, PLG and P4HA2 were identified as GCA risk genes at the genome-wide level of significance (rs4252134, p = 1.23 × 10-10, OR = 1.28; and rs128738, p = 4.60 × 10-9, OR = 1.32, respectively). Interestingly, we observed that the association peaks overlapped with different regulatory elements related to cell types and tissues involved in the pathophysiology of GCA. PLG and P4HA2 are involved in vascular remodelling and angiogenesis, suggesting a high relevance of these processes for the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this type of vasculitis.
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Baxter EW, Robinson JI, Tomlinson DC, Foster RJ, Owen RL, Win SJ, Nettleship JE, Tiede C, Kankanala J, Owens RJ, Fishwick CWG, McPherson MJ, Morgan AW. A7.08 Novel agents for blocking the interaction of immune complexes with the activatory FCγRIIIA receptor. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209124.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Robinson JI, Taylor JC, Foy E, Vyse T, Cooper R, Chinoy H, Lamb J, Barton A, Martin J, Sawalha AH, Wilson AG, Barrett JH, Morgan AW. A6.17 FCGR2Aassociation with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209124.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Morgan MD, Al-Shaarawy N, Martin S, Robinson JI, Twigg S, Magdy AA, Omar AS, Ghattas MH, Emery P, Barrett JH, Morgan AW. MTHFR functional genetic variation and methotrexate treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:467-75. [PMID: 24624914 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To date, functional MTHFR SNPs have been tested for their impact on low-dose methotrexate (MTX) response in small rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohorts. We sought to test their effect in the single largest cohort studied to date, and undertook a meta-analysis utilizing stringent study inclusion criteria. Materials & methods: RA patients treated with MTX monotherapy from the Yorkshire Early Arthritis Register (YEAR) were genotyped using RFLP assays, and tested for association with treatment efficacy. Studies for meta-analysis were screened by a set of stringent inclusion criteria. Results & conclusion: rs1801131 and rs1801133 were not associated with response to MTX in the YEAR cohort, nor did they affect the probability of achieving a low disease activity state. A meta-analysis of comparable studies found no association with these SNPs. MTHFR SNPs rs1801131 and rs1801133 are unlikely to have a clinically meaningful effect on the first 6 months of MTX treatment in early RA. Original submitted 30 May 2013; Revision submitted 20 November 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nashwa Al-Shaarawy
- Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Steve Martin
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - James I Robinson
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sarah Twigg
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Awadalla A Magdy
- Rheumatology & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aziza Sayed Omar
- Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Maivel H Ghattas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, UK
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies & Pathology, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Ann W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, UK
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Mathews RJ, Robinson JI, Battellino M, Wong C, Taylor JC, Eyre S, Churchman SM, Wilson AG, Isaacs JD, Hyrich K, Barton A, Plant D, Savic S, Cook GP, Sarzi-Puttini P, Emery P, Barrett JH, Morgan AW, McDermott MF. Evidence of NLRP3-inflammasome activation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); genetic variants within the NLRP3-inflammasome complex in relation to susceptibility to RA and response to anti-TNF treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:1202-10. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Owen RL, Axford D, Nettleship JE, Owens RJ, Robinson JI, Morgan AW, Doré AS, Lebon G, Tate CG, Fry EE, Ren J, Stuart DI, Evans G. Outrunning free radicals in room-temperature macromolecular crystallography. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2012; 68:810-8. [PMID: 22751666 PMCID: PMC4791751 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912012553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A significant increase in the lifetime of room-temperature macromolecular crystals is reported through the use of a high-brilliance X-ray beam, reduced exposure times and a fast-readout detector. This is attributed to the ability to collect diffraction data before hydroxyl radicals can propagate through the crystal, fatally disrupting the lattice. Hydroxyl radicals are shown to be trapped in amorphous solutions at 100 K. The trend in crystal lifetime was observed in crystals of a soluble protein (immunoglobulin γ Fc receptor IIIa), a virus (bovine enterovirus serotype 2) and a membrane protein (human A(2A) adenosine G-protein coupled receptor). The observation of a similar effect in all three systems provides clear evidence for a common optimal strategy for room-temperature data collection and will inform the design of future synchrotron beamlines and detectors for macromolecular crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England.
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Axford D, Owen RL, Aishima J, Foadi J, Morgan AW, Robinson JI, Nettleship JE, Owens RJ, Moraes I, Fry EE, Grimes JM, Harlos K, Kotecha A, Ren J, Sutton G, Walter TS, Stuart DI, Evans G. In situ macromolecular crystallography using microbeams. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2012; 68:592-600. [PMID: 22525757 PMCID: PMC4791750 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912006749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in high-throughput methods in macromolecular crystallography, the production of diffraction-quality crystals remains a major bottleneck. By recording diffraction in situ from crystals in their crystallization plates at room temperature, a number of problems associated with crystal handling and cryoprotection can be side-stepped. Using a dedicated goniometer installed on the microfocus macromolecular crystallography beamline I24 at Diamond Light Source, crystals have been studied in situ with an intense and flexible microfocus beam, allowing weakly diffracting samples to be assessed without a manual crystal-handling step but with good signal to noise, despite the background scatter from the plate. A number of case studies are reported: the structure solution of bovine enterovirus 2, crystallization screening of membrane proteins and complexes, and structure solution from crystallization hits produced via a high-throughput pipeline. These demonstrate the potential for in situ data collection and structure solution with microbeams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Axford
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - Robin L. Owen
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - Jun Aishima
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - James Foadi
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Ann W. Morgan
- NIHR–Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit and Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7FT, England
| | - James I. Robinson
- NIHR–Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit and Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7FT, England
| | - Joanne E. Nettleship
- OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory R92, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory R92, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - Isabel Moraes
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Geoff Sutton
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Thomas S. Walter
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - David I. Stuart
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Gwyndaf Evans
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
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Robinson JI, Carr IM, Cooper DL, Rashid LH, Martin SG, Emery P, Isaacs JD, Barton A, Wilson AG, Barrett JH, Morgan AW. Confirmation of association of FCGR3B but not FCGR3A copy number with susceptibility to autoantibody positive rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:741-9. [PMID: 22290871 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The FCGR locus encoding the low-affinity Fcγ receptors (FcγR) for immunoglobulin G has largely been missed by genome-wide association studies due to complications with structural variation and segmental duplication. Recently identified copy number variants (CNVs) affecting FCGR3A and FCGR3B have been linked to a number of autoimmune disorders. We have developed and validated a novel quantitative sequence variant assay in combination with an adapted paralogue ratio test to examine independent CNVs carrying FCGR3A and FCGR3B in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with healthy volunteers (n = 1,115 and 654, respectively). Implementation of a robust statistical analysis framework (CNVtools) allowed for systematic batch effects and for the inherent uncertainty of copy number assignment, thus avoiding two major sources of false positive results. Evidence for association with neither duplications nor deletions of FCGR3A was found; however, in line with previous studies, there was evidence of overrepresentation of FCGR3B deletions in RA (odds ratio [OR] 1.50, P = 0.028), which was more apparent in rheumatoid factor positive disease (OR 1.61, P = 0.011). The level of FcγRIIIb, encoded by FCGR3B, expression on neutrophils was shown to correlate with gene copy number. Thus, our results may highlight an important role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of RA, potentially through reduced FcγRIIIb-mediated immune complex clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Robinson
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit and Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Cooper DL, Martin SG, Robinson JI, Mackie SL, Charles CJ, Nam J, Consortium YEAR, Isaacs JD, Emery P, Morgan AW. FcγRIIIa expression on monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: role in immune-complex stimulated TNF production and non-response to methotrexate therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28918. [PMID: 22235253 PMCID: PMC3250404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression of FcγRIIIa/CD16 may render monocytes targets for activation by IgG-containing immune complexes (IC). We investigated whether FcγRIIIa/CD16 was upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), associated with TNF production in response to IC-stimulation, and if this predicted response to methotrexate therapy. METHODS FcγRIIIa/CD16 expression on CD14(low) and CD14++ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry in healthy controls and RA patients (early and long-standing disease). Intracellular TNF-staining was carried out after in vitro LPS or heat-aggregated immunoglobulin (HAG) activation. FcγRIIIa/CD16 expression pre- and post-steroid/methotrexate treatment was examined. RESULTS Increased FcγRIIIa/CD16 expression on CD14++ monocytes in long-standing RA patients compared to controls was demonstrated (p = 0.002) with intermediate levels in early-RA patients. HAG-induced TNF-production in RA patients was correlated with the percentage of CD14++ monocytes expressing FcγRIIIa/CD16 (p<0.001). The percentage of CD14++ monocytes expressing FcγRIIIa/CD16 at baseline in early DMARD-naïve RA patients was negatively correlated with DAS28-ESR improvement 14-weeks post-methotrexate therapy (p = 0.003) and was significantly increased in EULAR non-responders compared to moderate (p = 0.01) or good responders (p = 0.003). FcγRIIIa/CD16 expression was not correlated with age, presence of systemic inflammation or autoantibody titers. CONCLUSION Increased FcγRIIIa/CD16 expression on CD14++ monocytes in RA may result in a cell that has increased responsiveness to IC-stimulation. This monocyte subset may contribute to non-response to methotrexate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L. Cooper
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Martin
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Robinson
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Mackie
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Charles
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Nam
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - John D. Isaacs
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Emery
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ann W. Morgan
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Coulthard LR, Taylor JC, Eyre S, Robinson JI, Wilson AG, Isaacs JD, Hyrich K, Emery P, Barton A, Barrett JH, Morgan AW, McDermott MF. Genetic variants within the MAP kinase signalling network and anti-TNF treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 70:98-103. [PMID: 20805296 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.133249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) does not always respond to available treatments, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. A study was undertaken to investigate whether genetic variation within genes, encoding proteins in the p38 signalling network, contributes to the variable response to TNF antagonists. METHODS 1102 UK Caucasian patients with RA receiving anti-TNF therapy (infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept) were genotyped for 38 pairwise-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 12 candidate genes from the p38 network. Regression analyses were performed to test association between genotype and treatment response at 6 months using both absolute change in DAS28 (Disease Activity Score across 28 joints) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) improvement criteria. Stratified analyses were performed to investigate association with individual therapies. RESULTS Seven SNPs, in five genes, were associated with improvement in DAS28 at 6 months at a nominal 0.1 significance level, jointly explaining 3% of variance in outcome in a model adjusting for other predictors. These encoded proteins both upstream (MKK6) and downstream (MAPKAPK2, MSK1, MSK2) of p38, and MAPK14, the p38-α isoform of p38 MAPK. One SNP (rs2716191 in MAP2K6) was associated with EULAR response at the 0.1 level. SNPs generally showed greater correlation with response to infliximab and adalimumab, but not to etanercept. CONCLUSIONS More SNPs than would be expected by chance, mapping to the p38 signalling network, showed association with the anti-TNF response as a whole, and particularly with the response to infliximab and adalimumab. Validation of these findings in independent cohorts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Coulthard
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Morgan AW, Robinson JI, Conaghan PG, Martin SG, Hensor EMA, Morgan MD, Steiner L, Erlich HA, Gooi HC, Barton A, Worthington J, Emery P. Evaluation of the rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, OLIG3/TNFAIP3, STAT4 and TRAF1/C5 in an inception cohort. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R57. [PMID: 20353580 PMCID: PMC2888207 DOI: 10.1186/ar2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated five confirmed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility genes/loci (HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, STAT4, OLIG3/TNFAIP3 and TRAF1/C5) for association with susceptibility and severity in an inception cohort. METHODS The magnitude of association for each genotype was assessed in 1,046 RA subjects from the Yorkshire Early RA cohort and in 5,968 healthy UK controls. Additional exploratory subanalyses were undertaken in subgroups defined by autoantibody status (rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) or disease severity (baseline articular erosions, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score and swollen joint count (SJC)). RESULTS In the total RA inception cohort, the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (per-allele odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, trend P < 0.0001), PTPN22 (per-allele OR = 1.5, trend P < 0.0001), OLIG3/TNFAIP3 locus (per-allele OR = 1.2, trend P = 0.009) and TRAF1/C5 locus (per-allele OR = 1.1, trend P = 0.04) were associated with RA. The magnitude of association for these loci was increased in those patients who were autoantibody-positive. PTPN22 was associated with autoantibody-negative RA (per-allele OR = 1.3, trend P = 0.04). There was no evidence of association between these five genetic loci and baseline erosions or SJC in the total RA cohort, after adjustment for symptom duration. TRAF1/C5 was significantly associated with baseline HAQ, however, following adjustment for symptom duration (P trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the mounting evidence that different genetic loci are associated with autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative RA, possibly suggesting that many of the genes identified to date are associated with autoantibody production. Additional studies with a specific focus on autoantibody-negative RA will be needed to identify the genes predisposing to this RA subgroup. The TRAF1/C5 locus in particular warrants further investigation in RA as a potential disease severity locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Morgan
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - James I Robinson
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Stephen G Martin
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth MA Hensor
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Michael D Morgan
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Lori Steiner
- Roche Molecular Systems, 4300 Hacienda Drive, Pleasanton, CA 94588-8566, USA
| | - Henry A Erlich
- Roche Molecular Systems, 4300 Hacienda Drive, Pleasanton, CA 94588-8566, USA
| | - Hock-Chye Gooi
- Clinical Immunology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS97TF, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- arc-Epidemiology Unit, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jane Worthington
- arc-Epidemiology Unit, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul Emery
- NIHR - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
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Carr IM, Robinson JI, Dimitriou R, Markham AF, Morgan AW, Bonthron DT. Inferring relative proportions of DNA variants from sequencing electropherograms. Bioinformatics 2009; 25:3244-50. [PMID: 19819885 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Robinson JI, Barrett JH, Taylor JC, Naven M, Corscadden D, Barton A, Wilson AG, Emery P, Isaacs JD, Morgan AW. Dissection of the FCGR3A association with RA: increased association in men and with autoantibody positive disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 69:1054-7. [PMID: 19700393 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.110874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association studies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have failed to examine the FCGR gene cluster because of the confounding effects of segmental duplication. This study aimed to replicate previous candidate gene studies that had identified a significant association between the FCGR3A-158V allele and RA and then sought to estimate specific subgroup effects. METHODS FCGR3A-158F/V genotyping was undertaken in a UK Caucasian replication cohort comprising 2049 patients with RA and 1156 controls. Subgroup analyses assessing the magnitude of association according to gender and autoantibody (rheumatoid factor (RF) and cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)) status were undertaken in a pooled cohort of 2963 patients with RA and 1731 controls. Logistic regression was used to test for interaction between FCGR3A and HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles. RESULTS In the combined RA cohort, borderline association with homozygosity was found for the FCGR3A-158V allele (OR 1.2, p=0.05), which was stronger in men (OR 1.7, p=0.01). Stratification by autoantibody status showed an increased risk in RF and CCP positive RA. Analysis of the FCGR3A-158V and HLA-DRB1 SE interaction revealed roles for both genes in susceptibility to autoantibody positive RA, with no evidence of interaction. CONCLUSIONS FCGR3A is a risk factor for the development of autoantibody positive RA, particularly in men, with evidence of a multiplicative effect with HLA-DRB1 SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Robinson
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Willcocks LC, Lyons PA, Clatworthy MR, Robinson JI, Yang W, Newland SA, Plagnol V, McGovern NN, Condliffe AM, Chilvers ER, Adu D, Jolly EC, Watts R, Lau YL, Morgan AW, Nash G, Smith KGC. Copy number of FCGR3B, which is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, correlates with protein expression and immune complex uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1573-82. [PMID: 18559452 PMCID: PMC2442635 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Copy number (CN) variation (CNV) has been shown to be common in regions of the genome coding for immune-related genes, and thus impacts upon polygenic autoimmunity. Low CN of FCGR3B has recently been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). FcγRIIIb is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked, low affinity receptor for IgG found predominantly on human neutrophils. We present novel data demonstrating that both in a family with FcγRIIIb-deficiency and in the normal population, FCGR3B CNV correlates with protein expression, with neutrophil uptake of and adherence to immune complexes, and with soluble serum FcγRIIIb. Reduced FcγRIIIb expression is thus likely to contribute to the impaired clearance of immune complexes, which is a feature of SLE, explaining the association between low FCGR3B CNV and SLE that we have confirmed in a Caucasian population. In contrast, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated systemic vasculitis (AASV), a disease not associated with immune complex deposition, is associated with high FCGR3B CN. Thus, we define a role for FCGR3B CNV in immune complex clearance, a function that may explain why low FCGR3B CNV is associated with SLE, but not AASV. This is the first report of an association between disease-related gene CNV and variation in protein expression and function that may contribute to autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Willcocks
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY, England, UK
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Coates PJ, Robinson JI, Lorimore SA, Wright EG. Ongoing activation of p53 pathway responses is a long-term consequence of radiation exposure in vivo and associates with altered macrophage activities. J Pathol 2008; 214:610-6. [PMID: 18266203 DOI: 10.1002/path.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The major adverse consequences of radiation exposure, including the initiation of leukaemia and other malignancies, are generally attributed to effects in the cell nucleus at the time of irradiation. However, genomic damage as a longer term consequence of radiation exposure has more recently been demonstrated due to untargeted radiation effects including delayed chromosomal instability and bystander effects. These processes, mainly studied in vitro, are characterized by un-irradiated cells demonstrating effects as though they themselves had been irradiated and have been associated with altered oxidative processes. To investigate the potential for these untargeted effects of radiation to produce delayed damaging events in vivo, we studied a well-characterized model of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia in CBA/Ca mice. Haemopoietic tissues of irradiated CBA/Ca mice exhibit enhanced levels of p53 stabilization, increased levels of p21(waf1), and increased amounts of apoptosis, as expected, in the first few hours post-irradiation, but also at much later times: weeks and months after the initial exposure. Because these responses are seen in cells that were not themselves directly irradiated but are the descendants of irradiated cells, the data are consistent with an initial radiation exposure leading to persistently increased levels of ongoing DNA damage, analogous to radiation-induced chromosomal instability. To investigate the potential source of ongoing oxidative processes, we show increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker of damaging nitrogen/oxygen species in macrophages. Not all animals show increased oxidative activity or p53 responses as long-term consequences of irradiation, but increased levels of p53, p21, and apoptosis are directly correlated with increased 3-nitrotyrosine in individual mice post-irradiation. The data implicate persistent activation of inflammatory-type responses in irradiated tissues as a contributory bystander mechanism for causing delayed DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Coates
- Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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Morgan AW, Keyte VH, Babbage SJ, Robinson JI, Ponchel F, Barrett JH, Bhakta BB, Bingham SJ, Buch MH, Conaghan PG, Gough A, Green M, Lawson CA, Pease CT, Markham AF, Ollier WER, Emery P, Worthington J, Isaacs JD. FcgammaRIIIA-158V and rheumatoid arthritis: a confirmation study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42:528-33. [PMID: 12649399 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a robust assay for genotyping the FcgammaRIIIA-158V/F polymorphism and to confirm the putative association between the FcgammaRIIIA-158V allele and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS This allelic association study examined the FcgammaRIIIA-158V/F polymorphism for association with RA. A novel single-stranded conformational polymorphism assay was used to genotype 828 RA patients and 581 controls from the UK. RESULTS The FcgammaRIIIA-158V allele was associated with both RA (P=0.02) and nodules (P=0.04). Individuals homozygous for this higher affinity allele had a significantly increased risk of RA (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08-2.18) and the development of nodules (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.20-4.01). There was no evidence of an interaction with the shared epitope. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel assay to genotype the FcgammaRIIIA-158F/V polymorphism and confirmed that homozygosity for the FcgammaRIIIA-158V allele is associated with UK Caucasian RA, particularly in those individuals with nodules, suggesting FcgammaRIIIA may play a role in determining disease severity or in the development of nodules per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Morgan
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK.
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Robinson JI, Crane CE, King JM, Scarce DI, Hoffmann CE. The South Australian Breast X-Ray Service: results from a statewide mammographic screening programme. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:837-42. [PMID: 8611391 PMCID: PMC2074372 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The South Australian Breast X-Ray Service is a centralised breast cancer screening programme in the State of South Australia. In its first 5 years of operation nearly 100 000 screens were performed. This study reports the clinical performance of the programme and compares it with other published series. Women aged 40 years and over were screened with two-view mammography every 2 years. Radiologists double-read the screening films and multidisciplinary teams assessed the recalled women at a single centre. In the prevalent round 76 106 women were screened, and subsequently 21 506 of them were rescreened. The recall rate for further investigation was 4.9% in the prevalent round and 2.4% in the incident rounds. The cancer detection rate per 1000 women was 7.0 in the prevalent screening round and 3.4 in the incident rounds. Forty-two per cent of invasive carcinomas measured < or = 10 mm in the prevalent screening round and the median tumour size was 12 mm. The benign to malignant biopsy ratio was 1:1.4 in the prevalent round and 1:2.8 in the incident rounds. In the prevalent round 77% of invasive tumours were lymph node negative and this proportion increased to 86% in the incident rounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Robinson
- South Australian Breast X-Ray Service, Wayville, Australia
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Robinson JI. Regimen for the Sick Patient. Can Vet J 1961; 2:178. [PMID: 17421347 PMCID: PMC1585694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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