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Reissmann B, Wenzel JP, Lemoine MD, Rottner L, My I, Moser F, Obergassel J, Nies M, Rieß J, Ismaili D, Nikorowitsch J, Kirchhof P, Rillig A, Metzner A, Ouyang F. Reply to the Editor- Anterior mitral line and pulsed field ablation: Different energy source, similar results? Heart Rhythm 2024:S1547-5271(24)00358-8. [PMID: 38521383 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Reissmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan-Per Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc D Lemoine
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Rottner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria My
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Moser
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Obergassel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Nies
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rieß
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Djemail Ismaili
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Nikorowitsch
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Rillig
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Metzner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Feifan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Wenzel JP, Lemoine MD, Rottner L, My I, Moser F, Obergassel J, Nies M, Rieß J, Ismaili D, Nikorowitsch J, Ouyang F, Kirchhof P, Rillig A, Metzner A, Reissmann B. Repeat pulmonary vein isolation and anterior line ablation using a novel point-by-point pulsed-field ablation system. Heart Rhythm 2024; 21:250-257. [PMID: 38036235 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a nonthermal energy source for ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. This study investigated the prospective outcomes of a novel PFA generator in conjunction with a commercially available, contact force-sensing, focal ablation catheter. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, safety, and lesion characteristics of point-by-point PFA in consecutive patients undergoing repeat ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS The study involved reisolation of pulmonary veins (PVs) with electrical reconnection and the creation of an anterior line (AL) in patients with anterior substrate or durable pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). RESULTS In 24 patients (46% female; mean age 67 ± 10 years; 67% persistent AF), successful reisolation of 27 of 27 reconnected PVs (100%) was performed. In 19 patients, AL ablation was performed, with bidirectional block in 16 (84%), median ablation time 26 [21, 33] minutes, and first-pass bidirectional block in 13 patients (68%). Acute AL reconduction occurred in 8 of 19 patients (42%). Among these 8 patients, a subsequent sustained block of the AL was achieved in 5 (63%). Ultra-high-density electroanatomic mapping revealed homogeneous but relatively large low-voltage areas in the ablated regions. Median procedural, left atrial dwell, and fluoroscopy times were 100 [90, 109] minutes, 83 [75, 98] minutes, and 10 [8, 13] minutes, respectively. No major or minor complications occurred. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated feasibility, acute efficacy, and safety of point-by-point PFA for repeat PVI and AL ablation. Further studies are warranted to assess the long-term durability and comparison with established ablation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Per Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc D Lemoine
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Rottner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria My
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Moser
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Obergassel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Nies
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rieß
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Djemail Ismaili
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Nikorowitsch
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Feifan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Rillig
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Metzner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Reissmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany.
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Wenzel JP, Lemoine MD, Rottner L, My I, Moser F, Obergassel J, Nies M, Rieß J, Ismaili D, Nikorowitsch J, Ouyang F, Kirchhof P, Rillig A, Metzner A, Reissmann B. Nonthermal Point-by-Point Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using a Novel Pulsed Field Ablation System. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2023; 16:e012093. [PMID: 37638409 DOI: 10.1161/circep.123.012093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Per Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Marc D Lemoine
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Laura Rottner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Ilaria My
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Fabian Moser
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Julius Obergassel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Moritz Nies
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Jan Rieß
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Djemail Ismaili
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Julius Nikorowitsch
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Feifan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.K.)
| | - Andreas Rillig
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Andreas Metzner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
| | - Bruno Reissmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., F.O., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany (J.-P.W., M.D.L., L.R., I.M., F.M., J.O., M.N., J.R., D.I., J.N., P.K., A.R., A.M., B.R.)
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Helfen A, Rieß J, Fehler O, Stölting M, An Z, Kocman V, Schnepel A, Geyer C, Gerwing M, Masthoff M, Vogl T, Höltke C, Roth J, Ng T, Wildgruber M, Eisenblätter M. In vivo imaging of microenvironmental and anti-PD-L1-mediated dynamics in cancer using S100A8/S100A9 as an imaging biomarker. Neoplasia 2022; 28:100792. [PMID: 35367789 PMCID: PMC8983428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a promotor of tumor invasion and tumor microenvironment (TME) formation, the protein complex S100A8/S100A9 is associated with poor prognosis. Our aim was to further evaluate its origin and regulatory effects, and to establish an imaging biomarker for TME activity. METHODS S100A9-/-cells (ko) were created from syngeneic murine breast cancer 4T1 (high malignancy) and 67NR (low malignancy) wildtype (wt) cell lines and implanted into either female BALB/c wildtype or S100A9-/- mice (n = 10 each). Anti-S100A9-Cy5.5-targeted fluorescence reflectance imaging was performed at 0 h and 24 h after injection. Potential early changes of S100A9-presence under immune checkpoint inhibition (anti-PD-L1, n = 7 vs. rat IgG2b as isotype control, n = 3) were evaluated. RESULTS In S100A9-/-mice contrast-to-noise-ratios were significantly reduced for wt and S100A9-/-tumors. No significant differences were detected for 4T1 ko and 67NR ko cells as compared to wildtype cells. Under anti-PD-L1 treatment S100A9 presence significantly decreased compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Our results confirm a secretion of S100A8/S100A9 by the TME, while tumor cells do not apparently release the protein. Under immune checkpoint inhibition S100A9-imaging reports an early decrease of TME activity. Therefore, S100A9-specific imaging may serve as an imaging biomarker for TME formation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Helfen
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Jan Rieß
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Olesja Fehler
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Miriam Stölting
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Zhengwen An
- The CRUK City of London Cancer Centre, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Vanessa Kocman
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Annika Schnepel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christiane Geyer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Mirjam Gerwing
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Max Masthoff
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Höltke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Tony Ng
- The CRUK City of London Cancer Centre, SE1 9RT London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, SE1 9RT London, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King´s College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; Department for Radiology, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Eisenblätter
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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