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Rousar T, Handl J, Capek J, Nyvltova P, Rousarova E, Kubat M, Smid L, Vanova J, Malinak D, Musilek K, Cesla P. Cysteine conjugates of acetaminophen and p-aminophenol are potent inducers of cellular impairment in human proximal tubular kidney HK-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2943-2954. [PMID: 37639014 PMCID: PMC10504157 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) belong among the most used analgesics and antipyretics. It is structurally derived from p-aminophenol (PAP), a potent inducer of kidney toxicity. Both compounds can be metabolized to oxidation products and conjugated with glutathione. The glutathione-conjugates can be cleaved to provide cysteine conjugates considered as generally nontoxic. The aim of the present report was to synthesize and to purify both APAP- and PAP-cysteine conjugates and, as the first study at all, to evaluate their biological effects in human kidney HK-2 cells in comparison to parent compounds. HK-2 cells were treated with tested compounds (0-1000 µM) for up to 24 h. Cell viability, glutathione levels, ROS production and mitochondrial function were determined. After 24 h, we found that both APAP- and PAP-cysteine conjugates (1 mM) were capable to induce harmful cellular damage observed as a decrease of glutathione levels to 10% and 0%, respectively, compared to control cells. In addition, we detected the disappearance of mitochondrial membrane potential in these cells. In the case of PAP-cysteine, the extent of cellular impairment was comparable to that induced by PAP at similar doses. On the other hand, 1 mM APAP-cysteine induced even larger damage of HK-2 cells compared to 1 mM APAP after 6 or 24 h. We conclude that cysteine conjugates with aminophenol are potent inducers of oxidative stress causing significant injury in kidney cells. Thus, the harmful effects cysteine-aminophenolic conjugates ought to be considered in the description of APAP or PAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rousar
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Handl
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Capek
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Nyvltova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Rousarova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kubat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Smid
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cesla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Vanova J, Malinak D, Andrys R, Kubat M, Mikysek T, Rousarova E, Musilek K, Rousar T, Cesla P. Optimization of Gradient Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Acetaminophen Oxidation Metabolites using Linear and Non-linear Retention Model. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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