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Kim HY, Ashim J, Park S, Kim W, Ji S, Lee SW, Jung YR, Jeong SW, Lee SG, Kim HC, Lee YJ, Kwon MK, Hwang JS, Shin JM, Lee SJ, Yu W, Park JK, Choi SK. A preliminary study about the potential risks of the UV-weathered microplastic: The proteome-level changes in the brain in response to polystyrene derived weathered microplastics. Environ Res 2023; 233:116411. [PMID: 37354929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of plastic materials has resulted in a constant increase in the risk associated with microplastics (MPs). Ultra-violet (UV) light and wind break down modify MPs in the environment into smaller particles known as weathered MPs (WMPs) and these processes increase the risk of MP toxicity. The neurotoxicity of weathered polystyrene-MPs remains unclear. Therefore, it is important to understand the risks posed by WMPs. We evaluated the chemical changes of WMPs generated under laboratory-synchronized environmentally mimetic conditions and compared them with virgin MPs (VMPs). We found that WMP had a rough surface, slight yellow color, reduced molecular weight, and structural alteration compared with those of VMP. Next, 2 μg of ∼100 μm in size of WMP and VMP were orally administered once a day for one week to C57BL/6 male mice. Proteomic analysis revealed that the WMP group had significantly increased activation of immune and neurodegeneration-related pathways compared with that of the VMP group. Consistently, in in vitro experiments, the human brain-derived microglial cell line (HMC-3) also exhibited a more severe inflammatory response to WMP than to VMP. These results show that WMP is a more profound inflammatory factor than VMP. In summary, our findings demonstrate the toxicity of WMPs and provide theoretical insights into their potential risks to biological systems and even humans in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Kim
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Janbolat Ashim
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Park
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wansoo Kim
- School of Life Science, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Ji
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Woo Lee
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Rang Jung
- Department of Companion Animal Health Management, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Jeong
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Guen Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kwon
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung Min Shin
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wookyung Yu
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Kyoon Choi
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HY, Lee SW, Choi SK, Ashim J, Kim W, Beak SM, Park JK, Han JE, Cho GJ, Ryoo ZY, Jeong J, Lee YH, Jeong H, Yu W, Park S. Veratramine Inhibits the Cell Cycle Progression, Migration, and Invasion via ATM/ATR Pathway in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer. Am J Chin Med 2023; 51:1309-1333. [PMID: 37385965 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2350060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men. Treatment of PC becomes difficult after progression because PC that used to be androgen-dependent becomes androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Veratramine, an alkaloid extracted from the root of the Veratrum genus, has recently been reported to have anticancer effects that work against various cancers; however, its anticancer effects and the underlying mechanism of action in PC remain unknown. We investigated the anticancer effects of veratramine on AIPC using PC3 and DU145 cell lines, as well as a xenograft mouse model. The antitumor effects of veratramine were evaluated using the CCK-8, anchorage-independent colony formation, trans-well, wound healing assays, and flow cytometry in AIPC cell lines. Microarray and proteomics analyses were performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes and proteins induced by veratramine in AIPC cells. A xenograft mouse model was used to confirm the therapeutic response and in vivo efficacy of veratramine. Veratramine dose dependently reduced the proliferation of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, veratramine treatment effectively suppressed the migration and invasion of PC cells. The immunoblot analysis revealed that veratramine significantly downregulated Cdk4/6 and cyclin D1 via the ATM/ATR and Akt pathways, both of which induce a DNA damage response that eventually leads to G1 phase arrest. In this study, we discovered that veratramine exerted antitumor effects on AIPC cells. We demonstrated that veratramine significantly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells via G0/G1 phase arrest induced by the ATM/ATR and Akt pathways. These results suggest that veratramine is a promising natural therapeutic agent for AIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Kim
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Woo Lee
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyoon Choi
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Janbolat Ashim
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wansoo Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Science, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Beak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Jae Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Science, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Jeong
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyohoon Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Yu
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Park
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kim W, Yeo DY, Choi SK, Kim HY, Lee SW, Ashim J, Han JE, Yu W, Jeong H, Park JK, Park S. NOLC1 knockdown suppresses prostate cancer progressions by reducing AKT phosphorylation and β-catenin accumulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ham D, Ahn D, Ashim J, Cho Y, Kim HR, Yu W, Chung KY. Conformational switch that induces GDP release from Gi. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107694. [PMID: 33418033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are composed of α, β, and γ subunits. Gα switches between guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound inactive and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound active states, and Gβγ interacts with the GDP-bound state. The GDP-binding regions are composed of two sites: the phosphate-binding and guanine-binding regions. The turnover of GDP and GTP is induced by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs), including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Ric8A, and GIV/Girdin. However, the key structural factors for stabilizing the GDP-bound state of G proteins and the direct structural event for GDP release remain unclear. In this study, we investigated structural factors affecting GDP release by introducing point mutations in selected, conserved residues in Gαi3. We examined the effects of these mutations on the GDP/GTP turnover rate and the overall conformation of Gαi3 as well as the binding free energy between Gαi3 and GDP. We found that dynamic changes in the phosphate-binding regions are an immediate factor for the release of GDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Ham
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Janbolat Ashim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ryung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Altantulga EA, Erdene L, Narmandakh A, Ashim J, Munkhuu B, Majigsuren Z, Batdorj B, Tudev GE. Isolation of Heavy Chain Antibodies from Camelus Bactrianus Serum. CAJMS 2020. [DOI: 10.24079/cajms.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enkh-Ariun Altantulga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Lkhagvamaa Erdene
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ariun Narmandakh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Biocomputation Group, School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Janbolat Ashim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayarjargal Munkhuu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Zolzaya Majigsuren
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathology of Young Animals, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batjargal Batdorj
- Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gan-Erdene Tudev
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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