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GeurtsvanKessel CH, Geers D, Schmitz KS, Mykytyn AZ, Lamers MM, Bogers S, Scherbeijn S, Gommers L, Sablerolles RS, Nieuwkoop NN, Rijsbergen LC, van Dijk LL, de Wilde J, Alblas K, Breugem TI, Rijnders BJ, de Jager H, Weiskopf D, van der Kuy PHM, Sette A, Koopmans MP, Grifoni A, Haagmans BL, de Vries RD. Divergent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-reactive T and B cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo2202. [PMID: 35113647 PMCID: PMC8939771 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is spreading rapidly, even in vaccinated individuals, raising concerns about immune escape. Here, we studied neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses targeting SARS-CoV-2 D614G [wild type (WT)] and the Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern in a cohort of 60 health care workers after immunization with ChAdOx-1 S, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, or BNT162b2. High binding antibody levels against WT SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) were detected 28 days after vaccination with both mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2), which substantially decreased after 6 months. In contrast, antibody levels were lower after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination but did not wane. Neutralization assays showed consistent cross-neutralization of the Beta and Delta variants, but neutralization of Omicron was significantly lower or absent. BNT162b2 booster vaccination after either two mRNA-1273 immunizations or Ad26.COV2 priming partially restored neutralization of the Omicron variant, but responses were still up to 17-fold decreased compared with WT. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detected up to 6 months after all vaccination regimens, with more consistent detection of specific CD4+ than CD8+ T cells. No significant differences were detected between WT- and variant-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cell responses, including Omicron, indicating minimal escape at the T cell level. This study shows that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, potentially balancing the lack of neutralizing antibodies in preventing or limiting severe COVID-19. Booster vaccinations are needed to further restore Omicron cross-neutralization by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daryl Geers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Z. Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Janet de Wilde
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Alblas
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim I. Breugem
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J.A. Rijnders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Herbert de Jager
- Department of Occupational Health Services, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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