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Atchley AL, Carr KE, Luong KMK, Evenhuis JV, Verstraete FJM. Dental and temporomandibular joint pathology of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). J Comp Pathol 2023; 207:33-44. [PMID: 37931466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Skulls from 305 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were examined using predefined criteria to assess for the presence and severity of dental and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology. Of the 305 specimens examined, 131 were male (42.9%), 103 were female (33.4%), 71 were of unknown sex (23.3%), 238 were adults (78.03%) and 67 were young adults (21.97%), with juveniles excluded from the study. Of a maximum of 12,810 possible teeth, 12,355 (96.5%) were present for examination, 72 (0.6%) were absent congenitally, 97 (0.8%) were acquired tooth loss and 280 (2.2%) were absent artefactually. Eight teeth (0.06%) in five specimens (1.6%) had abnormal tooth form and four (0.03%) supernumerary teeth were present across four (1.3%) specimens. Ten persistent deciduous teeth were present in seven (2.3%) specimens and six (0.05%) unerupted teeth were found in four (1.1%) specimens. Root number variation was present in 51 (0.4%) teeth, predominantly premolar teeth. Twenty-one (6.9%) specimens had lesions consistent with enamel hypoplasia and 42 (13.8%) showed root fenestrations in the maxillary alveolar bone. Periodontitis and attrition/abrasion were present in most specimens (56.7% and 96.1%, respectively). Three-hundred and eighty (3.1%) teeth were fractured, with the most common fracture type being root fractures. Eleven periapical lesions were found in nine (0.03%) specimens. Six-hundred and eight TMJs were evaluated and many specimens (11.5%) had evidence of low-grade TMJ osteoarthritis. Overall, these red foxes share similar dental pathology to other foxes, but had a higher prevalence of congenital tooth absence, persistent deciduous teeth, TMJ pathology and enamel hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Atchley
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine E Carr
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine M K Luong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janny V Evenhuis
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Ullal TV, Marks SL, Evenhuis JV, Figueroa ME, Pomerantz LK, Forsythe LR. Evaluation of gastroprotectant administration in hospitalized cats in a tertiary referral hospital. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231201769. [PMID: 37874311 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231201769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the prescription patterns and appropriateness of the use of gastroprotectant medication in cats. METHODS Pharmacy dispensation logs from an academic tertiary referral center were reviewed between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. Cats that were administered proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), sucralfate, misoprostol, antacids or a combination were included. Data regarding medication, dosage, formulation, duration of administration, completeness of discharge instructions and clinical rationales for administration were obtained from medical records. The appropriateness of gastroprotectant use was assessed according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement guidelines. RESULTS Of the 110 cases, 67 (60.9%) were prescribed a gastroprotectant medication without an appropriate indication. The most common reason for prescription was acute kidney injury in 26/67 (38.8%). PPIs were the most common gastroprotectant medication administered in 95/110 (86.3%) cats, followed by sucralfate in 18/110 (16.4%) and H2RAs in 11/110 (10%). Of the 35 cases in which gastroprotectant therapy was indicated, the medication chosen or dosage administered was considered suboptimal in 16 (45.7%). Instructions regarding the duration of administration, potential adverse effects and timing of administration in relation to meals or other medications were inconsistently provided in discharge instructions to pet owners. Of the 29 cases discharged with omeprazole, only 13 (44.8%) instructions included a duration of administration, while 6 (20.7%) recommended continuing gastroprotectants indefinitely until further notice, 16 (55.2%) discussed the timing of the administration in relation to a meal and six (20.7%) mentioned potential adverse effects; none advised tapering of omeprazole before discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE When prescribed, gastroprotectant medications were frequently prescribed injudiciously to cats in this referral population over a 12-month period. Discharge instructions to pet owners also often lacked information and recommendations regarding optimal administration, potential adverse effects, and tapering or discontinuation of the medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini V Ullal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janny V Evenhuis
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Monica E Figueroa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- VCA East Bay Veterinary Emergency Hospital, Antioch, CA, USA
| | - Leah K Pomerantz
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Lauren R Forsythe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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Evenhuis JV, Oates A, Hoyer N, Vilander AC, Thamm DH, Worley DR. A retrospective study of canine oral extramedullary plasmacytoma over a 15-year period (July 2004-July 2019): Treatment, histologic parameters and clinical outcomes. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:302-314. [PMID: 36808816 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A total of 45 cases of canine oral extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) presented to a tertiary referral institution over a 15-year period were examined. Histologic sections of 33 of these cases were examined for histopathologic prognostic indicators. Patients underwent variable treatment including surgical intervention, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Long term survival was observed in the majority of dogs with a median survival time of 973 days (2-4315 days). However, almost 1/3 of dogs had progression of plasma cell disease, including two cases with myeloma-like progression. Histologic characterization of these tumours did not reveal criteria to predict tumour malignancy. However, cases without tumour progression did not exceed 28 mitotic figures in ten 400× fields (2.37 mm2 ). All cases with tumour related death showed at least moderate nuclear atypia. Oral EMPs may represent a local manifestation of systemic plasma cell disease or singular focal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janny V Evenhuis
- James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Oates
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Naomi Hoyer
- James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Allison C Vilander
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglass H Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Deanna R Worley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Christie ALM, Lee MXY, Evenhuis JV, Rickert SS, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Dental and temporomandibular joint pathology of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). J Comp Pathol 2023; 200:23-34. [PMID: 36630854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Museum skull specimens from 318 island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria. The study population included males (n = 129, 40.6%), females (n = 93, 29.3%) and animals of unknown sex (n = 96, 30.2%), and comprised 182 (57.2%) adults, 118 (37.1%) young adults and 18 (5.7%) individuals of unknown age, with juveniles and neonates excluded. The number of teeth present for examination was 11,438 (85.6%) with 1918 (14.4%) absent artefactually, 4 (0.03%) absent congenitally and 243 (1.82%) lost ante mortem through acquired tooth loss. There were seven persistent deciduous teeth (0.05%) in three specimens and 11 supernumerary teeth (0.08%) in 10 specimens. Teeth with extra roots were found in 38 skulls (11.9%) with 0.48% of all teeth affected. Two (0.63%) specimens had one tooth with an abnormal form. Fifty-eight (18.2%) specimens had bone fenestrations. Of the alveoli examined, 5361 (46.9%) displayed bony changes suggestive of periodontitis, with 315 (99.1%) of skulls affected. Of the teeth available for examination in 310 specimens (97.5%), most (n = 6,040, 52.8%) had some degree of attrition or abrasion. Fractures affected 1217 (11.0%) of the teeth present in 266 specimens (83.6%). Twenty-three periapical lesions (0.20%) were present in 16 skulls (5.03%). Evidence of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis was found in seven specimens (0.02%) on either the mandibular head of the condylar process or on the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneka L M Christie
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michelle X Y Lee
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janny V Evenhuis
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Siobhan S Rickert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Kot CCS, Arzi B, Evenhuis JV, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus). J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:23-36. [PMID: 36265217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skulls from 112 Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were examined according to predefined criteria. Of the specimens, 73 (65.2%) were from males, 29 (25.9%) from females and 10 (8.9%) were of unknown sex, with 50 adults (44.6%), 61 young adults (54.5%) and one of unknown age (0.9%). The number of teeth evaluated was 3,521. Adults had more acquired tooth loss than young adults (P <0.0001). A total of 1,660 teeth (47.1%) from 111 specimens (99.1%) had evidence of attrition or abrasion. Adults displayed more attrition or abrasion than young adults (P <0.0001). A total of 241 teeth (6.8%) from 47 specimens (42%) had tooth fractures. Adults had more fractured teeth than young adults (P <0.0001). Bony changes consistent with periodontitis affected 36.7% of teeth. Adults had more teeth affected by periodontitis than young adults (P <0.0001). Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis lesions were found in 54 specimens (48.2%) with more in adults than in young adults (P <0.0001). Although the significance of our findings is unknown, the occurrence and severity of these lesions may play an important role in the morbidity and mortality of Steller sea lions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ching Shirley Kot
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janny V Evenhuis
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Evenhuis JV, Verstraete FJM, Arzi B. Management of failed stainless steel implants in the oromaxillofacial region of dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:992730. [PMID: 36213415 PMCID: PMC9539114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.992730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of complications of fracture fixation in the oromaxillofacial (OMF) region may present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. While titanium and stainless steel implants have been utilized in successful fracture fixation in the OMF region, the use of titanium implants is preferred due to the superior intrinsic properties of titanium. Nonetheless, stainless steel materials are still used due to their availability and familiarity. In the present methods report, we describe our approach to the management of failed stainless steel plates and screws used to treat traumatic injuries in the OMF region. Furthermore, we exemplify our approach with five dogs that exhibited complications of stainless steel implants in the OMF region and their subsequent management. In those cases, all failed implants were removed. Reconstruction with a combination of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and titanium implants was utilized in two cases while a mandibulectomy was performed in one case. Three cases required removal of the stainless-steel implant with no additional surgical therapy. We conclude that the success of treatment of failed stainless steel implants depends on the use of advanced imaging findings, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, as well as potentially regenerative reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janny V. Evenhuis
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank J. M. Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Boaz Arzi
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Evenhuis JV, Zisman I, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Dental Pathology of the Grey Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). J Comp Pathol 2017; 158:39-50. [PMID: 29422314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Museum specimens from 637 grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria. Of the 637 specimens, 569 were included for further examination. The study population included more males (n = 261, 45.9%) than females (n = 196, 34.4%) and animals of unknown sex (n = 112, 19.7%). Additionally, 481 (84.5%) adults, 67 (11.8%) young adults and 21 (3.7%) individuals of unknown age comprised the study population, with juveniles and neonates excluded. The number of teeth present for examination was 23,066 (96.5%) with 624 (2.6%) absent artefactually, 15 (0.06%) absent congenitally and 193 (0.8%) lost ante mortem through acquired tooth loss. No persistent deciduous teeth or temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis were found in any of the specimens. Ten supernumerary teeth from nine (1.6%) specimens were encountered. Teeth with extra roots were found in 61 individuals (10.7%), with 0.4% of all teeth affected. Of the alveoli examined, 1,529 (6.4%) displayed bony changes suggestive of periodontitis, with 276 (48.7%) of individuals affected. Significantly more adults were affected by bony changes associated with stage 3 periodontitis than young adults. All specimens displaying stage 4 periodontitis were adults. Fractures affected 446 (78.4%) of the specimens examined and 3,554 (15.4%) of teeth present. Almost half (n = 10,856, 47.1%) of the teeth available for examination and most specimens (n = 487, 85.6%) displayed some degree of attrition or abrasion. Two individuals (0.4%) exhibited periapical lesions. Traumatic skull injuries affected 56 (9.8%) specimens. Characterizing the dental pathology in the grey fox provides key insight into the ecology of the species and factors contributing to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Evenhuis
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - I Zisman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - F J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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