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Gipson GR, Goebel EJ, Hart KN, Kappes EC, Kattamuri C, McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structural perspective of BMP ligands and signaling. Bone 2020; 140:115549. [PMID: 32730927 PMCID: PMC7502536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are the largest class signaling molecules within the greater Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) family, and are responsible for a wide array of biological functions, including dorsal-ventral patterning, skeletal development and maintenance, as well as cell homeostasis. As such, dysregulation of BMPs results in a number of diseases, including fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therefore, understanding BMP signaling and regulation at the molecular level is essential for targeted therapeutic intervention. This review discusses the recent advances in the structural and biochemical characterization of BMPs, from canonical ligand-receptor interactions to co-receptors and antagonists. This work aims to highlight how BMPs differ from other members of the TGFβ family, and how that information can be used to further advance the field. Lastly, this review discusses several gaps in the current understanding of BMP structures, with the aim that discussion of these gaps will lead to advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Gipson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Emily C Kappes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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2
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway orchestrates a wide breadth of biological processes, ranging from bone development to reproduction. Given this, there has been a surge of interest from the drug development industry to modulate the pathway – at several points. This review discusses and provides additional context for several layers of the TGFβ signaling pathway from a structural biology viewpoint. The combination of structural techniques coupled with biophysical studies has provided a foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing this high impact, ubiquitous pathway, underlying many of the current therapeutic pursuits. This work seeks to consolidate TGFβ-related structural knowledge and educate other researchers of the apparent gaps that still prove elusive. We aim to highlight the importance of these structures and provide the contextual information to understand the contribution to the field, with the hope of advancing the discussion and exploration of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Impact statement The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a multifacetted and highly regulated pathway, forming the underpinnings of a large range of biological processes. Here, we review and consolidate the key steps in TGFβ signaling using literature rooted in structural and biophysical techniques, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and gaps in knowledge. From extracellular regulation to ligand–receptor interactions and intracellular activation cascades, we hope to provide an introductory base for understanding the TGFβ pathway as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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3
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Cox TC, Lidral AC, McCoy JC, Liu H, Cox LL, Zhu Y, Anderson RD, Moreno Uribe LM, Anand D, Deng M, Richter CT, Nidey NL, Standley JM, Blue EE, Chong JX, Smith JD, Kirk EP, Venselaar H, Krahn KN, Bokhoven H, Zhou H, Cornell RA, Glass IA, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Murray JC, Lachke SA, Thompson TB, Buckley MF, Roscioli T. Front Cover, Volume 40, Issue 10. Hum Mutat 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Cox
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative MedicineSeattle Children's Research Institute Seattle Washington
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City Kansas City Missouri
| | | | - Jason C. McCoy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsBiochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
| | - Liza L. Cox
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative MedicineSeattle Children's Research Institute Seattle Washington
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City Kansas City Missouri
- Division of Basic SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington
| | - Ying Zhu
- New South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics Waratah New South Wales Australia
| | - Ryan D. Anderson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City Kansas City Missouri
| | - Lina M. Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & the Iowa Institute for Oral Health ResearchUniversity of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware
| | - Mei Deng
- Birth Defects Research LaboratoryUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Chika T. Richter
- Department of Orthodontics & the Iowa Institute for Oral Health ResearchUniversity of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
| | | | | | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Edwin P. Kirk
- New South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's Hospital New South Wales Australia
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Katy N. Krahn
- UVA Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, School of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Hans Bokhoven
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive NeurosciencesDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Developmental BiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
| | - Ian A. Glass
- Birth Defects Research LaboratoryUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | | | | | - Salil A. Lachke
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular GeneticsBiochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Michael F. Buckley
- New South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's Hospital New South Wales Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Randwick New South Wales Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structure of the WFIKKN2 Follistatin domain and insight into GDF8/11 antagonism. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767319096466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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5
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Cox TC, Lidral AC, McCoy JC, Liu H, Cox LL, Zhu Y, Anderson RD, Moreno Uribe LM, Anand D, Deng M, Richter CT, Nidey NL, Standley JM, Blue EE, Chong JX, Smith JD, Kirk EP, Venselaar H, Krahn KN, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H, Cornell RA, Glass IA, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Murray JC, Lachke SA, Thompson TB, Buckley MF, Roscioli T. Mutations in GDF11 and the extracellular antagonist, Follistatin, as a likely cause of Mendelian forms of orofacial clefting in humans. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1813-1825. [PMID: 31215115 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is generally viewed as a complex trait with multiple genetic and environmental contributions. In 70% of cases, CL/P presents as an isolated feature and/or deemed nonsyndromic. In the remaining 30%, CL/P is associated with multisystem phenotypes or clinically recognizable syndromes, many with a monogenic basis. Here we report the identification, via exome sequencing, of likely pathogenic variants in two genes that encode interacting proteins previously only linked to orofacial clefting in mouse models. A variant in GDF11 (encoding growth differentiation factor 11), predicting a p.(Arg298Gln) substitution at the Furin protease cleavage site, was identified in one family that segregated with CL/P and both rib and vertebral hypersegmentation, mirroring that seen in Gdf11 knockout mice. In the second family in which CL/P was the only phenotype, a mutation in FST (encoding the GDF11 antagonist, Follistatin) was identified that is predicted to result in a p.(Cys56Tyr) substitution in the region that binds GDF11. Functional assays demonstrated a significant impact of the specific mutated amino acids on FST and GDF11 function and, together with embryonic expression data, provide strong evidence for the importance of GDF11 and Follistatin in the regulation of human orofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cox
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Liza L Cox
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.,Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ying Zhu
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan D Anderson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Lina M Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & the Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Mei Deng
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chika T Richter
- Department of Orthodontics & the Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nichole L Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Elizabeth E Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katy N Krahn
- UVA Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ian A Glass
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael F Buckley
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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McCoy JC, Thompson T. Structure of the WFIKKN2 Follistatin Domain and GDF8 Antagonism. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.461.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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McCoy JC, Walker RG, Murray NH, Thompson TB. Crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 follistatin domain reveals insight into how it inhibits growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and GDF11. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6333-6343. [PMID: 30814254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8; also known as myostatin) and GDF11 are closely related members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family. GDF8 strongly and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth, and GDF11 has been implicated in various age-related pathologies such as cardiac hypertrophy. GDF8 and GDF11 signaling activities are controlled by the extracellular protein antagonists follistatin; follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3); and WAP, follistatin/kazal, immunoglobulin, Kunitz, and netrin domain-containing (WFIKKN). All of these proteins contain a follistatin domain (FSD) important for ligand binding and antagonism. Here, we investigated the structure and function of the FSD from murine WFIKKN2 and compared it with the FSDs of follistatin and FSTL3. Using native gel shift and surface plasmon resonance analyses, we determined that the WFIKKN2 FSD can interact with both GDF8 and GDF11 and block their interactions with the type II receptor activin A receptor type 2B (ActRIIB). Further, we solved the crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 FSD to 1.39 Å resolution and identified surface-exposed residues that, when substituted with alanine, reduce antagonism of GDF8 in full-length WFIKKN2. Comparison of the WFIKKN2 FSD with those of follistatin and FSTL3 revealed differences in both the FSD structure and position of residues within the domain that are important for ligand antagonism. Taken together, our results indicate that both WFIKKN and follistatin utilize their FSDs to block the type II receptor but do so via different binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C McCoy
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Ryan G Walker
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Nathan H Murray
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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8
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Cotton TR, Fischer G, Wang X, McCoy JC, Czepnik M, Thompson TB, Hyvönen M. Structure of the human myostatin precursor and determinants of growth factor latency. EMBO J 2018; 37:367-383. [PMID: 29330193 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a key regulator of muscle mass in vertebrates, is biosynthesised as a latent precursor in muscle and is activated by sequential proteolysis of the pro-domain. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which pro-myostatin remains latent, we have determined the structure of unprocessed pro-myostatin and analysed the properties of the protein in its different forms. Crystal structures and SAXS analyses show that pro-myostatin adopts an open, V-shaped structure with a domain-swapped arrangement. The pro-mature complex, after cleavage of the furin site, has significantly reduced activity compared with the mature growth factor and persists as a stable complex that is resistant to the natural antagonist follistatin. The latency appears to be conferred by a number of distinct features that collectively stabilise the interaction of the pro-domains with the mature growth factor, enabling a regulated stepwise activation process, distinct from the prototypical pro-TGF-β1. These results provide a basis for understanding the effect of missense mutations in pro-myostatin and pave the way for the design of novel myostatin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Cotton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xuelu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Walker RG, Czepnik M, Goebel EJ, McCoy JC, Vujic A, Cho M, Oh J, Aykul S, Walton KL, Schang G, Bernard DJ, Hinck AP, Harrison CA, Martinez-Hackert E, Wagers AJ, Lee RT, Thompson TB. Structural basis for potency differences between GDF8 and GDF11. BMC Biol 2017; 15:19. [PMID: 28257634 PMCID: PMC5336696 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth/differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and GDF11 are two highly similar members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. While GDF8 has been recognized as a negative regulator of muscle growth and differentiation, there are conflicting studies on the function of GDF11 and whether GDF11 has beneficial effects on age-related dysfunction. To address whether GDF8 and GDF11 are functionally identical, we compared their signaling and structural properties. Results Here we show that, despite their high similarity, GDF11 is a more potent activator of SMAD2/3 and signals more effectively through the type I activin-like receptor kinase receptors ALK4/5/7 than GDF8. Resolution of the GDF11:FS288 complex, apo-GDF8, and apo-GDF11 crystal structures reveals unique properties of both ligands, specifically in the type I receptor binding site. Lastly, substitution of GDF11 residues into GDF8 confers enhanced activity to GDF8. Conclusions These studies identify distinctive structural features of GDF11 that enhance its potency, relative to GDF8; however, the biological consequences of these differences remain to be determined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0350-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Walker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ana Vujic
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Miook Cho
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juhyun Oh
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Senem Aykul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gauthier Schang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. .,University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism usually presents insidiously with symptoms such as fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain. Less common findings include myalgia, arthralgia, and joint effusion. In the patient described here, a triathlete, interpretation of early signs and symptoms as typical tendinitis led to months of treatment failure. Considering hypothyroidism in the differential diagnosis for patients who have overuse syndromes can expedite treatment. Definitive diagnosis rests on testing of serum thyroid hormone levels. Treatment, which is usually quickly effective, consists of gradually adjusted thyroid hormone replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Knopp
- MacNeal Hospital, Berwyn, IL, 60402, USA
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Bass JA, McCoy JC. Passive Immunization Against Experimental
Pseudomonas
Infection: Correlation of Protection to Verder and Evans “O” Serotypes. Infect Immun 1971; 3:51-8. [PMID: 16557946 PMCID: PMC416106 DOI: 10.1128/iai.3.1.51-58.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive-protection tests were conducted in mice with antisera from rabbits immunized with formalinized or heat-killed cells or with an alcohol-precipitated fraction from the slime layer. Protection was conferred by antisera against the heatstable antigens and correlated well with agglutinin levels. Specificity was found to relate closely to the heat-stable “O” serotypes as defined by Verder and Evans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bass
- The Shriners' Burns Institute, and the Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
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13
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McCoy JC. III. Traumatic Epilepsy Report of a Case improved by Trephining and Insertion of a Celluloid Plate beneath the Skull. Ann Surg 1903; 38:783-8. [PMID: 17861391 PMCID: PMC1431425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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