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Katzir M, Lefkowitz JJ, Ben-Reuven D, Fuchs SJ, Hussein K, Sviri GE. Decreasing External Ventricular Drain-Related Infection Rates with Duration-Independent, Clinically Indicated Criteria for Drain Revision: A Retrospective Study. World Neurosurg 2019; 131:e474-e481. [PMID: 31382072 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To lower external ventricular drain (EVD)-related infection rates, in April 2013, our institution enacted a major protocol change, switching from routine EVD replacement every 5 days to EVD replacement only when clinically indicated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of this change on nosocomial EVD-related infections. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study to compare the EVD-related infection rates between 2 groups (group A, elective EVD replacement; group B, clinically indicated EVD replacement). We analyzed the data from 142 patients (group A, n = 43; group B, n = 99), with a total of 227 EVDs for 5 years and 3 months (1721 catheter days). RESULTS The overall EVD-related infection rates were elevated in group A (0.14; 32% of patients) compared with group B (0.08; 8%; P = 0.001). The median hospital stay (33 vs. 24 days; P = 0.001) and neurosurgical intensive care unit stay (30.5 vs. 17 days; P < 0.0001) were also longer for group A. The requirement for multiple EVDs was an independent risk factor (P = 0.003), with a 4.6 times greater risk in group A (odds ratio, 4.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-12.6). CONCLUSIONS The findings from our study strengthen an increasing body of evidence suggesting the importance of inoculation of skin flora as a critical risk factor for EVD-related infections, underscoring the importance of drain changes only when clinically indicated and that, as soon as clinically permitted, catheters should be removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Katzir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam (Maimonides) Health Care Campus, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jason J Lefkowitz
- Technion American Medical School, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Ben-Reuven
- Technion American Medical School, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steven J Fuchs
- Technion American Medical School, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Khetam Hussein
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Rambam (Maimonides) Health Care Campus, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gill E Sviri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam (Maimonides) Health Care Campus, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Lefkowitz JJ, DeCrescenzo V, Duan K, Bellve KD, Fogarty KE, Walsh JV, ZhuGe R. Catecholamine exocytosis during low frequency stimulation in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells is primarily asynchronous and controlled by the novel mechanism of Ca2+ syntilla suppression. J Physiol 2014; 592:4639-55. [PMID: 25128575 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.278127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs), stimulated by the splanchnic nerve, generate action potentials (APs) at a frequency near 0.5 Hz in the resting physiological state, at times described as 'rest and digest'. How such low frequency stimulation in turn elicits sufficient catecholamine exocytosis to set basal sympathetic tone is not readily explained by the classical mechanism of stimulus-secretion coupling, where exocytosis is synchronized to AP-induced Ca(2+) influx. By using simulated action potentials (sAPs) at 0.5 Hz in isolated patch-clamped mouse ACCs, we show here that less than 10% of all catecholaminergic exocytosis, measured by carbon fibre amperometry, is synchronized to an AP. The asynchronous phase, the dominant phase, of exocytosis does not require Ca(2+) influx. Furthermore, increased asynchronous exocytosis is accompanied by an AP-dependent decrease in frequency of Ca(2+) syntillas (i.e. transient, focal Ca(2+) release from internal stores) and is ryanodine sensitive. We propose a mechanism of disinhibition, wherein APs suppress Ca(2+) syntillas, which themselves inhibit exocytosis as they do in the case of spontaneous catecholaminergic exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Valerie DeCrescenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Kailai Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Karl D Bellve
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Kevin E Fogarty
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - John V Walsh
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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Lefkowitz JJ, Fogarty KE, Duan K, Walsh JV, De Crescenzo V. Low Physiological Level of Stimulation Elicits Exocytosis, not by Ca2+ Influx, but by Suppression of Ca2+ Syntillas in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Lefkowitz JJ, Fogarty KE, Lifshitz LM, Bellve KD, Tuft RA, ZhuGe R, Walsh JV, De Crescenzo V. Suppression of Ca2+ syntillas increases spontaneous exocytosis in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 134:267-80. [PMID: 19786582 PMCID: PMC2757764 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200910285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A central concept in the physiology of neurosecretion is that a rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels due to Ca2+ influx elicits exocytosis. Here, we examine the effect on spontaneous exocytosis of a rise in focal cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of ryanodine receptors (RYRs) due to release from internal stores in the form of Ca2+ syntillas. Ca2+ syntillas are focal cytosolic transients mediated by RYRs, which we first found in hypothalamic magnocellular neuronal terminals. (scintilla, Latin for spark; found in nerve terminals, normally synaptic structures.) We have also observed Ca2+ syntillas in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. Here, we examine the effect of Ca2+ syntillas on exocytosis in chromaffin cells. In such a study on elicited exocytosis, there are two sources of Ca2+: one due to influx from the cell exterior through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and that due to release from intracellular stores. To eliminate complications arising from Ca2+ influx, we have examined spontaneous exocytosis where influx is not activated. We report here that decreasing syntillas leads to an increase in spontaneous exocytosis measured amperometrically. Two independent lines of experimentation each lead to this conclusion. In one case, release from stores was blocked by ryanodine; in another, stores were partially emptied using thapsigargin plus caffeine, after which syntillas were decreased. We conclude that Ca2+ syntillas act to inhibit spontaneous exocytosis, and we propose a simple model to account quantitatively for this action of syntillas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lefkowitz
- Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
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Lefkowitz JJ, Fogarty KE, Walsh JV, De Crescenzo V. Ca2+ Syntillas Inhibit Spontaneous Exocytosis In Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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